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Östman, S., Gunell, H. & Goetz, C. (2025). Instantaneous asymmetry of the Martian bow shock: a single- and dual-spacecraft study using MAVEN and Mars express. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 694, Article ID A50.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Instantaneous asymmetry of the Martian bow shock: a single- and dual-spacecraft study using MAVEN and Mars express
2025 (English)In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 694, article id A50Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims. We study the instantaneous asymmetry of the Martian bow shock during a change in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) and for steady-state conditions. Specifically, we study the asymmetry with regard to the convective electric field and to the crustal fields of Mars.

Methods. Two methods were used: First, a single-spacecraft method in which a switch in hemisphere in the Mars solar-electric (MSE) coordinate system was studied during a change in the direction of the interplanetary magnetic field. Second, we used a dual-spacecraft method wherein near simultaneous bow shock crossings on opposite hemispheres were studied. The dual bow shock crossings were then compared to a bow shock model, and the difference in the distance to the model was used as a measure of asymmetry.

Results. With the single-spacecraft method, an asymmetry with respect to the solar wind convective electric field, Esw, was found, wherein the bow shock was farther from the planet in the ZMSE <0 hemisphere, that is, the - E hemisphere. With the dual-spacecraft method, the mean of the magnitude of the asymmetries in the individual case was 0.13 RM. However, the standard deviation was as high as the mean, and no significant asymmetry could be attributed either to the solar wind convective electric field or to the Martian crustal fields. A strong asymmetry without a clear correlation to these factors was found nonetheless. Possible causes of the measured asymmetry are discussed.

Conclusions. The magnitude of the asymmetries in individual observations is larger than the average asymmetries. This indicates that the shape of the Martian bow shock is dynamic and influenced by fluctuations or wave phenomena.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EDP Sciences, 2025
Keywords
Planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, Planets and satellites: general, Planets and satellites: magnetic fields, Plasmas, Shock waves
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-235376 (URN)10.1051/0004-6361/202450449 (DOI)001411854100010 ()2-s2.0-85217019662 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 2023-00208Swedish National Space Board, 194/19
Available from: 2025-02-21 Created: 2025-02-21 Last updated: 2025-02-21Bibliographically approved
Larkin, C. J. .., Lundén, V., Schulz, L., Baumgartner-Steinleitner, M., Brekkum, M., Cegla, A., . . . Hallmann, M. (2024). M5 — Mars magnetospheric multipoint measurement mission: a multi-spacecraft plasma physics mission to Mars. Advances in Space Research, 73(6), 3235-3255
Open this publication in new window or tab >>M5 — Mars magnetospheric multipoint measurement mission: a multi-spacecraft plasma physics mission to Mars
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2024 (English)In: Advances in Space Research, ISSN 0273-1177, E-ISSN 1879-1948, Vol. 73, no 6, p. 3235-3255Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Mars, lacking an intrinsic dynamo, is an ideal laboratory to comparatively study induced magnetospheres, which can be found in other terrestrial bodies as well as comets. Additionally, Mars is of particular interest to further exploration due to its loss of habitability by atmospheric escape and possible future human exploration. In this context, we propose the Mars Magnetospheric Multipoint Measurement Mission (M5), a multi-spacecraft mission to study the dynamics and energy transport of the Martian induced magnetosphere comprehensively. Particular focus is dedicated to the largely unexplored magnetotail region, where signatures of magnetic reconnection have been found. Furthermore, a reliable knowledge of the upstream solar wind conditions is needed to study the dynamics of the Martian magnetosphere, especially the different dayside boundary regions but also for energy transport phenomena like the current system and plasma waves. This will aid the study of atmospheric escape processes of planets with induced magnetospheres. In order to resolve the three-dimensional structures varying both in time and space, multi-point measurements are required. Thus, M5 is a five spacecraft mission, with one solar wind monitor orbiting Mars in a circular orbit at 5 Martian radii, and four smaller spacecraft in a tetrahedral configuration orbiting Mars in an elliptical orbit, spanning the far magnetotail up to 6 Mars radii with a periapsis just outside the Martian magnetosphere of 1.8 Mars radii. We not only present a detailed assessment of the scientific need for such a mission but also show the resulting mission and spacecraft design taking into account all aspects of the mission requirements and constraints such as mass, power, and link budgets. Additionally, different aspects of the mission programmatics like a possible mission timeline, cost estimates, or public outreach are shown. The common requirements for acceptance for an ESA mission are considered. The mission outlined in this paper was developed during the Alpbach Summer School 2022 on the topic of “Comparative Plasma Physics in the Universe”.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Atmospheric escape, Induced magnetospheres, Magnetic reconnection, Mars, Mission concept proposal, Multi-spacecraft constellation
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-220467 (URN)10.1016/j.asr.2023.11.032 (DOI)2-s2.0-85183542803 (Scopus ID)
Funder
The European Space Agency (ESA)Swedish National Space Board
Available from: 2024-02-16 Created: 2024-02-16 Last updated: 2024-02-19Bibliographically approved
Östman, S., Gunell, H., Hamrin, M., Opgenoorth, H. J. & Andersson, L. (2024). Width of the quasi-perpendicular bow shock region at Mars. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 689, Article ID A110.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Width of the quasi-perpendicular bow shock region at Mars
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2024 (English)In: Astronomy and Astrophysics, ISSN 0004-6361, E-ISSN 1432-0746, Vol. 689, article id A110Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims: We aim to quantify the width of the quasi-perpendicular Martian bow shock region to deepen the understanding of why the width is variable and which factors affect it, and to explore the implications on thermalization.

Methods: To quantify the width, 2074 quasi-perpendicular bow shock crossings from a database were studied. Upstream conditions, such as Mach numbers, dynamic pressure, ion densities, and other factors, were considered. Furthermore, the difference between the downstream and upstream temperature was measured.

Results: We found that the shock region width is correlated with the magnetosonic Mach number, the critical ratio, and the overshoot amplitude. The region was found to be anticorrelated with dynamic pressure. The width is not affected by the upstream ion density of the investigated species or by the upstream temperature. The difference between the downstream and upstream temperature is not affected by the shock region width.

Conclusions: We found that the factors that affect the stand-off distance of the bow shock, such as the magnetosonic Mach number and dynamic pressure, also affect the width. The width is also positively correlated with the overshoot amplitude, indicating that the structures are coupled or that they are affected by largely the same conditions. The lack of a correlation with the ion temperature difference indicates that the shock region width does not affect the ion thermalization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
EDP Sciences, 2024
Keywords
plasmas, shock waves, methods: data analysis, planets and satellites: terrestrial planets, planet-star interactions, planets and satellites: individual: Mars
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-232436 (URN)10.1051/0004-6361/202348385 (DOI)001308055500028 ()2-s2.0-85215438924 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 108/18Swedish National Space Board, 194/19
Available from: 2024-11-29 Created: 2024-11-29 Last updated: 2025-01-31Bibliographically approved
Gunell, H., Hamrin, M., Nesbit-Östman, S., Krämer, E. & Nilsson, H. (2023). Magnetosheath jets at Mars. Science Advances, 9(22), Article ID eadg5703.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Magnetosheath jets at Mars
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2023 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 9, no 22, article id eadg5703Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Plasma entities, known as magnetosheath jets, with higher dynamic pressure than the surrounding plasma, are often seen at Earth. They generate waves and contribute to energy transfer in the magnetosheath. Affecting the magnetopause, they cause surface waves and transfer energy into the magnetosphere, causing throat auroras and magnetic signatures detectable on the ground. We show that jets exist also beyond Earth's environment in the magnetosheath of Mars, using data obtained by the MAVEN spacecraft. Thus, jets can be created also at Mars, which differs from Earth by its smaller bow shock, and they are associated with an increased level of magnetic field fluctuations. Jets couple large and small scales in magnetosheaths in the solar system and can play a similar part in astrophysical plasmas.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), 2023
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-209550 (URN)10.1126/sciadv.adg5703 (DOI)001009737900017 ()37267367 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85160904545 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 108/18Swedish National Space Board, 194/19Swedish Research Council, 2018-03623
Available from: 2023-06-13 Created: 2023-06-13 Last updated: 2023-09-05Bibliographically approved
Hamrin, M., Schillings, A., Opgenoorth, H. J., Nesbit-Östman, S., Krämer, E., Araújo, J. C., . . . Barnes, R. J. (2023). Space weather disturbances in non-stormy times: occurrence of dB/dt spikes during three solar cycles. Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, 128(10), Article ID e2023JA031804.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Space weather disturbances in non-stormy times: occurrence of dB/dt spikes during three solar cycles
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2023 (English)In: Journal of Geophysical Research - Space Physics, ISSN 2169-9380, E-ISSN 2169-9402, Vol. 128, no 10, article id e2023JA031804Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Spatio-temporal variations of ionospheric currents cause rapid magnetic field variations at ground level and Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) that can be harmful for human infrastructure. The risk for large excursions in the magnetic field time derivative, “dB/dt spikes”, is known to be high during geomagnetic storms and substorms. However, less is known about the occurrence of spikes during non-stormy times. We use data from ground-based globally covering magnetometers (SuperMAG database) from the years 1985–2021. We investigate the spike occurrence (|dB/dt| > 100 nT/min) as a function of magnetic local time (MLT), magnetic latitude (Mlat), and the solar cycle phases during non-stormy times (−15 nT ≤ SYM-H < 0). We sort our data into substorm (AL < 200 nT) intervals (“SUB”) and less active intervals between consecutive substorms (“nonSUB”). We find that spikes commonly occur in both SUBs and nonSUBs during non-stormy times (3–23 spikes/day), covering 18–12 MLT and 65°–80° Mlat. This also implies a risk for infrastructure damage during non-stormy times, especially when several spikes occur nearby in space and time, possibly causing infrastructure weathering. We find that spikes are more common in the declining phase of the solar cycle, and that the occurrence of SUB spikes propagates from one midnight to one morning hotspot with ∼10 min in MLT for each minute in universal time (UTC). Finally, we discuss causes for the spikes in terms of spatio-temporal variations of ionospheric currents.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Geophysical Union (AGU), 2023
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-215270 (URN)10.1029/2023ja031804 (DOI)2-s2.0-85174460250 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 81/17Swedish National Space Board, 108/18Swedish National Space Board, 194/19Swedish National Space Board, 118/17Swedish Research Council, 2018-03623Swedish Research Council, 2021-06683
Available from: 2023-10-15 Created: 2023-10-15 Last updated: 2023-10-30Bibliographically approved
Westin, J., Knutsson, J., Bylund, R., Östman, S. & Westin, L. (2019). Regionala konsekvenser av Trafikverkets plan för förändrade hastighetsgränser. Umeå: Umeå universitet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Regionala konsekvenser av Trafikverkets plan för förändrade hastighetsgränser
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2019 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Inom Trafikverket pågår en översyn av hastighetsgränserna i det svenska vägnätet. Ett syfte med översynen är att stärka ”nollvisionen” genom att justera skyltad hastighet så att den bättre stämmer överens med faktisk vägstandard. För att bättre och mer systematiskt beskriva konsekvenser för utveckling av, och fördelnings­effekter mellan, regioner av förändrade hastighetsgränser i vägnätet krävs fördjupade analysmetoder. I denna rapport beskrivs en metodik för att ta fram ett kompletterande beslutsunderlag för analys av effekter på tillgänglighet och regional­ekonomiska konsekvenser av förändrade hastighetsgränser inom ramen för Trafikverkets arbete med hastighets­översynen.

Genom att jämföra beräknade effekter av hastighetsjusteringar från olika modellsystem skapas en fördjupad bild av hur förändrade hastighets­gränser i vägnätet inverkar på tillgänglighet och regional utveckling. Ett syfte med analyserna är att identifiera områden (delar av landet i form av regioner, stråk och vägsträckor) där nedsatt hastighet kan få särskilt negativ regional inverkan på tillgänglig­heten och därmed i en förlängning påverka möjligheterna till utveckling av samhälle och näringsliv.

Varje enskild omskyltning av ett vägobjekt i Trafikverkets hastighets­justering är en del i ett större åtgärdspaket. Effekten av varje enskild åtgärd behöver därför analyseras mot bakgrund av det samlade paketet av åtgärder och hastighets­justeringar i hastighetsjusteringen. Metoden bygger därför på en scenarioanalys där effekter på olika former av tillgänglighet analyseras för två olika scenarier. Det första scenariot är ett trafiksäkerhets­scenario (UA1) där principerna för Trafikverkets hastighets­översyn tillämpats i hela landet. Det andra scenariot är ett tillgänglighets­scenario (UA2) där förändringarna i UA1 kompletterats med åtgärder för att höja hastigheten på vägar som ingår i Trafikverkets funktionellt prioriterade vägnät (FPV).

Metoden för att analysera effekter av en föreslagen hastighetsförändring kan delas in i tre steg:

  • Effektberäkning i EVA: I det första steget beräknas och värderas effekter på restid, trafiksäkerhet, emissioner, drift och underhåll av en hastighetsförändring med hjälp av Trafikverkets kalkylverktyg EVA.
  • Scenarioanalys: I det andra steget analyseras och jämförs beräknade tillgänglighetseffekter i de två scenarierna UA1 och UA2. Genom att studera kartor över hur tillgängligheten i närområdet påverkas av de hastighetsförändringar som ingår i hastighetsöversynen, kan områden med särskilt negativ inverkan på olika former av tillgänglighet identifieras.
  • Sammanställning: I de fall scenarioanalysen visat på närområden med där minskningarna i tillgänglighet är alltför stora kan olika typer av kompensatoriska åtgärder undersökas.

En möjlig kompensatorisk åtgärd är att investera i vägförbättringar med syfte att kunna höja hastighets­gränserna utan att försämra trafiksäkerheten. En slutsats från analysen är att generella investeringar i FPV med syfte att höja hastigheten i framförallt det nationellt prioriterade vägnätet inte är en effektiv åtgärd för att kompensera för sänkta hastighetsgränser på framförallt mindre vägar. För att kompensera områden som påverkas negativt av hastighets­justeringarna i UA1 bör därför alternativa steg 1 och steg 2 åtgärder istället undersökas. Exempelvis kan satsningar på kollektivtrafik eller satsningar på utbyggd lokal service öka tillgängligheten trots att hastigheten i vägnätet sänkts. Många av dessa åtgärder ligger dock utanför Trafikverkets ansvarsområde.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2019. p. 36
Series
CERUM rapport, ISSN 0282-0277 ; 50
National Category
Economics Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Economics; Systems Analysis
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-168742 (URN)978-91-7855-090-6 (ISBN)
Available from: 2020-03-09 Created: 2020-03-09 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-6598-0666

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