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Effects of tumour necrosis factor alpha upon the metabolism of the endocannabinoid anandamide in prostate cancer cells
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Swedish Univ Agr Sci, Umea, Sweden.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology.
2017 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 12, no 9, article id e0185011Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Tumour necrosis factor a (TNF alpha) is involved in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer, a disease where disturbances in the endocannabinoid system are seen. In the present study we have investigated whether treatment of DU145 human prostate cancer cells affects anandamide (AEA) catabolic pathways. Additionally, we have investigated whether cyclooxygenase- 2 (COX-2) can regulate the uptake of AEA into cells. Levels of AEA synthetic and catabolic enzymes were determined by qPCR. AEA uptake and hydrolysis in DU145 and RAW264.7 macrophage cells were assayed using AEA labeled in the arachidonic and ethanolamine portions of the molecule, respectively. Levels of AEA, related N-acylethanolamines (NAEs), prostaglandins (PG) and PG-ethanolamines (PG-EA) in DU145 cells and medium were quantitated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) analysis. TNF alpha treatment of DU145 cells increased mRNA levels of PTSG2 (gene of COX-2) and decreased the mRNA of the AEA synthetic enzyme N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine selective phospholipase D. mRNA levels of the AEA hydrolytic enzymes fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase were not changed. AEA uptake in both DU145 and RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by FAAH inhibition, but not by COX-2 inhibition, even in RAW264.7 cells where the expression of this enzyme had greatly been induced by lipopolysaccharide + interferon. treatment. AEA and related NAEs were detected in DU145 cells, but PGs and PGE(2)-EA were only detected when the cells had been preincubated with 100 nM AEA. The data demonstrate that in DU145 cells, TNFa treatment changes the relative expression of the enzymes involved in the hydrolytic and oxygenation catabolic pathways for AEA. In RAW264.7 cells, COX-2, in contrast to FAAH, does not regulate the cellular accumulation of AEA. Further studies are necessary to determine the extent to which inflammatory mediators are involved in the abnormal endocannabinoid signalling system in prostate cancer.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE , 2017. Vol. 12, no 9, article id e0185011
National Category
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-140467DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185011ISI: 000410859200126PubMedID: 28910408Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85029855578OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-140467DiVA, id: diva2:1152606
Available from: 2017-10-25 Created: 2017-10-25 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Endocannabinoid metabolism: the impact of inflammatory factors and pharmacological inhibitors
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Endocannabinoid metabolism: the impact of inflammatory factors and pharmacological inhibitors
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Endokannabinoid metabolism : påverkan av inflammatoriska faktorer och farmakologiska inhibitorer
Abstract [en]

The endocannabinoid (eCB) system is an endogenous signaling system consisting of ligands (referred to as endocannabinoids, eCBs), receptors and metabolic enzymes. The eCB system is involved in homeostatic control of a variety of biological functions such as neuronal signaling, mood, appetite and pathological conditions such as pain, inflammation and tumour progression. The main eCBs N- arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA, anandamide) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are synthesised upon stimuli when and where their action is demanded. The signaling is brief and the eCBs are quickly degraded. The enzyme primarily responsible for eCB degradation is fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) for AEA and monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) for 2-AG. In addition, both substances are substrates for cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). COX-2 is upregulated in inflammation, pain and in several tumours including prostate cancers, but it is not known whether COX-2 contribute significantly to eCB metabolism under these conditions.

Increasing endogenous levels of eCBs by inhibiting their degradation is exploited as a future therapy for pain conditions. One suggested therapeutic strategy is dual inhibition of enzymes FAAH and COX-2 to raise AEA levels. Paper I and II of this thesis investigates FAAH and COX inhibitory effects of: the major metabolites and enantiomers of derivatives (flu-AM1 and ibu-AM5) of the current clinically used NSAIDs ibuprofen and flurbiprofen. The metabolites 3 ́hydroxyibuprofen and 4 ́hydroxyflurbiprofen retained the FAAH and COX- inhibitory effects seen by the parent compounds although at lower potencies. Both enantiomers of flu-AM1 were equally potent as FAAH inhibitors and displayed a useful substrate selective COX-2 inhibition profile, favoring eCBs as substrates rather than arachidonic acid.

Paper III explores the impact of COX-2 and the effect of (R)-flu-AM1 upon AEA levels and degradation in mouse leukemic macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Despite the high inhibitory potency in enzyme assays, neither (R)-flu-AM1 nor the combination of a FAAH inhibitor with flurbiprofen increased AEA levels in the intact cells to any great extent. This suggests that the eCB turnover in these cells is rather slow. Further, in paper IV, induction of COX-2 did not unmask an ability of this enzyme to “gate” the uptake of AEA analogous to that seen with FAAH.

Paper IV and V focus upon the role of the eCB system in prostate cancer. The eCB system is altered in cancer and is linked to the progression and prognosis of prostate cancer. How and whereby this change occurs is unknown. This thesis explores the impact of the inflammatory factors TNFα, IL-6 and lactic acid induced low pH upon the mRNA levels of eCB related enzymes and the functional impact upon AEA degradation in human DU145 and rat AT-1 prostate cancer cells. TNFα treatment of DU145 and IL-6 and lactic acid induced low pH exposure of AT-1 changed the mRNA levels of 2-AG related enzymes leaving AEA rather unaffected other than for a substantial induction of COX-2 mRNA in DU145 cells. Thus, AEA homeostasis was not shifted in prostate cancer cell lines exposed to inflammatory factors. The results suggest that COX-2 does not gate the uptake of AEA and is a minor contributor to AEA degradation in intact cells. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2018. p. 82
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 1958
Keywords
endocannabinoid, anandamide, 2-AG, fatty acid amide hydrolase, cyclooxygenase-2, prostate cancer, catabolism, inflammation, inflammatory factors
National Category
Pharmacology and Toxicology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-147503 (URN)978-91-7601-870-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-06-01, Major Groove, NUS byggnad 6L, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-05-09 Created: 2018-05-04 Last updated: 2018-06-09Bibliographically approved

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Karlsson, JessicaGouveia-Figueira, SandraAlhouayek, MireilleFowler, Christopher J.

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