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Bacterial protein MakA causes suppression of tumour cell proliferation via inhibition of PIP5K1α/Akt signalling
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0103-0696
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1439-6216
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6898-0170
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2022 (English)In: Cell Death and Disease, E-ISSN 2041-4889, Vol. 13, no 12, article id 1024Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Recently, we demonstrated that a novel bacterial cytotoxin, the protein MakA which is released by Vibrio cholerae, is a virulence factor, causing killing of Caenorhabditis elegans when the worms are grazing on the bacteria. Studies with mammalian cell cultures in vitro indicated that MakA could affect eukaryotic cell signalling pathways involved in lipid biosynthesis. MakA treatment of colon cancer cells in vitro caused inhibition of growth and loss of cell viability. These findings prompted us to investigate possible signalling pathways that could be targets of the MakA-mediated inhibition of tumour cell proliferation. Initial in vivo studies with MakA producing V. cholerae and C. elegans suggested that the MakA protein might target the PIP5K1α phospholipid-signalling pathway in the worms. Intriguingly, MakA was then found to inhibit the PIP5K1α lipid-signalling pathway in cancer cells, resulting in a decrease in PIP5K1α and pAkt expression. Further analyses revealed that MakA inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) and induced p27 expression, resulting in G2/M cell cycle arrest. Moreover, MakA induced downregulation of Ki67 and cyclin D1, which led to inhibition of cell proliferation. This is the first report about a bacterial protein that may target signalling involving the cancer cell lipid modulator PIP5K1α in colon cancer cells, implying an anti-cancer effect.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2022. Vol. 13, no 12, article id 1024
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-201753DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-05480-7ISI: 000895373300001PubMedID: 36473840Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85143300255OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-201753DiVA, id: diva2:1721478
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-02914Swedish Research Council, 2019-01720Swedish Research Council, 2019-01318Swedish Research Council, 2016-05009Swedish Cancer Society, CAN-2017-419Swedish Cancer Society, 2020-711Swedish Cancer Society, CAN-2017-381The Kempe Foundations, JCK-1728The Kempe Foundations, SMK-1553The Kempe Foundations, JCK2931.1U9Malmö UniversityAvailable from: 2022-12-21 Created: 2022-12-21 Last updated: 2024-07-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Roles of secreted bacterial factors in modulation of host cell signalling
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Roles of secreted bacterial factors in modulation of host cell signalling
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Roller för utsöndrade bakteriella faktorer i modulering av värdcellsignalering
Abstract [en]

Pathogenic bacteria employ several secretion systems to release or inject virulence factors that may alter host cell processes, generate a replicative niche, and aid bacterial survival in adverse environments. This thesis presents my investigations on how bacterial factors can modulate host cell signalling mechanisms. 

We investigated possible signalling pathways involved in targets of the Vibrio cholerae protein MakA that was found to mediate inhibition of tumour cell proliferation. Caenorhabditis elegans grazing on MakA-producing bacteria revealed that MakA may affect lipid-mediated signalling in the nematodes by affecting the level of PPK-1, a homologue of eukaryotic PIP5K1α. We studied the possible effects of MakA on eukaryotic PIP5K1α in human colon cancer cell lines and found decreased levels of PIP5K1α and pAkt in the lipid-signalling pathway. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated that MakA inhibited cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and increased p27 expression in the colon cancer cells, resulting in G2/M cell cycle arrest. MakA also caused downregulation of Ki67 and cyclin D1, limiting cancer cell proliferation. MakA is the first reported bacterial protein targeting the PIP5K1α lipid signalling pathway, thereby displaying anti-cancer capabilities. 

We discovered that phosphatidic acid (PA)-mediated MakA binding to host cell plasma membranes generated endomembrane-rich aggregates that caused host target cell autophagy and cytotoxicity. PA binding and cell toxicity by MakA required its N-terminal domain. 

The MakA genetic determinant is located within a novel pathogenicity island that also encodes the MakB, MakC, MakD, and MakE proteins. In most V. cholerae and Vibrio anguillarum genomes, mak genes form an operon, makCDBAE. The immunoblot analyses showed that wild-type V. cholerae A1552 released the MakA, MakB, and MakE proteins via the flagellum, while a flagellum-deficient mutant released very little or none. Structurally, MakA, MakB, and MakE belong to a superfamily of bacterial alpha-pore-forming toxins. Identification and structural analysis of V. cholerae Mak proteins revealed that the MakA/B/E toxin is common to several pathogenic Vibrionaceae strains, and this previously unrecognised tripartite toxin may increase their fitness and pathogenicity in various environments and host organisms. 

Bacteria release spherical lipid nanostructures, extracellular membrane vesicles, that may play many biological roles. Previously, Escherichia coli was shown to release physiologically active cytolysin A (ClyA) via outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). ClyA, the first recognised member of the bacterial alpha-pore-forming proteins, has become a model for how oligomerization and pore formation occur in membranes. The clyA gene is cryptic in commensal non-pathogenic E. coli bacteria displaying no cytolytic activity. We found that the sublytic concentration of ClyA released via OMVs by non-pathogenic E. coli profoundly affected host cells. The ClyA+ OMVs were rapidly internalised into colon cancer cells by macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated, dynamin-dependent endocytosis. The OMV-associated ClyA caused reduced levels of cancer-activating proteins like EZH2, H3K27me3, CXCR4, STAT3, and MDM2 via the EZH2/H3K27me3/miR622/CXCR4 signalling axis. Evidently, sublytic levels of ClyA in OMVs from non-pathogenic E. coli can modulate epigenetics by targeting EZH2 protein stability and we hypothesised that E. coli in colorectal cancer microbiomes may preferentially lack this protein. Given our current understanding of ClyA interactions in cancer cell signalling, it will be intriguing to determine if and how the status of the clyA locus is involved in the aetiology of colorectal cancer. 

Abstract [sv]

Patogena bakterier använder flera utsöndringssystem för att frigöra eller injicera virulensfaktorer som kan förändra värdcellsprocesser, generera en replikativ nisch och hjälpa bakteriell överlevnad i ogynnsamma miljöer. Denna avhandling presenterar mina undersökningar om hur bakteriella faktorer kan modulera värdcellers signaleringsmekanismer. 

Vi undersökte möjliga signalvägar involverade i mål av Vibrio cholerae- proteinet MakA som visade sig förmedla hämning av tumörcellsproliferation. Caenorhabditis elegans som betar på MakA-producerande bakterier avslöjade att MakA kan påverka lipidmedierad signalering i nematoderna genom att påverka nivån av PPK-1, en homolog av eukaryot PIP5K1α. Vi studerade möjliga effekter av MakA på eukaryot PIP5K1α i humana tjocktarmscancercellinjer och fann minskade nivåer av PIP5K1α och pAkt i lipid-signaleringsvägen. Immunoblotanalyser visade att MakA hämmade cyklinberoende kinas 1 och ökade p27-uttryck i tjocktarmscancercellerna, vilket resulterade i G2/M-cellcykelstopp. MakA orsakade också nedreglerad Ki67 och cyklin D1, vilket begränsar cancercellsproliferation. MakA är det första rapporterade bakteriella proteinet som riktar sig mot PIP5K1α-lipidsignaleringsvägen och därmed visar anti-cancerförmåga.Vi upptäckte att fosfatidinsyra (PA)-medierad MakA-bindning till värdcellplasmamembran genererade endomembranrika aggregat som orsakade värdmålcellsautofagi och cytotoxicitet. För PA-bindning och celltoxicitet av MakA behövs dess N-terminala domän. 

MakA genetiska determinanten är belägen inom en ny patogenicitetsö som också kodar för MakB-, MakC-, MakD- och MakE-proteinerna. I de flesta genomen hos V. cholerae och Vibrio anguillarum bildar mak generna ett operon, makCDBAE. Immunoblotanalyserna visade att vildtyp V. cholerae A1552 utsöndrar MakA-, MakB- och MakE- proteinerna via flagellen, medan en flagell-defekt mutant utsöndrade mycket lite eller inget. Strukturellt sett tillhör MakA, MakB och MakE en superfamilj av bakteriella alfa-porbildande toxiner. Identifiering och strukturell analys av V. cholerae Mak-proteiner avslöjade att MakA/B/E- toxinet är gemensamt för flera patogena Vibrionaceae-stammar, och detta, tidigare okända trekomponent toxin kan bidra till bakteriernas överlevnadsförmåga och patogenicitet i olika miljöer och värdorganismer. 

De flesta bakterier frisätter sfäriska lipidnanostrukturer, extracellulära membranvesiklar, som kan spela många biologiska roller. Tidigare visades Escherichia coli frisätta fysiologiskt aktivt cytolysin A (ClyA) via yttre membranvesiklar (OMV). ClyA, den första medlemmen i en familj av bakteriella alfa-porbildande proteiner, har blivit en modell för hur oligomerisering och porbildning sker i membran. clyA-genen är kryptisk i kommensala icke-patogena E. coli bakterier som inte uppvisar någon cytolytisk aktivitet. Vi fann att den sublytiska koncentrationen av ClyA frisatt via OMVs av icke-patogena E. coli påverkade värdceller på ett påtagligt sätt. ClyA+ OMVs internaliserades snabbt i tjocktarmscancerceller genom makropinocytos och clathrin-medierad, dynaminberoende endocytos. Detta OMV-associerade ClyA orsakade minskade nivåer av canceraktiverande proteiner som EZH2, H3K27me3, CXCR4, STAT3 och MDM2 via EZH2/H3K27me3/miR622/CXCR4- signalaxeln. Uppenbarligen kan sublytiska nivåer av ClyA i OMV från icke-patogena E. coli modulera epigenetik genom effekter som påverkar EZH2-proteinstabilitet och vi antog att E. coli i mikrobiom hos individer med kolorektalcancer företrädesvis kan sakna detta protein. Med tanke på vår nuvarande förståelse av ClyA-interaktioner i cancercellssignalering, kommer det att bli intressant att avgöra om och hur statusen för clyA-lokuset är involverat i etiologin för kolorektal cancer. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2023. p. 138
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2250
Keywords
bacteria-host interaction, motility-associated killing factor A, outer membrane vesicles, cytolysin A, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha, enhancer of zeste homologue 2, epigenetic modulation
National Category
Cell and Molecular Biology
Research subject
Medical Cell Biology; Microbiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-208208 (URN)978-91-8070-091-7 (ISBN)978-91-8070-092-4 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-06-09, Major Groove (Byggnad 6L), 6K och 6L, Sjukhusområdet, Umeå universitet, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2018-02914The Kempe Foundations, JCK-1728Swedish Cancer Society, 2017-419
Available from: 2023-05-17 Created: 2023-05-11 Last updated: 2023-05-11Bibliographically approved

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Toh, EricBaryalai, PalwashaNadeem, AftabAung, Kyaw MinChen, SaPersson, KarinaPersson, Jenny L.Uhlin, Bernt EricWai, Sun Nyunt

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