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At the turn of the 20^th century, progressive education aimed to produce emancipated and productive subjects through their comprehensive education. Deeply intertwined with the psychological knowledge of the child, it was supported by the belief in a “constructivist methodology” as an “essential” part of the “pedagogical operation” (Coelho 1891, 25), in which the students were to be directly and willingly engaged agents in the learning process. As a consequence, school activities based on the pupils’ experience and active participation emerged.

In many cases, though, the research focused the discourses on classroom-related practices. For this reason, the study of extracurricular activities provides a new perspective into the progressive education movement and its aims’ appropriation towards the nation-states’ agenda of national modernization through education.

Study field trips, for example, were regarded as “one of the most powerful and effective means for physical, intellectual and moral culture [that] the school has” (Faria de Vasconcelos 1923, 87) for the students to acquire both the knowledge and the competences needed to become a “useful member of society”, motivating the “child to think and to thrive his/her character’ individuality and self-expression”  (Lima 1929, 155).

However, the preliminary analysis of the discourses on study field trips’ implementation and reported undertakings suggest the coexistence of conflicting ideas that – ultimately – undermine the desired emancipatory process.

Drawing on Jorge Ramos do Ó (2003, 2005), Thomas S. Popkewitz (2002, 2005, 2008, 2014, Popkewitz, Franklin, and Pereyra 2001) and Foucault’s (1970, 1980) theoretical frameworks, I will undertake an in-depth crossed analysis of the monographs published by pedagogues, and of the texts and reports written by teachers and students in secondary school settings that were published in the education press in Portugal between 1890s and 1930s to question ‘which emancipation?’ (Bingham and Biesta 2010).

By doing so, my aim is twofold: 1) to explore those conflicting ideas to uncover how less evident aspects of the government of the child (Popkewitz 2002, 33, Ó 2003) were present in study field trips, particularly how methodological, curricular and ideological mechanisms regulated the students’ active role; and 2) to examine the ways in which study field trips regarding historical heritages, industrial processes, natural objects and landscapes were connected to narratives of national progress and belonging. This will allow a critical perspective on the role played by study field trips in the making of the future citizen (Tröhler, Popkewitz, and Labaree 2011).

References:

Bingham, Charles, and Gert Biesta. 2010. Jacques Rancière. Education, Truth, Emancipation. London and New York: Continuum.

Coelho, J. Augusto. 1891. Princípios de Pedagogia [Principles of Pedagogy]. IV vols. Vol. I. S. Paulo: Teixeira & Irmão.

Faria de Vasconcelos, António. 1923. Didática das Ciências Naturais [Natural Sciences Didactics]. Paris-Lisboa: Aillaud and Bretrand.

Foucault, Michel. 1970. L'Orde du Discours. Paris: Gallimard.

Foucault, Michel. 1980. Power/Knowledge. Selected interviews & Other writings 1972-1977. Edited by Colin Gordon. New York: Vintage Books.

Lima, Adolfo. 1929. Pedagogia Sociológica [Sociological Pedagogy]. Vol. Vol. I. Lisboa: Couto Martins.

Ó, Jorge Ramos do. 2003. O governo de si mesmo. Modernidade pedagógica e encenações disciplinares do aluno liceal (último quartel do século XIX - meados do século XX) [The self-government. Pedagogical modernity and disciplinary scenarios of the lyceum's student (last quarter of the 19th century - mid-20th century)]. Lisboa: Educa.

Ó, Jorge Ramos do. 2005. "Government of the soul and genesis of the modern educational discourse (1879-1911)."  Paedagogica Historica 41 (1-2):243-257.

Popkewitz, Thomas S. 2002. Cultural Productions. (Re)constituting the nation, the Child & the Teacher in the Educational Sciences. Vol. 10, Cadernos Prestige. Lisboa: Educa.

Popkewitz, Thomas S. 2005. Inventing the modern self and john Dewey: modernities and the traveling of pragmatism in education. New York: Palgrave.

Popkewitz, Thomas S. 2008. Cosmopolitanism and the Age of School Reform. Science, Education, and Making Society by Making the Child. New York: Routledge.

Popkewitz, Thomas S. 2014. The “Reason” of Schooling. Historicizing Curriculum Studies, Pedagogy, and Teacher Education. New York: Routledge.

Popkewitz, Thomas S., Barry Franklin, and Miguel Pereyra. 2001. Cultural history and education. Critical essays on knowledge and schooling. New York and London: Routledge Falmer.

Tröhler, Daniel, Thomas S. Popkewitz, and David F. Labaree. 2011. Schooling and the Making of Citizens in the Long Ninetheenth Century. Comparative visions. New York: Routledge.