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The reconvictions of mentally disordered offenders: how, when, and where?
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work. Sundsvall Forensic Psychiatric Centre, Region Västernorrland, Box 880, Sundsvall, Sweden.
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6867-6205
Sundsvall Forensic Psychiatric Centre, Region Västernorrland, Box 880, Sundsvall, Sweden.
2022 (English)In: BMC Psychiatry, E-ISSN 1471-244X, Vol. 22, no 1, article id 264Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Little is known about the recidivism of mentally disordered offenders after discharge from forensic psychiatric services. This is problematic because such knowledge could (i) help professionals who encounter this group to better plan interventions to prevent recidivism, (ii) clarify the rates of recidivism post-discharge from forensic psychiatric care and (iii) further develop instruments for specific risk assessment. The aim of this study was to investigate the new crimes of mentally disordered offenders who had been reconvicted after discharge from forensic psychiatric care.

Methods: Included in this study were all individuals (n = 1142) who had been discharged from forensic psychiatric care in Sweden during 2009–2018, were included in the Swedish National Forensic Psychiatric Register, and had been reconvicted in a criminal court within the follow-up period of 2009–2018 (n = 157, 14% of the population). The follow-up times of the discharged patients within the period varied from 4 to 3644 days, (m = 1697, Md = 1685). Retrospective registry data along with coded data from criminal court judgments (n = 210) were used to create a database. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and descriptive statistical analysis was performed.

Results: 75% of included individuals were reconvicted for at least one violent crime, but only 9 individuals were reconvicted for a serious violent crime, which can be compared to the 44 individuals with serious violent index crimes. The most common crime was “Other violent”. The most common sentence was probation. The offender’s most common relationship to the victim was having no known relationship, followed by the victim being a person of authority. The most common circumstance of the crime leading to the reconviction was that it occurred without apparent provocation; other common circumstances were related to the exercise of public authority. The most common crime scene was a public place.

Conclusions: Even though the reconvictions of this group included many violent crimes, there were very few serious violent crimes. The findings that the victims of the crimes of mentally disordered offenders are most commonly either unknown to the perpetrator or persons of authority, and that the crimes are often perpetrated without apparent provocation or reason, are important information for all professionals who encounter this group and should be taken into consideration to assess risk more accurately.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central, 2022. Vol. 22, no 1, article id 264
Keywords [en]
Criminal recidivism, Forensic psychiatry, Mentally disordered offenders, Reconviction
National Category
Psychiatry Other Legal Research Criminology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194345DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03912-4ISI: 000782429800004PubMedID: 35418045Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85128303935OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-194345DiVA, id: diva2:1655682
Available from: 2022-05-03 Created: 2022-05-03 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Bortom rättspsykiatrin: stöd och risk i tidigare patienters liv
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Bortom rättspsykiatrin: stöd och risk i tidigare patienters liv
2025 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[en]
Beyond forensic psychiatric care : support and risk in the lives of former patients
Abstract [sv]

Rättspsykiatrisk vård representerar ett av samhällets mest extrema ingrepp och innebär ofta långa perioder av frihetsberövande. Trots detta vet vi förvånansvärt lite om vad som händer med de tidigare patienterna efter att deras vård avslutas. Denna avhandling undersöker livet för tidigare rättspsykiatriska patienter, med fokus på deras livssituation. Patienter inom rättspsykiatrin är ofta män med diagnosen schizofreni och har en historia av psykisk ohälsa, kriminalitet och missbruk redan före det brott som ledde till deras vård. Efter utskrivning är de en mycket sårbar grupp som kräver omfattande stöd från olika samhällsinstanser. Det är dock oklart vilken typ av stöd de får och hur effektivt detta stöd är. Sverige har en unik möjlighet att studera dessa frågor, tack vare sina omfattande nationella register med detaljerad information om vård och samhälleliga insatser.

Avhandlingen baseras på data från 1 150 personer som skrevs ut från rättspsykiatrisk vård mellan 2009 och 2018. Resultaten visar att hur livet ser ut efter vård skiljer sig mycket åt mellan olika grupper av tidigare patienter. Den största gruppen, som utgör mer än hälften av patienterna, fick omfattande samhällsstöd, inklusive ekonomiskt bistånd, boende bemannat med personal och god man eller förvaltare. Dessa individer uppvisade generellt låga nivåer av återfall i brott och missbruk efter utskrivning. Andra grupper mötte större utmaningar, särskilt de med omfattande behov av psykiatrisk vård. En mindre andel hade mer stabila livssituationer, där vissa var sysselsatta i arbetslivet och andra levde i familjekonstellationer. Dessa grupper hade låga nivåer av återfall och mindre vårdbehov. Resultaten understryker vikten av att anpassa insatser efter individens specifika behov och förutsättningar.

En annan central fråga som studerades var avbrott av läkemedelsbehandling. Mer än hälften av de tidigare patienterna avslutade sin medicinering inom två år efter utskrivning. Faktorer som stödde fortsatt medicinering inkluderade att ha en god man eller förvaltare samt att bo i ett boende bemannat med personal. Resultaten belyser vikten av strukturerat stöd även efter att vården avslutats. Avhandlingen visar också att återfall i brott är relativt ovanligt i denna grupp jämfört med personer som avtjänat fängelsestraff, även om vissa faktorer ökar risken. Cirka 14 procent av patienterna dömdes för nya brott under uppföljningsperioden. Endast ett fåtal av dessa nya brott innebar allvarligt våld. Tidigare kriminalitet, missbruk och yngre ålder ökade risken för återfall, medan högre ålder, att ha god man eller förvaltare och boende bemannat med personal var skyddande faktorer.

Sammantaget visar resultaten att sociala faktorer, såsom boende bemannat med personal och formaliserat juridiskt stöd, spelar en avgörande roll för att minska återfall och främja stabilitet. Samhällsstöd verkar vara nödvändigt för att kompensera för de utmaningar som denna grupp möter. Samtidigt försvårar historiska riskfaktorer som tidigare kriminalitet och missbruk arbetet med att förebygga återfall. Trots dessa svårigheter är det uppenbart att både rättspsykiatrisk vård och det stöd som ges efter utskrivning är av stor betydelse för många. Det finns dock ett behov av fortsatt forskning för att fördjupa förståelsen för patienternas upplevelser och vilken roll både formellt och informellt stöd har för att förbättra deras livssituation.

Abstract [en]

Forensic psychiatric care represents one of society’s most extreme interventions, often involving extended periods of deprivation of liberty. Despite this, we know surprisingly little about what happens to individuals after their care ends. This dissertation explores the lives of former forensic psychiatric patients, focusing on their life situations. Patients in forensic psychiatric care are often men diagnosed with schizophrenia, with a history of mental illness, criminality, and substance abuse even before the offense that led to their care. After discharge, they are a highly vulnerable group requiring extensive support from various societal institutions. However, it remains unclear what kinds of support they receive and how effective these interventions are. Sweden is uniquely positioned to study these issues, thanks to its extensive national registers containing detailed data on healthcare and societal interventions.

This dissertation is based on data from 1,150 individuals discharged from forensic psychiatric care between 2009 and 2018. The findings show that what life looks like after care varies greatly among different subgroups of former patients. The largest group, comprising over half of the patients, received significant societal support, including financial assistance, supported housing with staff, and other formalized help. These individuals generally had low levels of criminal recidivism and post-discharge substance abuse. Other groups faced greater challenges, particularly those with high general psychiatric care needs. A smaller proportion had more stable life situations, with some engaged in employment and others living in family settings. These groups showed low levels of reoffending and care needs. These findings highlight the importance of tailoring interventions to each individual’s needs and circumstances.

Another significant area studied was medication discontinuation. Over half of the former patients discontinued their medications within two years of discharge. Factors that supported continued medication use included having a legal guardian or trustee and living in a supported housing arrangement. These results emphasize the importance of structured support even after patients are discharged from care.

The dissertation also shows that recidivism is relatively uncommon in this group compared to former prisoners, although certain factors increase the risk. About 14 percent of patients were convicted of new crimes during the follow-up period. Very few new offenses involved serious violence. Prior criminality, substance abuse, and younger age increased the risk of reoffending, while older age, a trustee/limited guardian, and housing supported by staff were protective factors.

Overall, the findings demonstrate that social factors, such as supported housing and legal representation, play a critical role in reducing reoffending and promoting stability. Societal support is seemingly essential to compensate for the challenges faced by this group. At the same time, historical risk factors such as previous criminality and substance abuse complicate efforts to prevent reoffending. Despite these challenges, it is evident that both forensic psychiatric care and the support provided after discharge are important for many. However, there remains a need for further research to deepen the understanding of patients’ lived experiences and the role of both formal and informal support in improving their life situations.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2025. p. 116
Series
Studier i socialt arbete vid Umeå universitet : avhandlings- och skriftserie, ISSN 0283-300X ; 102
Keywords
rättspsykiatrisk vård, utskrivning, samhällsstöd, samhällsinsatser, riskbedömning, återhämtning, allvarlig psykisk störning, utskrivning, rättssystemet, registerdata, situationsfaktorer, stöd, riskfaktorer, tidigare rättspsykiatriska patienter
National Category
Social Work
Research subject
Psychiatry; didactics of educational measurement
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-234788 (URN)978-91-8070-594-3 (ISBN)978-91-8070-595-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-02-28, Fälldinsalen, Mittuniversitetet Sundsvall, Holmgatan 10, 851 70 Sundsvall, Sundsvall, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-02-07 Created: 2025-01-31 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved

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Noland, EbbaStrandh, Mattias

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