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Forssén, C., Silander, I., Zakrisson, J., Amer, E., Szabo, D., Bock, T., . . . Zelan, M. (2024). Demonstration of a transportable Fabry–Pérot refractometer by a ring-type comparison of dead-weight pressure balances at four European national metrology institutes. Sensors, 24(1), Article ID 7.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Demonstration of a transportable Fabry–Pérot refractometer by a ring-type comparison of dead-weight pressure balances at four European national metrology institutes
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2024 (English)In: Sensors, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 7Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Fabry–Pérot-based refractometry has demonstrated the ability to assess gas pressure with high accuracy and has been prophesized to be able to realize the SI unit for pressure, the pascal, based on quantum calculations of the molar polarizabilities of gases. So far, the technology has mostly been limited to well-controlled laboratories. However, recently, an easy-to-use transportable refractometer has been constructed. Although its performance has previously been assessed under well-controlled laboratory conditions, to assess its ability to serve as an actually transportable system, a ring-type comparison addressing various well-characterized pressure balances in the 10–90 kPa range at several European national metrology institutes is presented in this work. It was found that the transportable refractometer is capable of being transported and swiftly set up to be operational with retained performance in a variety of environments. The system could also verify that the pressure balances used within the ring-type comparison agree with each other. These results constitute an important step toward broadening the application areas of FP-based refractometry technology and bringing it within reach of various types of stakeholders, not least within industry.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2024
Keywords
Fabry–Pérot refractometer, gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR), pressure standard, ring comparison, transportable
National Category
Other Physics Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-214119 (URN)10.3390/s24010007 (DOI)001140473600001 ()2-s2.0-85181924589 (Scopus ID)
Funder
European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR), 18SIB04Swedish Research Council, 621-2020-05105Vinnova, 2018-04570Vinnova, 2019-05029
Note

Originally included in thesis in manuscript form with title "Demonstration of a transportable refractometer by a ring-type comparison of dead-weight pressure balances at four European national metrology institutes".

Available from: 2023-09-05 Created: 2023-09-05 Last updated: 2024-01-23Bibliographically approved
Zakrisson, J., Silander, I., Silva de Oliveira, V., Hjältén, A., Rosina, A., Rubin, T., . . . Axner, O. (2024). Procedure for automated low uncertainty assessment of empty cavity mode frequencies in Fabry-Pérot cavity based refractometry. Optics Express, 32(3), 3959-3973
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Procedure for automated low uncertainty assessment of empty cavity mode frequencies in Fabry-Pérot cavity based refractometry
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2024 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 32, no 3, p. 3959-3973Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A procedure for automated low uncertainty assessment of empty cavity mode frequencies in Fabry-Pérot cavity based refractometry that does not require access to laser frequency measuring instrumentation is presented. It requires a previously well-characterized system regarding mirror phase shifts, Gouy phase, and mode number, and is based on the fact that the assessed refractivity should not change when mode jumps take place. It is demonstrated that the procedure is capable of assessing mode frequencies with an uncertainty of 30 MHz, which, when assessing pressure of nitrogen, corresponds to an uncertainty of 0.3 mPa.

National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-220868 (URN)10.1364/OE.513708 (DOI)38297605 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85183822866 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2020-00238Swedish Research Council, 2020-05105Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2020.0303Umeå University, IDS-18Vinnova, 2018-04570
Available from: 2024-02-19 Created: 2024-02-19 Last updated: 2024-02-19Bibliographically approved
Silva de Oliveira, V., Silander, I., Rutkowski, L., Soboń, G., Axner, O., Lehmann, K. K. & Foltynowicz, A. (2024). Sub-Doppler optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy using a cavity-enhanced frequency comb probe. Nature Communications, 15(1), Article ID 161.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Sub-Doppler optical-optical double-resonance spectroscopy using a cavity-enhanced frequency comb probe
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2024 (English)In: Nature Communications, E-ISSN 2041-1723, Vol. 15, no 1, article id 161Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Accurate parameters of molecular hot-band transitions, i.e., those starting from vibrationally excited levels, are needed to accurately model high-temperature spectra in astrophysics and combustion, yet laboratory spectra measured at high temperatures are often unresolved and difficult to assign. Optical-optical double-resonance (OODR) spectroscopy allows the measurement and assignment of individual hot-band transitions from selectively pumped energy levels without the need to heat the sample. However, previous demonstrations lacked either sufficient resolution, spectral coverage, absorption sensitivity, or frequency accuracy. Here we demonstrate OODR spectroscopy using a cavity-enhanced frequency comb probe that combines all these advantages. We detect and assign sub-Doppler transitions in the spectral range of the 3ν3 ← ν3 resonance of methane with frequency precision and sensitivity more than an order of magnitude better than before. This technique will provide high-accuracy data about excited states of a wide range of molecules that is urgently needed for theoretical modeling of high-temperature data and cannot be obtained using other methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2024
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-219329 (URN)10.1038/s41467-023-44417-2 (DOI)38167498 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85181230228 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, KAW 2015.0159Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, KAW 2020.0303Swedish Research Council, 2020-00238The Kempe Foundations, JCK 1317.1
Available from: 2024-01-12 Created: 2024-01-12 Last updated: 2024-01-12Bibliographically approved
Zhou, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Zhao, G., Zhou, X., Zhang, B., . . . Ma, W. (2023). Self-calibrated NICE-OHMS based on an asymmetric signal: theoretical analysis and experimental validation. Optics Express, 31(17), 27830-27842
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Self-calibrated NICE-OHMS based on an asymmetric signal: theoretical analysis and experimental validation
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2023 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 31, no 17, p. 27830-27842Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

As an ultra-sensitive detection technique, the noise-immune cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) technique has great potential for assessment of the concentration of trace gases. To determine gas concentrations at the ppt or lower level with high accuracy, it is desirable that the technique exhibits self-calibration (or calibration-free) capabilities. Although being sensitive, NICE-OHMS has so far not demonstrated any such ability. To remedy this, this paper provides a self-calibrated realization of NICE-OHMS that is based on a switching of the feedback target of the DeVoe-Brewer (DVB) locking procedure from the modulation frequency of the frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) to the cavity length, which creates an asymmetrical signal whose form and size can be used to unambiguously assess the gas concentration. A comprehensive theoretical model for self-calibrated NICE-OHMS is established by analyzing the shift of cavity modes caused by intracavity absorption, demonstrating that gas absorption information can be encoded in both the laser frequency and the NICE-OHMS signal. To experimentally verify the methodology, we measure a series of dispersion signals under different levels of absorbance using a built experimental setup. An instrument factor and the partial pressure are obtained by fitting the measured signal through theoretical expressions. Our results demonstrate that fitted values are more accurate for higher partial pressures than for lower. To improve on the accuracy at low partial pressures, it is shown that the instrument factor obtained by fitting the signal at large partial pressures (in this case, above 7.8 µTorr) can be set to a fixed value for all fits. By this, the partial pressures can be assessed with a relative error below 0.65%. This technique has the potential to enable calibration-free ultra-sensitive gas detection.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optical Society of America, 2023
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-214256 (URN)10.1364/OE.497862 (DOI)2-s2.0-85169502592 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-09-18 Created: 2023-09-18 Last updated: 2023-09-18Bibliographically approved
Forssén, C., Silander, I., Zakrisson, J., Zelan, M. & Axner, O. (2022). An optical pascal in Sweden. Journal of Optics, 24(3), Article ID 033002.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An optical pascal in Sweden
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2022 (English)In: Journal of Optics, ISSN 2040-8978, E-ISSN 2040-8986, Vol. 24, no 3, article id 033002Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

By measuring the refractivity and the temperature of a gas, its pressure can be assessed from fundamental principles. The highest performing instruments are based on Fabry-Perot cavities where a laser is used to probe the frequency of a cavity mode, which is shifted in relation to the refractivity of the gas in the cavity. Recent activities have indicated that such systems can demonstrate an extended uncertainty in the 10 ppm (parts-per-million or 10-6) range. As a means to reduce the influence of various types of disturbances (primarily drifts and fluctuations) a methodology based on modulation, denoted gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR), has recently been developed. Systems based on this methodology are in general high-performance, e.g. they have demonstrated precision in the sub-ppm range, and they are sturdy. They can also be made autonomous, allowing for automated and unattended operation for virtually infinite periods of time. To a large degree, the development of such instruments depends on the access to modern photonic components, e.g. narrow line-width lasers, electro-and acousto-optic components, and various types of fiber components. This work highlights the role of such modern devices in GAMOR-based instrumentation and provides a review on the recent development of such instruments in Sweden that has been carried out in a close collaboration between a research institute and the Academy. It is shown that the use of state-of-the-art photonic devices allows sturdy, automated and miniaturized instrumentation that, for the benefit of industry, can serve as standards for pressure and provide fast, unattended, and calibration-free pressure assessments at a fraction of the present cost.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2022
Keywords
Fabry-Perot, optical, pascal, pressure, refractometry, Sweden
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-193176 (URN)10.1088/2040-8986/ac4ea2 (DOI)000757597100001 ()2-s2.0-85125850587 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2017-05013Vinnova, 2018-04570Vinnova, 2019-05029Swedish Research Council, 621-2020-05105Swedish Research Council, 621-2015-04374The Kempe Foundations, 1823.U12EU, Horizon 2020
Available from: 2022-03-17 Created: 2022-03-17 Last updated: 2023-09-06Bibliographically approved
Forssén, C., Silander, I., Zakrisson, J., Amer, E., Szabo, D., Bock, T., . . . Zelan, M. (2022). Circular comparison of conventional pressure standards using a transportable optical refractometer: preparation and transportation. In: 6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement: . Paper presented at 6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, October 11-13, 2022. International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Circular comparison of conventional pressure standards using a transportable optical refractometer: preparation and transportation
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2022 (English)In: 6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement, International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO) , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Using a transportable Fabry-Pérot cavity refractometer, a circular comparison of existing primary standards at several national metrology institutes is currently underway. This paper provides information about the refractometer, the preparation for the comparison, and the transportation procedure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO), 2022
Keywords
circular comparison, Fabry-Pérot cavity, GAMOR, pressure, pressure balance, transportable refractometer
National Category
Other Physics Topics Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-206745 (URN)10.21014/tc16-2022.137 (DOI)2-s2.0-85152084412 (Scopus ID)9781713870227 (ISBN)
Conference
6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, October 11-13, 2022
Funder
EU, Horizon 2020Swedish Research Council, 621-2020-05105Vinnova, 2018-04570Vinnova, 2019-05029The Kempe Foundations, 1823.U12
Available from: 2023-05-03 Created: 2023-05-03 Last updated: 2023-09-07Bibliographically approved
Silander, I., Zakrisson, J., Silva de Oliveira, V., Forssén, C., Foltynowicz, A., Rubin, T., . . . Axner, O. (2022). In situ determination of the penetration depth of mirrors in Fabry-Perot refractometers and its influence on assessment of refractivity and pressure. Optics Express, 30(14), 25891-25906
Open this publication in new window or tab >>In situ determination of the penetration depth of mirrors in Fabry-Perot refractometers and its influence on assessment of refractivity and pressure
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2022 (English)In: Optics Express, E-ISSN 1094-4087, Vol. 30, no 14, p. 25891-25906Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

A procedure is presented for in situ determination of the frequency penetration depth of coated mirrors in Fabry-Perot (FP) based refractometers and its influence on the assessment of refractivity and pressure. It is based on assessments of the absolute frequency of the laser and the free spectral range of the cavity. The procedure is demonstrated on an Invar-based FP cavity system with high-reflection mirrors working at 1.55 µm. The influence was assessed with such a low uncertainty that it does not significantly contribute to the uncertainties (k = 2) in the assessment of refractivity (<8 × 10−13) or pressure of nitrogen (<0.3 mPa).

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-198493 (URN)10.1364/OE.463285 (DOI)000821326000132 ()2-s2.0-85135073412 (Scopus ID)
Funder
European Metrology Programme for Innovation and Research (EMPIR), 18SIB04Swedish Research Council, 2020-00238Swedish Research Council, 2020-05105Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, 2020.0303Vinnova, 2018-04570The Kempe Foundations, 1823.U12
Available from: 2022-08-10 Created: 2022-08-10 Last updated: 2023-09-06Bibliographically approved
Silva de Oliveira, V., Silander, I., Rutkowski, L., Soboń, G., Axner, O., Lehmann, K. K. & Foltynowicz, A. (2022). Measurement and Assignment of Hot-Band Methane Transitions with Sub-MHz Accuracy. In: CLEO: 2022: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics. Paper presented at CLEO: Science and Innovations, San Jose, California, USA, May 15-20, 2022. Optica Publishing Group, Article ID SM3F.7.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measurement and Assignment of Hot-Band Methane Transitions with Sub-MHz Accuracy
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2022 (English)In: CLEO: 2022: Conference on Lasers and Electro-Optics, Optica Publishing Group , 2022, article id SM3F.7Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

We use double-resonance spectroscopy with cavity-enhanced comb probe to measure sub-Doppler transitions in the 3ν3←ν3 band of CH4. We assign the final states using different pump/probe combinations reaching the same state, and the dependence of line intensities on relative pump/probe polarization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Optica Publishing Group, 2022
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-199213 (URN)2-s2.0-85136816251 (Scopus ID)9781557528209 (ISBN)
Conference
CLEO: Science and Innovations, San Jose, California, USA, May 15-20, 2022
Available from: 2022-09-08 Created: 2022-09-08 Last updated: 2023-07-11Bibliographically approved
Rubin, T., Silander, I., Forssén, C., Zakrisson, J., Amer, E., Szabo, D., . . . Axner, O. (2022). 'Quantum-based realizations of the pascal' status and progress of the empir-project: quantumpascal. In: 6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement: . Paper presented at 6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, October 11-13, 2022. International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>'Quantum-based realizations of the pascal' status and progress of the empir-project: quantumpascal
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2022 (English)In: 6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement, International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO) , 2022Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The QuantumPascal (QP) project combines the capabilities of 12 European institutions to enable traceable pressure measurements utilizing quantum-based methods that evaluate the number density instead of force per area to target the wide pressure range between 1 Pa and 3 MPa. This article summarizes the goals and results since the project start in June 2019.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
International Measurement Confederation (IMEKO), 2022
Keywords
ab-initio calculations, Pascal, pressure, quantum-based, refractometry
National Category
Other Physics Topics Condensed Matter Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-206766 (URN)2-s2.0-85152081336 (Scopus ID)9781713870227 (ISBN)
Conference
6th TC16 Conference on Pressure and Vacuum Measurement 2022, Together with the 24th TC3 Conference on the Measurement of Force, Mass and Torque, the 14th TC5 Conference on the Measurement of Hardness, and the 5th TC22 Conference on Vibration Measurement, Cavtat-Dubrovnik, October 11-13, 2022
Available from: 2023-04-28 Created: 2023-04-28 Last updated: 2023-04-28Bibliographically approved
Rubin, T., Silander, I., Zakrisson, J., Hao, M., Forssén, C., Asbahr, P., . . . Axner, O. (2022). Thermodynamic effects in a gas modulated Invar-based dual Fabry-Pérot cavity refractometer. Metrologia, 59(3), Article ID 035003.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thermodynamic effects in a gas modulated Invar-based dual Fabry-Pérot cavity refractometer
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2022 (English)In: Metrologia, ISSN 0026-1394, E-ISSN 1681-7575, Vol. 59, no 3, article id 035003Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

By measuring the refractivity and the temperature of a gas, its pressure can be assessed from fundamental principles. The highest performing instruments are based on Fabry-Perot cavities (FPC). Gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR) is a methodology that has the ability to reduce the influence of disturbances to such an extent that high-precision (sub-parts-per-million) assessments of pressure can be made by the use of FPCs of Invar. To allow for high accuracy assessments, it is of importance to assess the uncertainty contribution from the thermodynamic effects that are associated with the gas filling and emptying of the cavity (pV-work). This paper presents a detailed scrutiny of the influence of the gas exchange process on the assessment of gas temperature on an Invar-based dual-FPC (DFPC) instrumentation. It is shown that by virtue of a combination of a number of carefully selected design entities (a small cavity volume with a bore radius of 3 mm, a spacer material with high heat capacitance, large thermal conductivity, and no regions that are connected with low thermal conductance, i.e. no heat islands, and a continuous assessment of temperature of the cavity spacer) the system is not significantly affected by pV-work. Simulations show that 10 s after the filling all temperature gradients in the system are well into the sub-mK range. Experiments support that refractivity assessments initiated after 40 s are not significantly affected by the pV-work. The analysis given in this work indicates that an upper limit for the influence of pV-work on the Invar-based DFPC system using 100 s long gas modulation cycles is 0.5 mK/100 kPa (or 1.8 ppm/100 kPa). Consequently, thermodynamic effects will not be a limiting factor when the Invar-based DFPC GAMOR system is used for assessments of pressure or as a primary pressure standard up to atmospheric pressures.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2022
Keywords
Gamor, Gas refractometry, Invar-based, Optical pressure standard, Pv-work, Quantumpascal
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194531 (URN)10.1088/1681-7575/ac5ef9 (DOI)000782507400001 ()2-s2.0-85128839678 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Vinnova, 2017-05013Vinnova, 2018-04570Vinnova, 2019-05029Swedish Research Council, 621-2015-04374Swedish Research Council, 621-2020-05105The Kempe Foundations, 1823.U12EU, Horizon 2020
Available from: 2022-05-10 Created: 2022-05-10 Last updated: 2023-09-06Bibliographically approved
Projects
Studies of Bacterial Organelles and Adhesion Mechanisms on Individual Bacterial Cell Level by Force Measuring Optical Tweezers [2008-03280_VR]; Umeå UniversityDevelopment of novel laser based spectroscopic techniques for ultrasensitive detection of molecules in gas phase [2008-03674_VR]; Umeå UniversityDevelopment of novel laser based spectroscopic techniques for ultrasensitive detection of molecules in gas phase and modeling of bacterial adhesion processes [2011-04216_VR]; Umeå UniversityCavity Enhanced Spectroscopies ? Means to Measure the Unmeasurable [2015-04374_VR]; Umeå University
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-8580-9700

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