Depressive symptoms may occur after Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) in the subthalamic nucleus. This is often explained by reduced pharmacological treatment after surgery, and not as a direct effect of DBS. Pallidal DBS seems not to be associated with such side effects and have not, to our knowledge, previously been reported. We present a patient with acute depressive symptoms induced by pallidal DBS. We believe this case strengthen the hypothesis that the basal ganglia and structures involved in the functional connectome of these nucleuses play a role not only in regulation of movement but also in regulation of mood.

In their article Alison and Alison (2017) argue that historical experiences speak against the efficacy of torture. In this comment experiences from the witch persecutions in Europe during the 15th to 17th centuries that support this notion are discussed. Converging data suggests that torture was often instrumental in making large numbers of suspects confess to flying children through the air to nocturnal satanic meetings, during this period. A comparison of the number of false self incriminating confessions given during the Swedish witch trial in the parish of Rättvik 1671 (before royal sanction of torture was given) and the parish of Ockelbo 1675 (after royal sanction of torture was given) is used to illustrate this point.

Limited data are available about the role of the serotonin 2B (5-HT2B) receptor in the function of human islets. This study aimed to test whether the 5-HT2B receptor contributes to glucose, insulin, and glucagon homeostasis in humans, utilizing a hereditary loss-of-function gene mutation in the receptor, which causes a 50% reduction in the production of the receptor protein in heterozygotes. This clinical study enrolled participants recruited by newspaper advertisements and from mental status examinations. A cohort of participants from a young Finnish founder population composed of 68 non-diabetic males with a mean age of 30 was divided into groups for comparison based on being a 5-HT2B receptor loss-of-function gene mutation (HTR2B Q20*) heterozygote carrier (n=11) or not (n=57). Serum levels of glucose, insulin, and glucagon were measured in a 5h oral glucose tolerance test using a 75g glucose challenge. Insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and beta cell activity were calculated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA2) and whole body insulin sensitivity index (WBISI), as well as the ratio of glucagon to insulin was noted. The areas under the curves (AUCs) were also determined. Concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Covariate adjusted mean score comparisons were applied. Lower glucagon secretion and decreased glucose excursion were observed among HTR2B Q20* carriers as compared with individuals who were homozygotes for the wild-type Q20 allele (controls). No differences in insulin secretion, beta cell activity, insulin resistance, or insulin sensitivity were observed. The glucagon to insulin ratio differed between the HTR2B Q20* carriers and controls. CSF levels of 5-HIAA were similar between groups. Our findings indicate that the 5-HT2B receptor may contribute to the regulation of human glucagon and glucose homeostasis and the interplay between glucagon and insulin secretion.

Herein, we examined insulin resistance (IR), insulin sensitivity (IS), beta cell activity, and glucose metabolism in subjects with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), and whether the serotonin 2B (5-HT2B) receptor and testosterone have a role in energy metabolism. A cohort of subjects belonging to a founder population that included 98 ASPD males, aged 25-30, was divided into groups based on the presence of a heterozygous 5-HT2B receptor loss-of-function gene mutation (HTR2B Q20*; n = 9) or not (n = 89). Serum glucose and insulin levels were measured in a 5 h oral glucose tolerance test (75 g) and indices describing IR, IS, and beta cell activity were calculated. Body mass index (BMI) was also determined. Concentrations of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid were measured in cerebrospinal fluid, and testosterone levels from serum. An IR-like state comprising high IR, low IS, and high beta cell activity indices was observed among ASPD subjects without the HTR2B Q20* allele. By contrast, being an ASPD HTR2B Q20* carrier appeared to be preventive of these pathophysiologies. The HTR2B Q20* allele and testosterone predicted lower BMI independently, but an interaction between HTR2B Q20* and testosterone lead to increased insulin sensitivity among HTR2B Q20* carriers with low testosterone levels. The HTR2B Q20* allele also predicted reduced beta cell activity and enhanced glucose metabolism. Reduced 5-HT2B receptor function at low or normal testosterone levels may be protective of obesity. Results were observed among Finnish males having an antisocial personality disorder, which limits the generality.

Delayed neurological deficit (DND) is the most important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) whose aneurysms have been secured. However, the methods currently used to predict the development of DND, such as trans-cranial Doppler or levels biochemical markers in blood and cerebrospinal fluid are not very accurate. Venous blood was drawn from 50 patients with SAH, admitted to the neurosurgical department UmeAyen University Hospital, at day 1-3 and day 7 after the bleed. The clinical status of the patients was followed up approximately 1 year after this episode and classified according to the Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). Results showed considerable differences in blood metabolomic patterns between day 1-3 and 7 after the hemorrhage. Fifty-six out of 98 metabolites could be identified from our in-house library and 17 of these metabolites changed significantly from day 1-3 to 7 after the bleed. One of these, myo-inositol, was predictive of clinical outcome even after correction for multiple testing. An estimation of the diagnostic accuracy of high levels of this substance in predicting good outcome (GOS 4-5) yielded a sensitivity of .763 and a specificity of .5 at the optimal cut off point. SAH is an event with a profound effect on blood metabolomics profiles. Myo-inositol might be an interesting compound for future study to focus on in the search for metabolic markers in venous blood of delayed neurological deterioration in SAH patients.

Ear advantage during a dichotic listening task tends to mirror speech lateralization. Previous studies in stroke patients have shown that lesions in the dominant hemisphere often seem to produce changes in ear advantage. In this study six Parkinson's disease (PD) patients treated for motor symptoms with deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the left subthalamic nucleus (STN) were tested preoperatively and at approximately 6 and 18months postoperatively with a dichotic listening task. Results show a significant decline of the right ear advantage over time. In three of the patients a right ear advantage preoperativley changed to a left ear advantage 18months postoperatively. This suggests the possibility that additional longitudinal studies of this phenomenon could serve as a model for understanding changes in indirect measures of speech lateralization in stroke patients.

Two studies provided evidence that a decision to report an ambiguous case of child abuse affected subsequent memory of the case information, such that participants falsely recognized details that were not presented in the original information, but that are schematically associated with child abuse. Moreover, post-decision information that the child had later died from abuse influenced the memory reports of participants who had chosen not to report the case, increasing their reports of false schema-consistent details. This suggests that false decision-consistent memories are primarily due to sense-making, schematic processing rather than the motivation to justify the decision. The present findings points to an important mechanism by which decision information can become distorted in retrospect, and emphasize the difficulties of improving future decision-making by contemplating past decisions. The results also indicate that decisions may generate false memories in the apparent absence of external suggestion or misleading information. Implications for decision-making theory, and applied practices are discussed.

The Transcription Factor Activating Protein-2 beta (TFAP-2 beta) gene has been shown to influence monoaminergic neurotransmission, and several genes important for monoaminergic function have binding sites for TFAP-2 beta. Familial studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest a hereditary-determined subtype of ADHD with comorbid depression. We examined a functional variation of the TFAP-2 beta gene in the context of co-occurring symptoms of ADHD and depression in two independent population-based samples of adolescents (Group A, n = 175 and Group B, n = 1,506) from Sweden. Results indicated 6.1 to 7.8 % of adolescents screened positively for ADHD and depression symptoms. Symptoms of depression were more common among girls who screened positively for ADHD and did not carry the nine-repeat allele of the TFAP-2 beta intron 1 Variable Number Tandem Repeat (VNTR) polymorphism. The presence of the nine-repeat variant of the TFAP-2 beta intron 1 VNTR appears to protect girls with ADHD symptoms from the co-expression of symptoms of depression.

BACKGROUND: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a treatment for severe cases of therapy-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and promising results have been reported. The literature might, however, be somewhat unclear, considering the different targets used, and due to repeated inclusion of individual patients in multiple publications. The aim of this report was to review the literature on DBS for OCD.

METHODS: The modern literature concerning studies conducted on DBS in the treatment of OCD was reviewed.

RESULTS: The results of DBS in OCD have been presented in 25 reports with 130 patients, of which, however, only 90 contained individual patients. Five of these reports included at least 5 individual patients not presented elsewhere. Sixty-eight of these patients underwent implantation in the region of the internal capsule/ventral striatum, including the nucleus accumbens. The target in this region has varied between groups and over time, but the latest results from bilateral procedures in this area have shown a 50% reduction of OCD scores, depression, and anxiety. The subthalamic nucleus has been suggested as an alternative target. Although beneficial effects have been demonstrated, the efficacy of this procedure cannot be decided, because only results after 3 months of active stimulation have been presented so far.

CONCLUSIONS: DBS is a promising treatment for therapy-refractory OCD, but the published experience is limited and the method is at present an experimental therapy.