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Egelkraut, D., Barthelemy, H. & Olofsson, J. (2020). Reindeer trampling promotes vegetation changes in tundra heathlands: Results from a simulation experiment. Journal of Vegetation Science, 31(3), 476-486
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reindeer trampling promotes vegetation changes in tundra heathlands: Results from a simulation experiment
2020 (English)In: Journal of Vegetation Science, ISSN 1100-9233, E-ISSN 1654-1103, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 476-486Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Question: Herbivores exert strong influences on vegetation through activities such as trampling, defoliation, and fertilization. The combined effect of these activities on plant performance may cause dramatic vegetation shifts. Because herbivore pressures and the relative importance of their different activities are not equally distributed across the landscape, it is important to understand their isolated effect. One example of an herbivore‐induced vegetation shift is the reindeer‐driven transition from a subarctic tundra vegetation dominated by dwarf shrubs into a more productive, graminoid‐dominated state. Here, we asked how each of the grazing activities by reindeer separately and combined shape vegetation composition.

Location: Nordreisa, Norway.

Methods: We used a field experiment over six summers to study the separate and interacting effects of reindeer trampling, defoliation, addition of faeces and removal of moss on tundra heath vegetation, and to identify which of these factors were most important in driving the plant community towards a graminoid‐dominated state.

Results: The combination of all treatments resulted in the strongest changes in vegetation, but trampling was the single most important factor altering the vegetation composition by reducing the abundance of both evergreen and deciduous dwarf shrubs. In contrast to what was expected, none of our treatments, separate or combined, resulted in an increased abundance of graminoids in 5 years, although such rapid vegetation changes have been observed in the field in similar environmental conditions.

Conclusions: Trampling is the key process by which reindeer influence the abundance of functional groups, but only many processes combined result in strong changes in community composition. Moreover, additional factors not included in this experiment, such as urine, may be important in causing a state shift to a graminoid‐dominated community.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2020
Keywords
defoliation, fertilization, grazing simulation, herbivory, Rangifer tarandus, shrubification, trampling, vegetation shifts
National Category
Ecology Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-170806 (URN)10.1111/jvs.12871 (DOI)000528892400010 ()2-s2.0-85082970425 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-05-27 Created: 2020-05-27 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Stark, S., Egelkraut, D., Aronsson, K.-Å. & Olofsson, J. (2019). Contrasting vegetation states do not diverge in soil organic matter storage: evidence from historical sites in tundra. Ecology, 100(7), Article ID e02731.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Contrasting vegetation states do not diverge in soil organic matter storage: evidence from historical sites in tundra
2019 (English)In: Ecology, ISSN 0012-9658, E-ISSN 1939-9170, Vol. 100, no 7, article id e02731Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Ecosystems where severe disturbance has induced permanent shifts in vegetation and soil processes may represent alternative stable states. To date, little is known on how long-lasting changes in soil processes are following such disturbances, and how the changes in plant and soil processes between the alternative states eventually manifest themselves in soil organic matter (SOM) storage. Here, we analyzed plant density, the shrub : forb ratio, microbial respiration, extracellular enzyme activities and SOM stocks in soils of subarctic tundra and historical milking grounds, where reindeer herding induced a vegetation transition from deciduous shrubs to graminoids several centuries earlier but were abandoned a century ago. This provides the possibility to compare sites with similar topography, but highly contrasting vegetation for centuries. We found that enzymatic activities and N:P stoichiometry differed between control and disturbed sites, confirming that culturally induced vegetation shifts exert lasting impacts on tundra soil processes. Transition zones, where shrubs had encroached into the historical milking grounds during the past 50 yr, indicated that microbial activities for N and P acquisition changed more rapidly along a vegetation shift than those for microbial C acquisition. Although plant and soil processes differed between control and disturbed sites, we found no effect of historical vegetation transition on SOM stock. Across the study sites, soil SOM stocks were correlated with total plant density but not with the shrub : forb ratio. Our finding that SOM stock was insensitive to a centennial difference in plant community composition suggests that, as such, grazing-induced alternative vegetation states might not necessarily differ in SOM sequestration.

Keywords
cultural landscape, extracellular enzymes, historical ecology, reindeer, soil carbon stock, tundra
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-161833 (URN)10.1002/ecy.2731 (DOI)000474286800007 ()30991449 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85066096592 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2019-08-12 Created: 2019-08-12 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Rheubottom, S. I., Barrio, I. C., Kozlov, M. V., Alatalo, J. M., Andersson, T., Asmus, A. L., . . . Hik, D. S. (2019). Hiding in the background: community-level patterns in invertebrate herbivory across the tundra biome. Polar Biology, 42(10), 1881-1897
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hiding in the background: community-level patterns in invertebrate herbivory across the tundra biome
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2019 (English)In: Polar Biology, ISSN 0722-4060, E-ISSN 1432-2056, Vol. 42, no 10, p. 1881-1897Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Invertebrate herbivores depend on external temperature for growth and metabolism. Continued warming in tundra ecosystems is proposed to result in increased invertebrate herbivory. However, empirical data about how current levels of invertebrate herbivory vary across the Arctic is limited and generally restricted to a single host plant or a small group of species, so predicting future change remains challenging. We investigated large-scale patterns of invertebrate herbivory across the tundra biome at the community level and explored how these patterns are related to long-term climatic conditions and year-of-sampling weather, habitat characteristics, and aboveground biomass production. Utilizing a standardized protocol, we collected samples from 92 plots nested within 20 tundra sites during summer 2015. We estimated the community-weighted biomass lost based on the total leaf area consumed by invertebrates for the most common plant species within each plot. Overall, invertebrate herbivory was prevalent at low intensities across the tundra, with estimates averaging 0.94% and ranging between 0.02 and 5.69% of plant biomass. Our results suggest that mid-summer temperature influences the intensity of invertebrate herbivory at the community level, consistent with the hypothesis that climate warming should increase plant losses to invertebrates in the tundra. However, most of the observed variation in herbivory was associated with other site level characteristics, indicating that other local ecological factors also play an important role. More details about the local drivers of invertebrate herbivory are necessary to predict the consequences for rapidly changing tundra ecosystems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2019
Keywords
Background herbivory, Biomass loss, Climate change, Community-weighted average, Invertebrate, Insects, Tundra
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-165784 (URN)10.1007/s00300-019-02568-3 (DOI)000495702400009 ()2-s2.0-85072103141 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Carl Tryggers foundation Swedish Research Council, 2012-1039Swedish Research Council, 2012-230Swedish Research Council, 2015-1091
Available from: 2019-12-03 Created: 2019-12-03 Last updated: 2023-03-23Bibliographically approved
Sitters, J., Cherif, M., Egelkraut, D., Giesler, R. & Olofsson, J. (2019). Long-term heavy reindeer grazing promotes plant phosphorus limitation in arctic tundra. Functional Ecology, 33(7), 1233-1242
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Long-term heavy reindeer grazing promotes plant phosphorus limitation in arctic tundra
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2019 (English)In: Functional Ecology, ISSN 0269-8463, E-ISSN 1365-2435, Vol. 33, no 7, p. 1233-1242Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

1. The potential of large mammalian herbivores to shift plant communities between nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) limitation has received little attention so far. However, herbivores can influence the cycling of these growth-limiting nutrients, and thereby affect plant nutrient limitation and productivity. Tundra ecosystems are nutrient-poor and commonly grazed by large herbivores like reindeer and may thus be responsive to such changes.

2. Here, we examined the effect of long-term light and heavy reindeer grazing on nutrient limitation of plant growth in a Scandinavian arctic tundra. We are the first to conduct a factorial N and P fertilization experiment across the two grazing regimes in two functionally contrasting vegetation types: heath and meadow.

3. Annual primary productivity (APP) showed contrasting responses to our fertilization treatments under light and heavy grazing. Under light grazing, APP increased in response to N + P additions in both the heath and meadow. Under heavy grazing, APP increased in response to N in the heath, with an additional positive effect of N + P combined, while APP increased in response to P and N + P additions in the meadow.

4. These results clearly show that an increase in the grazing intensity of reindeer facilitated a shift towards more P-limited conditions in Scandinavian arctic tundra, by increasing N cycling without having a corresponding positive effect on P cycling. In the N-poor heath, reindeer increased soil N availability at least partly due to a shift towards more N-rich graminoids, while in the meadow, reindeer decreased soil P availability. The mechanisms behind this decrease remain unclear, but reindeer may simply export more P from the system than N due to their large P demand for the production of their antlers.

5. Synthesis. We conclude that heavy and long-term reindeer grazing promoted a more P-limited tundra, thus experimentally confirming the potential of large mammalian herbivores to influence nutrient limitation of plant growth.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2019
Keywords
fertilization experiment, herbivory, nitrogen, nutrient limitation, plant-herbivore interactions, primary productivity, stoichiometry
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-168176 (URN)10.1111/1365-2435.13342 (DOI)000509349600006 ()2-s2.0-85065067600 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-03-17 Created: 2020-03-17 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Egelkraut, D., Aronsson, K.-Å., Allard, A., Åkerholm, M., Stark, S. & Olofsson, J. (2018). Multiple feedbacks contribute to a centennial legacy of reindeer on tundra vegetation. Ecosystems (New York. Print), 21(8), 1545-1563
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Multiple feedbacks contribute to a centennial legacy of reindeer on tundra vegetation
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2018 (English)In: Ecosystems (New York. Print), ISSN 1432-9840, E-ISSN 1435-0629, Vol. 21, no 8, p. 1545-1563Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Historical contingency is the impact of past events, like the timing and order of species arrival, on community assembly, and can sometimes result in alternative stable states of ecological communities. Large herbivores, wild and domestic, can cause profound changes in the structure and functioning of plant communities and therefore probably influence historical contingency; however, little empirical data on the stability of such shifts or subsequent drivers of stability are available. We studied the centennial legacy of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) pressure on arctic tundra vegetation by considering historical milking grounds (HMGs): graminoid- and forb-dominated patches amid shrub-dominated tundra, formed by historical Sami reindeer herding practices that ended approximately 100 years ago. Our results show that the core areas of all studied HMGs remained strikingly stable, being hardly invaded by surrounding shrubs. Soil nitrogen concentrations were comparable to heavily grazed areas. However, the HMGs are slowly being reinvaded by vegetative growth of shrubs at the edges, and the rate of ingrowth increased with higher mineral N availability. Furthermore, our data indicate that several biotic feedbacks contribute to the stability of the HMGs: increased nutrient turnover supporting herbaceous vegetation, strong interspecific competition preventing invasion and herbivore damage to invading shrubs. In particular, voles and lemmings appear to be important, selectively damaging shrubs in the HMGs. We concluded that HMGs provide clear evidence for historical contingency of herbivore effects in arctic ecosystems. We showed that several biotic feedbacks can contribute to subsequent vegetation stability, but their relative importance will vary in time and space.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2018
Keywords
alternative stable states, plant–herbivore interactions, historical contingency, land use legacy, plant–soil interactions, Rangifer tarandus, soil nutrients, vegetation composition
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142126 (URN)10.1007/s10021-018-0239-z (DOI)000450919700005 ()2-s2.0-85043713986 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2012-1039Swedish Research Council Formas, 2012-230Swedish Research Council Formas, 2015-1091
Note

Originnally included in thesis in manuscript form

Available from: 2017-11-22 Created: 2017-11-22 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Egelkraut, D., Kardol, P., De Long, J. R. & Olofsson, J. (2018). The role of plant-soil feedbacks in stabilizing a reindeer-induced vegetation shift in subarctic tundra. Functional Ecology, 32(8), 1959-1971
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The role of plant-soil feedbacks in stabilizing a reindeer-induced vegetation shift in subarctic tundra
2018 (English)In: Functional Ecology, ISSN 0269-8463, E-ISSN 1365-2435, Vol. 32, no 8, p. 1959-1971Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

1. Herbivory can drive vegetation into different states of productivity and community composition, and these changes may be stable over time due to historical contingency effects. Interactions with abiotic and biotic soil components can contribute to such long-term legacies in plant communities through stabilizing positive feedbacks.

2. We studied the role of plant-soil feedbacks in maintaining vegetation changes caused by historical (similar to 1350-1900 AD) reindeer herding in northern Sweden. These historical milking grounds (HMGs) consist of meadow plant communities formed in naturally nutrient-poor heath or naturally nutrient-rich shrub-dominated vegetation and are still clearly visible in the landscape, a century after active use ceased.

3. We selected two phytometer species: the forb Potentilla crantzii as representative of HMG vegetation, and the dwarf shrub Betula nana, as representative of control vegetation. We grew both species under glasshouse conditions on soils derived from replicated HMG and paired control plots, using live soils and sterilized (-radiation)-inoculated soils, to separate between biotic and abiotic soil effects.

4. A net negative plant-soil feedback for B.nana biomass in its home (i.e., control) soil and a net positive feedback for P.crantzii in its home (i.e., HMG) soil in heath habitat was partly driven by the soil biotic community. However, abiotic differences in mineral nitrogen (N) concentrations between control and HMG soils were a stronger driver of differences in plant growth. Positive feedbacks maintaining a high mineral nutrient availability are thus important, especially in nutrient-poor habitats.

5. The positive plant responses to higher soil mineral N concentrations, combined with positive biotic plant-soil feedbacks, might shift the competitive balance in favour of typical HMG plant species, thereby contributing to stability of HMG plant communities. Our data indicate that herbivore-driven changes in the interactions between plants and both biotic and abiotic components of the soil persist over long temporal scales.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2018
Keywords
lternative state, herbivory, historical contingency, legacy effects, plant-soil feedback, Rangifer randus, reindeer husbandry, vegetation composition
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142129 (URN)10.1111/1365-2435.13113 (DOI)000440651400006 ()2-s2.0-85046084496 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2012-1039Swedish Research Council Formas, 2012-230Swedish Research Council Formas, 2015-1091
Note

Originally included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2017-11-22 Created: 2017-11-22 Last updated: 2023-03-23Bibliographically approved
Barrio, I. C., Lindén, E., Te Beest, M., Olofsson, J., Rocha, A., Soininen, E. M., . . . Kozlov, M. V. (2017). Background invertebrate herbivory on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa-nana complex) increases with temperature and precipitation across the tundra biome. Polar Biology, 40(11), 2265-2278
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Background invertebrate herbivory on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa-nana complex) increases with temperature and precipitation across the tundra biome
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2017 (English)In: Polar Biology, ISSN 0722-4060, E-ISSN 1432-2056, Vol. 40, no 11, p. 2265-2278Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Chronic, low intensity herbivory by invertebrates, termed background herbivory, has been understudied in tundra, yet its impacts are likely to increase in a warmer Arctic. The magnitude of these changes is however hard to predict as we know little about the drivers of current levels of invertebrate herbivory in tundra. We assessed the intensity of invertebrate herbivory on a common tundra plant, the dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa-nana complex), and investigated its relationship to latitude and climate across the tundra biome. Leaf damage by defoliating, mining and gall-forming invertebrates was measured in samples collected from 192 sites at 56 locations. Our results indicate that invertebrate herbivory is nearly ubiquitous across the tundra biome but occurs at low intensity. On average, invertebrates damaged 11.2% of the leaves and removed 1.4% of total leaf area. The damage was mainly caused by external leaf feeders, and most damaged leaves were only slightly affected (12% leaf area lost). Foliar damage was consistently positively correlated with mid-summer (July) temperature and, to a lesser extent, precipitation in the year of data collection, irrespective of latitude. Our models predict that, on average, foliar losses to invertebrates on dwarf birch are likely to increase by 6-7% over the current levels with a 1 degrees C increase in summer temperatures. Our results show that invertebrate herbivory on dwarf birch is small in magnitude but given its prevalence and dependence on climatic variables, background invertebrate herbivory should be included in predictions of climate change impacts on tundra ecosystems.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2017
Keywords
Background insect herbivory, Climate change, Externally feeding defoliators, Latitudinal Herbivory pothesis, Leaf damage, Leaf miners, Gall makers, Macroecological pattern
National Category
Ecology Environmental Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142462 (URN)10.1007/s00300-017-2139-7 (DOI)000415258700011 ()2-s2.0-85021053621 (Scopus ID)
Note

Correction: Isabel C. Barrio, Elin Lindén, Mariska Te Beest, Johan Olofsson, Adrian RochaEeva M. Soininen, Juha M. Alatalo, Tommi Andersson, Ashley Asmus, Julia Boike, Kari Anne Bråthen, John P. Bryant, Agata Buchwal, C. Guillermo Bueno, Katherine S. Christie, Yulia V. Denisova, Dagmar Egelkraut, Dorothee Ehrich, LeeAnn Fishback, Bruce C. Forbes, Maite Gartzia, Paul Grogan, Martin Hallinger, Monique M. P. D. Heijmans, David S. Hik, Annika Hofgaard, Milena Holmgren, Toke T. Høye, Diane C. Huebner, Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir, Elina Kaarlejärvi, Timo Kumpula, Cynthia Y. M. J. G. Lange, Jelena Lange, Esther Lévesque, Juul Limpens, Marc Macias-Fauria, Isla Myers-Smith, Erik J. van Nieukerken, Signe Normand, Eric S. Post, Niels Martin Schmidt, Judith Sitters, Anna Skoracka, Alexander Sokolov, Natalya Sokolova, James D. M. Speed, Lorna E. Street, Maja K. Sundqvist, Otso Suominen, Nikita Tananaev, Jean-Pierre Tremblay, Christine Urbanowicz, Sergey A. Uvarov, David Watts, Martin Wilmking, Philip A. Wookey, Heike H. Zimmermann, Vitali Zverev, Mikhail V. Kozlov. Publisher Correction to: Background invertebrate herbivory on dwarf birch (Betula glandulosa-nana complex) increases with temperature and precipitation across the tundra biome. Polar Biol (2018) 41(8): 1653–1654. DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2305-6 

Available from: 2017-12-04 Created: 2017-12-04 Last updated: 2024-07-19Bibliographically approved
Egelkraut, D. D. (2017). Long-lasting ecological legacies of reindeer on tundra vegetation. (Doctoral dissertation). Umeå: Umeå University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Long-lasting ecological legacies of reindeer on tundra vegetation
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Reindeer can have strong effects on the plant species composition and functioning of tundra ecosystems, and often promote a transition towards a graminoid-dominated vegetation type. As a result, they influence many ecological processes, such as nutrient dynamics, soil biotic composition and functioning, and carbon storage. Several studies suggest that the effect of reindeer on vegetation may follow predictable patterns and could induce an alternative stable vegetation state. However, little empirical data on the long-term stability of reindeer effects on vegetation exist, as it is inherently challenging to study these ecological processes experimentally on a sufficiently long timescale. The main objective of this thesis was therefore to gain a better understanding of the long-term ecological processes following reindeer-induced vegetation shifts.

In order to gain a more mechanistic insight in what initially drives this transition, I used a field-based grazing simulation experiment in which I separated defoliation, trampling, moss removal and the addition of feces. This allowed me to test the relative contribution of reindeer-related activities to initiating the shift from moss and heath- dominated tundra towards a graminoid-dominated vegetation state. Additionally, I studied the long-term ecological stability following such a vegetation shift. I did this by addressing historical milking grounds (HMGs): sites where high reindeer concentrations associated with historical traditional reindeer herding practices induced a vegetation transition from shrubs towards graminoids several centuries earlier, but which were abandoned a century ago. Studying HMGs allowed me to address: 1. The potential stability of reindeer-induced vegetation shifts; 2. The ecological mechanisms contributing to the long-term stability of these vegetation shifts; and 3. How such long-lasting vegetation changes influence soil carbon- and nutrient cycling.

I found that trampling by reindeer is an important mechanism by which reindeer cause vegetation change. Addressing HMGs further revealed that this vegetation change can be hightly persistent, as the studied HMGs showed only a low encroachment at the surrounding borders in the last 50 years. The vegetation in the core areas of all studied HMGs had remained strikingly stable, and were hardly invaded by surrounding shrubs. Interestingly, soil nutrient concentrations and microbial activities were still different from the surrounding area as well, and even comparable to actively grazed areas. Even after many centuries of changed vegetation composition and soil processes, there was no difference in total carbon sequestration. This suggests that the environmental conditions for microbial decomposition were more important than vegetation composition for the soil carbon stocks, in our study site.

After studying the contemporary habitat use of HMGs by reindeer and other herbivores, investigating the potential plant-soil feedbacks mechanisms and detailed soil analyses, I concluded that several ecological mechanisms contribute to the long-term stability of HMGs: first, the altered soil biotic and abiotic conditions appear to have a stronger advantage for HMG vegetation than for the surrounding tundra vegetation. Furthermore, I found a clear browsing preference of small rodents on single shrubs proliferating in HMGs, causing a strong limitation on shrub expansion. Moreover, the dense established sward of graminoids likely poses a strong direct competition for space and nutrients, hindering seedling establishment. Finally, I conclude that HMGs are highly stable on relevant ecological timescales, and propose how the concepts of historical contingency and ASS can be applied to understand stability of these reindeer-induced vegetation transitions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2017. p. 33
Keywords
Alternative stable state, Herbivory, Historical contingency, Nutrient cycling, Plant-herbivore interactions, Plant-soil feedbacks, Rangifer tarandus, Reindeer herding, Traditional land use, Tundra vegetation
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142131 (URN)978-91-7601-788-3 (ISBN)
Public defence
2017-12-15, Carl Kempe Salen, KBC, Linneaus väg 6, Umeå, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2017-11-24 Created: 2017-11-22 Last updated: 2018-06-09Bibliographically approved
Stark, S., Egelkraut, D., Aronsson, K.-Å. & Olofsson, J.Do alternative stable states diverge in soil carbon sequestration?: evidence from historical vegetation transitions in tundra.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Do alternative stable states diverge in soil carbon sequestration?: evidence from historical vegetation transitions in tundra
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Ecology Physical Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142130 (URN)
Available from: 2017-11-22 Created: 2017-11-22 Last updated: 2018-09-14
Egelkraut, D., Barthelemy, H. & Olofsson, J.Reindeer trampling causes vegetation changes in tundra heathlands: results from a simulation experiment.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reindeer trampling causes vegetation changes in tundra heathlands: results from a simulation experiment
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-142124 (URN)
Available from: 2017-11-22 Created: 2017-11-22 Last updated: 2018-06-09
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-2644-2144

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