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Quam, Mikkel Brandon
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Publikasjoner (10 av 27) Visa alla publikasjoner
Yang, X., Quam, M. B., Zhang, T. & Sang, S. (2021). Global burden for dengue and the evolving pattern in the past 30 years. Journal of Travel Medicine, 28(8), Article ID taab146.
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Global burden for dengue and the evolving pattern in the past 30 years
2021 (engelsk)Inngår i: Journal of Travel Medicine, ISSN 1195-1982, E-ISSN 1708-8305, Vol. 28, nr 8, artikkel-id taab146Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Dengue is the most prevalent and rapidly spreading mosquito-borne viral disease. We present the global, regional and national burden of dengue from 1990 to 2019 based on the findings from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2019 (GBD 2019).

Methods: Based upon GBD 2019 dengue data on age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), age-standardized death rate (ASDR) and age-standardized disability-Adjusted life years (DALYs) rate, this study estimates and presents annual percentage change (EAPC) to quantify trends over time to assess potential correlates of increased dengue activity, such as global travel and warming.

Results: Globally from 1990 to 2019, dengue incident cases, deaths and DALYs gradually increased. Those under 5 years of age, once accounting for the largest portion of deaths and DALYs in 1990, were eclipsed by those who were 15-49 years old in 2019. Age standardized incidence [ASIR: EAPC: 3.16, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.90-3.43], death (ASDR: EAPC: 5.42, 95% CI: 2.64-8.28) and DALY rates (EAPC: 2.31, 95% CI: 2.00-2.62) accelerated most among high-middle and high sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. South-East Asia and South Asia had most of the dengue incident cases, deaths and DALYs, but East Asia had the fastest rise in ASIR (EAPC: 4.57, 95% CI: 4.31, 4.82), while Tropical Latin America led in ASDR (EAPC: 11.32, 95% CI: 9.11, 13.58) and age-standardized DALYs rate (EAPC: 4.13, 95% CI: 2.98, 5.29). SDI showed consistent bell-shaped relationship with ASIR, ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate. Global land-ocean temperature index and air passenger travel metrics were found to be remarkably positively correlated with dengue burden.

Conclusions: The burden of dengue has become heavier from 1990 to 2019, amidst the three decades of urbanization, warming climates and increased human mobility in much of the world. South-East Asia and South Asia remain as regions of concern, especially in conjunction with the Americas' swift rise in dengue burden.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Oxford University Press, 2021
Emneord
age-standardized DALYs rate, age-standardized death rate, age-standardized incidence rate, Dengue, global burden of disease
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-202963 (URN)10.1093/jtm/taab146 (DOI)000743609000013 ()34510205 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85120979940 (Scopus ID)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2023-01-14 Laget: 2023-01-14 Sist oppdatert: 2023-01-14bibliografisk kontrollert
Zaki, R., Roffeei, S. N., Hii, Y. L., Yahya, A., Appannan, M., Said, M. A., . . . Rocklöv, J. (2019). Public perception and attitude towards dengue prevention activity and response to dengue early warning in Malaysia. PLOS ONE, 14(2), Article ID e0212497.
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Public perception and attitude towards dengue prevention activity and response to dengue early warning in Malaysia
Vise andre…
2019 (engelsk)Inngår i: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, nr 2, artikkel-id e0212497Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

An early warning system for dengue is meant to predict outbreaks and prevent dengue cases by aiding timely decision making and deployment of interventions. However, only a system which is accepted and utilised by the public would be sustainable in the long run. This study aimed to explore the perception and attitude of the Malaysian public towards a dengue early warning system. The sample consisted of 847 individuals who were 18 years and above and living/working in the Petaling District, an area adjacent to Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. A questionnaire consisting of personal information and three sub-measures of; i) perception, ii) attitude towards dengue early warning and iii) response towards early warning; was distributed to participants. We found that most of the respondents know about dengue fever (97.1%) and its association with climate factors (90.6%). Most of them wanted to help reduce the number of dengue cases in their area (91.5%). A small percentage of the respondents admitted that they were not willing to be involved in public activities, and 64% of them admitted that they did not check dengue situations or hotspots around their area regularly. Despite the high awareness on the relationship between climate and dengue, about 45% of respondents do not know or are not sure how this can be used to predict dengue. Respondents would like to know more about how climate data can be used to predict a dengue outbreak (92.7%). Providing more information on how climate can influence dengue cases would increase public acceptability and improve response towards climate-based warning system. The most preferred way of communicating early warning was through the television (66.4%). This study shows that the public in Petaling District considers it necessary to have a dengue warning system to be necessary, but more education is required.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Public Library of Science (PLoS), 2019
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-157529 (URN)10.1371/journal.pone.0212497 (DOI)000460371500024 ()30818394 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85062368154 (Scopus ID)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2019-04-05 Laget: 2019-04-05 Sist oppdatert: 2024-01-12bibliografisk kontrollert
Kien, V. D., Minh, H. V., Ngoc, N. B., Phuong, T. B., Ngan, T. T. & Quam, M. B. (2017). Inequalities in Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment Associated With Noncommunicable Diseases in Chi Linh, Hai Duong, Vietnam. Asia-Pacific journal of public health, 29, 35S-44S
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Inequalities in Household Catastrophic Health Expenditure and Impoverishment Associated With Noncommunicable Diseases in Chi Linh, Hai Duong, Vietnam
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2017 (engelsk)Inngår i: Asia-Pacific journal of public health, ISSN 1010-5395, Vol. 29, s. 35S-44SArtikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

A costly modern-day double burden, the expenses of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are becoming a devastating epidemic. The World Health Organization estimates $7 trillion in economic losses from NCDs in 2011-2025. Although regarded as affluent diseases, the burden of NCDs is shifting into poorer groups. In this study, we assessed the socioeconomic inequalities in catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment associated with NCDs in Northern Vietnam. We also identified associated factors for catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment. Households self-reporting NCD diagnoses had the highest association with both catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment, followed by those in urban areas. Such households were likely poorer according to our calculations estimating socioeconomic inequalities. Households with at least 1 member older than 60 years were also more likely to suffer catastrophic health expenditures. These findings suggest that targeted policy to prevent or subsidize care for NCDs could prevent catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment among those already most disadvantaged.

Emneord
inequality, noncommunicable diseases, catastrophic health expenditure, impoverishment, Vietnam
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-138037 (URN)10.1177/1010539517712919 (DOI)000405878500006 ()2-s2.0-85025066991 (Scopus ID)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2017-08-14 Laget: 2017-08-14 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-24bibliografisk kontrollert
Kien, V. D., Van Minh, H., Giang, K. B., Mai, V. Q., Tuan, N. T. & Quam, M. B. (2017). Trends in childhood measles vaccination highlight socioeconomic inequalities in Vietnam. International Journal of Public Health, 62, S41-S49
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Trends in childhood measles vaccination highlight socioeconomic inequalities in Vietnam
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2017 (engelsk)Inngår i: International Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1661-8556, E-ISSN 1661-8564, Vol. 62, s. S41-S49Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVES: To describe trends in measles vaccine coverage rates and their association with socioeconomic characteristics among children from age 12 to 23 months in Vietnam from the year 2000 to 2014.

METHODS: Data were drawn from the Vietnam Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in years 2000, 2006, 2011, and 2014. Concentration indices were used to determine the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in measles vaccine coverage. Associations between measles vaccine coverage and relevant social factors were assessed using logistic regression.

RESULTS: Socioeconomic inequalities in measles vaccine coverage rates decreased during 2000-2014. Children belonging to ethnic minority groups, having mothers with lower education, and belonging to the poorest group were less likely to receive measles vaccine; although, their vaccine coverage rates did increase with time. Measles vaccine coverage declined among children of mothers with more education and belonging to the wealthiest socioeconomic group.

CONCLUSIONS: Understanding the social factors influencing adherence to recommend childhood vaccination protocols is essential. Attempts to regain and retain herd immunity must be guided by an understanding of these social factors if they are to succeed.

Emneord
Socioeconomic inequality, Measles, Vaccine coverage, Children, Vietnam
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-126979 (URN)10.1007/s00038-016-0899-4 (DOI)000396886800007 ()27695901 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84989160276 (Scopus ID)
Merknad

Supplement 1: Health and social determinants of health in Vietnam: local evidence and international implications’

Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-10-24 Laget: 2016-10-24 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-23bibliografisk kontrollert
Liyanage, P., Tissera, H., Sewe, M., Quam, M., Amarasinghe, A., Palihawadana, P., . . . Rocklöv, J. (2016). A Spatial Hierarchical Analysis of the Temporal Influences of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Weather on Dengue in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 13(11), Article ID 1087.
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>A Spatial Hierarchical Analysis of the Temporal Influences of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Weather on Dengue in Kalutara District, Sri Lanka
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2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, ISSN 1661-7827, E-ISSN 1660-4601, Vol. 13, nr 11, artikkel-id 1087Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Dengue is the major public health burden in Sri Lanka. Kalutara is one of the highly affected districts. Understanding the drivers of dengue is vital in controlling and preventing the disease spread. This study focuses on quantifying the influence of weather variability on dengue incidence over 10 Medical Officer of Health (MOH) divisions of Kalutara district. Weekly weather variables and data on dengue notifications, measured at 10 MOH divisions in Kalutara from 2009 to 2013, were retrieved and analysed. Distributed lag non-linear model and hierarchical-analysis was used to estimate division specific and overall relationships between weather and dengue. We incorporated lag times up to 12 weeks and evaluated models based on the Akaike Information Criterion. Consistent exposure-response patterns between different geographical locations were observed for rainfall, showing increasing relative risk of dengue with increasing rainfall from 50 mm per week. The strongest association with dengue risk centred around 6 to 10 weeks following rainfalls of more than 300 mm per week. With increasing temperature, the overall relative risk of dengue increased steadily starting from a lag of 4 weeks. We found similarly a strong link between the Oceanic Niño Index to weather patterns in the district in Sri Lanka and to dengue at a longer latency time confirming these relationships. Part of the influences of rainfall and temperature can be seen as mediator in the causal pathway of the Ocean Niño Index, which may allow a longer lead time for early warning signals. Our findings describe a strong association between weather, El Niño-Southern Oscillation and dengue in Sri Lanka.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
MDPI AG, 2016
Emneord
dengue, vector control, Oceanic Niño Index, rainfall, temperature, weather, climate
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127286 (URN)10.3390/ijerph13111087 (DOI)000389571300046 ()2-s2.0-84994482326 (Scopus ID)
Prosjekter
DengueTools ResearchLinks
Forskningsfinansiär
EU, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme
Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-11-04 Laget: 2016-11-04 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-24bibliografisk kontrollert
Rocklöv, J., Quam, M. B., Sudre, B., German, M., Kraemer, M. U. .., Brady, O., . . . Khan, K. (2016). Assessing Seasonal Risks for the Introduction and Mosquito-borne Spread of Zika Virus in Europe. EBioMedicine, 9, 250-256
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Assessing Seasonal Risks for the Introduction and Mosquito-borne Spread of Zika Virus in Europe
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2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: EBioMedicine, E-ISSN 2352-3964, Vol. 9, s. 250-256Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

The explosive Zika virus epidemic in the Americas is amplifying spread of this emerging pathogen into previously unaffected regions of the world, including Europe (Gulland, 2016), where local populations are immunologically naïve. As summertime approaches in the northern hemisphere, Aedes mosquitoes in Europe may find suitable climatic conditions to acquire and subsequently transmit Zika virus from viremic travellers to local populations. While Aedes albopictus has proven to be a vector for the transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses in Europe (Delisle et al., 2015; ECDC, n.d.) there is growing experimental and ecological evidence to suggest that it may also be competent for Zika virus(Chouin-Carneiro et al., 2016; Grard et al., 2014; Li et al., 2012; Wong et al., 2013). Here we analyze and overlay the monthly flows of airline travellers arriving into European cities from Zika affected areas across the Americas, the predicted monthly estimates of the basic reproduction number of Zika virus in areas where Aedes mosquito populations reside in Europe (Aedes aegypti in Madeira, Portugal and Ae. albopictus in continental Europe), and human populations living within areas where mosquito-borne transmission of Zika virus may be possible. We highlight specific geographic areas and timing of risk for Zika virus introduction and possible spread within Europe to inform the efficient use of human disease surveillance, vector surveillance and control, and public education resources.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier, 2016
Emneord
ZIKV, Zika, Air travel, Globalization, mosquito, Climate, Aedes
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-122748 (URN)10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.06.009 (DOI)000381622500036 ()2-s2.0-84991670407 (Scopus ID)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-06-21 Laget: 2016-06-21 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-24bibliografisk kontrollert
Liu-Helmersson, J., Quam, M., Wilder-Smith, A., Stenlund, H., Ebi, K., Massad, E. & Rocklöv, J. (2016). Climate change and Aedes vectors: 21st century projections for dengue transmission in Europe. EBioMedicine, 7, 267-277
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Climate change and Aedes vectors: 21st century projections for dengue transmission in Europe
Vise andre…
2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: EBioMedicine, E-ISSN 2352-3964, Vol. 7, s. 267-277Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Warming temperatures may increase the geographic spread of vector-borne diseases into temperate areas. Although a tropical mosquito-borne viral disease, a dengue outbreak occurred in Madeira, Portugal, in 2012; the first in Europe since 1920s. This outbreak emphasizes the potential for dengue re-emergence in Europe given changing climates. We present estimates of dengue epidemic potential using vectorial capacity (VC) based on historic and projected temperature (1901–2099). VC indicates the vectors' ability to spread disease among humans. We calculated temperature-dependent VC for Europe, highlighting 10 European cities and three non-European reference cities. Compared with the tropics, Europe shows pronounced seasonality and geographical heterogeneity. Although low, VC during summer is currently sufficient for dengue outbreaks in Southern Europe to commence–if sufficient vector populations (either Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus) were active and virus were introduced. Under various climate change scenarios, the seasonal peak and time window for dengue epidemic potential increases during the 21st century. Our study maps dengue epidemic potential in Europe and identifies seasonal time windows when major cities are most conducive for dengue transmission from 1901 to 2099. Our findings illustrate, that besides vector control, mitigating greenhouse gas emissions crucially reduces the future epidemic potential of dengue in Europe.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Elsevier, 2016
Emneord
Dengue, Vectorial capacity, Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Temperature, Climate change
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118643 (URN)10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.03.046 (DOI)000377459700039 ()27322480 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84963613106 (Scopus ID)
Forskningsfinansiär
EU, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme, 282589
Merknad

This study is part of the DengueTools project funded by the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7/2007-2013 under grant agreement no. 282589.

Originally included in thesis 1 as submitted manuscript.

Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-03-28 Laget: 2016-03-28 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-24bibliografisk kontrollert
Kien, T. M., Hanh, T. T., Long, T. K., Quam, M. B., Rocklöv, J., Quyen, N. H., . . . Minh, H. V. (2016). Climate Services For Infectious Disease Control: A Nexus Between Public Health Preparedness and Sustainable Development, Lessons Learned From Long-Term Multi Site Time Series Analysis of Dengue Fever in Vietnam. In: Malin Eriksson, Joacim Rocklöv, Ana Diez Roux, Prathurng Hongsranagon, Wongsa Lohasiriwong, Bhisma Murti (Ed.), International conference on public health: Accelerating the achievement of sustainable development goals for the improvement and equitable distribution of population health: Proceeding. Paper presented at International Conference on Public Health (ICPH): Solo, Indonesia, September 14-15, 2016 (pp. 83-84).
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Climate Services For Infectious Disease Control: A Nexus Between Public Health Preparedness and Sustainable Development, Lessons Learned From Long-Term Multi Site Time Series Analysis of Dengue Fever in Vietnam
Vise andre…
2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: International conference on public health: Accelerating the achievement of sustainable development goals for the improvement and equitable distribution of population health: Proceeding / [ed] Malin Eriksson, Joacim Rocklöv, Ana Diez Roux, Prathurng Hongsranagon, Wongsa Lohasiriwong, Bhisma Murti, 2016, s. 83-84Konferansepaper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Annet vitenskapelig)
Abstract [en]

Background: Climate Services provide valuable information for making actionable, data-driven decisions to protect public health in a myriad of manners. There is mounting global evidence of the looming threat climate change poses to human health, including the variability and intensity of infectious disease outbreaks in Vietnam and other low-resource and developing areas. In light of the Sustainable Development Goals, lessons learned from time-series analysis may inform public health preparedness strategies for sustainable urban development in terms of dengue epidemiology, surveillance, control, and early warnings.

Subjects and Methods: Nearly 40 years of spatial and temporal (times-series) dataset of meteorological records, including rainfall, temperature, and humidity (among others) which can be predictors of dengue were assembled for all provinces of Vietnam and associated with case data reported to General Department of Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health of Vietnam during the same period. Time series of climate and disease variables was analyzed for trends and changing patterns of those variables over time. The time-series statistical analysis methods sought to identify spatial (when possible) and temporal trends, seasonality, cyclical patterns of disease, and to discover anomalous outbreak events, which departed from expected epidemiological patterns and corresponding meteorological phenomena, such as El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).

Results: Analysis yielded largely conserved finding with other locations in South East Asia for larger Outbreak years and events such as ENSO. Seasonality, trend, and cycle in many provinces were persistent throughout the dataset, indicating strong potential for Climate Services to be used in dengue early warnings.

Conclusion: Even public health practitioners, having adequate tools for dengue control available must plan and budget vector control and patient treatment efforts well in advance of large scale dengue epidemics to curb such events overall morbidity and mortality. Similarly, urban and sustainable development in Vietnam might benefit from evidence linking climate change, and ill-health events spatially and temporally in future planning. Long term analysis of dengue case data and meteorological records, provided a cases study evidence for emerging opportunities that on how refined climate services could contribute to protection of public health.

Emneord
Climate Services, Dengue, Time Series Analysis, Modeling, El Niño
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127298 (URN)
Konferanse
International Conference on Public Health (ICPH): Solo, Indonesia, September 14-15, 2016
Prosjekter
ResearchLinks
Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-11-06 Laget: 2016-11-06 Sist oppdatert: 2021-08-10bibliografisk kontrollert
Quam, M. B., Sessions, O., Kamaraj, U. S., Rocklöv, J. & Wilder-Smith, A. (2016). Dissecting Japan's Dengue Outbreak in 2014. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 94(2), 409-412
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Dissecting Japan's Dengue Outbreak in 2014
Vise andre…
2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, ISSN 0002-9637, E-ISSN 1476-1645, Vol. 94, nr 2, s. 409-412Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

Despite Japan's temperate climate, a dengue outbreak occurred in Tokyo for the first time in over 70 years in 2014. We dissected this dengue outbreak based on phylogenetic analysis, travel interconnectivity, and environmental drivers for dengue epidemics. Comparing the available dengue virus 1 (DENV1) E gene sequence from this outbreak with 3,282 unique DENV1 sequences in National Center for Biotechnology Information suggested that the DENV might have been imported from China, Indonesia, Singapore, or Vietnam. With travelers arriving into Japan, Guangzhou (China) may have been the source of DENV introduction, given that Guangzhou also reported a large-scale dengue outbreak in 2014. Coinciding with the 2014 outbreak, Tokyo's climate conditions permitted the amplification of Aedes vectors and the annual peak of vectorial capacity. Given suitable vectors and climate conditions in addition to increasing interconnectivity with endemic areas of Asia, Tokyo's 2014 outbreak did not come as a surprise and may foretell more to come.

HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-115790 (URN)10.4269/ajtmh.15-0468 (DOI)000369465500028 ()26711518 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84957672123 (Scopus ID)
Forskningsfinansiär
EU, FP7, Seventh Framework Programme, 282589
Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-02-04 Laget: 2016-02-04 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-23bibliografisk kontrollert
Quam, M. & Wilder-Smith, A. (2016). Estimated global exportations of Zika virus infections via travellers from Brazil from 2014 to 2015. Journal of Travel Medicine, 23(6), Article ID taw059.
Åpne denne publikasjonen i ny fane eller vindu >>Estimated global exportations of Zika virus infections via travellers from Brazil from 2014 to 2015
2016 (engelsk)Inngår i: Journal of Travel Medicine, ISSN 1195-1982, E-ISSN 1708-8305, Vol. 23, nr 6, artikkel-id taw059Artikkel i tidsskrift (Fagfellevurdert) Published
Abstract [en]

The ongoing Zika pandemic in Latin America illustrates a potential source for further globalized spread. Here, we assessed global travel-related Zika virus exportations from Brazil during the initial year of the epidemic. Similar to subsequent national notifications, we estimated 584-1786 exported Zika cases from Brazil occurred September 2014-August 2015.

sted, utgiver, år, opplag, sider
Oxford University Press, 2016
Emneord
Zika, Brazil, air passengers, travel, exportation
HSV kategori
Identifikatorer
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-126980 (URN)10.1093/jtm/taw059 (DOI)000393066100005 ()27601533 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85013700698 (Scopus ID)
Tilgjengelig fra: 2016-10-24 Laget: 2016-10-24 Sist oppdatert: 2023-03-23bibliografisk kontrollert
Organisasjoner