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Prolonged total isovolumic time predicts cardiac events following coronary artery bypass surgery
Second Division of Cardiology, University Clinical Centre of Kosova, Prishtina, Kosovo.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology. (Heart centre)
2008 (English)In: European Journal of Echocardiography, ISSN 1525-2167, E-ISSN 1532-2114, Vol. 9, no 6, p. 779-783Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIMS: Left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction may be associated with compromised stroke volume, which may be caused by asynchrony, reflected on the prolongation of isovolumic time (t-IVT). To assess the prognostic role of Doppler echocardiographic measurements in predicting cardiac events after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG).

METHODS AND RESULTS: The study included 74 patients undergoing routine CABG. A pre-CABG Doppler echocardiographic assessment of LV dimensions, filling and ejection was performed and t-IVT was determined as [60 - (total ejection time + total filling time)]. Follow-up period was 18 +/- 12 months. Of the 74 patients (age 65 +/- 16 years, 59 males), 29 underwent hospital admission for a cardiac event or died. There were no differences in age, gender, incidence of previous infarct or mitral regurgitation, LV-EDD (left ventricular end-diastolic dimension), left atrial or right ventricular size in patients with cardiac events compared with those without events. Left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LV-ESD) was greater (4.5 +/- 0.9 vs. 3.9 +/- 0.9 cm, P = 0.003), fractional shortening (FS) was lower (21 +/- 4 vs. 32 +/- 8%), E:A ratio and Tei index were higher (2.1 +/- 0.8 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.6 and 0.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 0.6 +/- 0.3, all P < 0.001), and t-IVT was longer (16 +/- 5 vs.10 +/- 4 s/min, P < 0.001) in patients with events. Multivariate predictors of post-CABG events (odds ratio 95% confidence interval) were low FS [0.66 (0.50-0.87), P < 0.001], high E:A ratio [l4.13 (1.17-14.60), P = 0.028], large LV-ESD [0.19 (0.05-0.84), P = 0.029], and long t-IVT [1.37 (1.02-1.84), P = 0.035].

CONCLUSION: Despite satisfactory surgical revascularization, long t-IVT and systolic dysfunction suggest persistent ventricular dyssynchrony that contributes to post-CABG cardiac events. Early assessment of such patients for potential benefit from electrical resynchronization may optimize their cardiac performance and hence clinical outcome.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2008. Vol. 9, no 6, p. 779-783
Keywords [en]
Coronary artery disease, Coronary artery bypass grafting, Doppler echocardiography, Total isovolumic time
National Category
Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-23135DOI: 10.1093/ejechocard/jen146ISI: 000260381500017PubMedID: 18490287Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-54949093305OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-23135DiVA, id: diva2:220457
Available from: 2009-06-01 Created: 2009-06-01 Last updated: 2023-03-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. The clinical value of total isovolumic time
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The clinical value of total isovolumic time
2014 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the use of Doppler echocardiography markers ofglobal dyssynchrony [total isovolumic time (t-IVT)] in the following 6 studies: 1) Its prognostic role in predicting cardiac events in patients undergoing CABG surgery,compared with conventional global systolic and diastolic measurements. 2) Its additional value in predicting six minute walk test (6-MWT) in patients with leftventricular (LV) ejection fraction (EF) <45%. 3) Its prognostic value in comparison with other clinical, biochemical and echocardiographicvariables in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HF). 4) The relationship between 6-MWT and cardiac function measurements in a consecutivegroup of patients, irrespective of EF and to identify predictors of exercise capacity. 5) To investigate the effect of age on LV t-IVT and Tei index compared with conventionalsystolic and diastolic parameters. 6) To assess potential additional value of markers of global LV dyssynchrony in predictingcardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) response in HF patients.

Study I

Methods: This study included 74 patients before routine CABG who were followed up for18±12 months. Results: At follow-up, 29 patients were hospitalized for a cardiac event or died. LV-ESD wasgreater (P=0.003), fractional shortening (FS) lower (p<0.001), E:A ratio and Tei index higher(all P<0.001), and t-IVT longer (P<0.001) in patients with events. Low FS [0.66 (0.50–0.87),P<0.001], high E:A ratio [l4.13 (1.17–14.60), P=0.028], large LV-ESD [0.19 (0.05–0.84),P=0.029], and long t-IVT [1.37 (1.02–1.84), P=0.035] predicted events and deaths. Conclusion: Despite satisfactory surgical revascularization, long t-IVT and systolicdysfunction suggest persistent ventricular dyssynchrony that contributes to post-CABGcardiac events.

Study II

Methods: We studied 77 patients (60±12 year, and 33.3% females) with stable HF using 6-MWT.iii Results: E’ wave (r=0.61, p<0.001), E/e’ ratio (r=-0.49, p<0.001), t-IVT (r=-0.44, p<0.001),Tei index (r=-0.43, p<0.001) and NYHA class (r=-0.53, p<0.001) had the highest correlationwith the 6-MWT distance. In multivariate analysis, only E/e’ ratio [0.800 (0.665-0.961),p=0.017], and t-IVT [0.769 (0.619-0.955), p=0.018] independently predicted poor 6-MWTperformance (<300m). Conclusions: In HF, the higher the filling pressures and the more dyssynchronous the LV, thepoorer is the patient’s exercise capacity.

Study III

Methods: We studied 107 systolic HF patients; age 68±12 year, 25% females and measuredplasma NT-pro-BNP. Results: Over a follow-up period of 3718 months, t-IVT ≥12.3 sec/min, mean E/Em ratio≥10, log NT-pro-BNP levels ≥2.47 pg/ml and LV EF ≤32.5% predicted clinical events. Theaddition of t-IVT and NT-pro-BNP to conventional clinical and echocardiographic variablessignificantly improved the χ2 for the prediction of outcome from 33.1 to 38.0, (p<0.001). Conclusions: Prolonged t-IVT adds to the prognostic stratification of patients with systolicHF.

Study IV

Methods: We studied 147 HF patients (61±11 year, 50.3% male) with 6-MWT.Results: The 6-MWT correlated with t-IVT (r=-0.49, p<0.001) and Tei index (r=-0.43,p<0.001) but not with any of the other clinical or echocardiographic parameters. Group Ipatients (<300m) had lower Hb (p=0.02), lower EF (p=0.003), larger left atrium (p=0.02),thicker septum (p=0.02), lower A wave (p=0.01) and lateral wall a’ (p=0.047), longerisovolumic relaxation time (r=0.003) and longer t-IVT (p= 0.03), compared with Group II(>300m). Only t-IVT ratio [1.257 (1.071-1.476), p=0.005], LV EF [0.947 (0.903-0.993),p=0.02], and E/A ratio [0.553 (0.315-0.972), p=0.04] independently predicted poor 6-MWTperformance. Conclusion: In HF, the limited 6-MWT is related mostly to severity of global LVdyssynchrony, more than EF or raised filling pressures.

Study V

Methods: We studied 47 healthy individuals (age 62±12 year, 24 female), arbitrarilyclassified into: M (middle age), S (seniors), and E (elderly). Results: Age strongly correlated with t-IVT (r=0.8, p<0.001) and with Tei index (r=0.7,p<0.001), E/A ratio (r=-0.6, p<0.001), but not with global or segmental systolic function measurements or QRS duration. The normal upper limit of the t-IVT (95% CI) for the three groups was 8.3 s/min, 10.5 s/min and 14.5 s/min, respectively, being shorter in the S compared with the E group (p=0.001). T-IVT correlated with A wave (r=0.66, p<0.001), E/Aratio (r=-0.56, p<0.001), septal e’ (r=-0.49, p=0.001) and septal a’ (r=0.4, p=0.006), but notwith QRS. Conclusions: In normals, age is associated with exaggerated LV global dyssynchrony anddiastolic function disturbances, but systolic function remains unaffected.

Study VI

Methods: We studied 103 HF patients (67±12 year, 82.5% male) recruited for CRTtreatment. Results: Prolonged t-IVT [0.878 (0.802-0.962), p=0.005], long QRS duration [0.978 (0.960-0.996), p=0.02] and high tricuspid regurgitation pressure drop (TRPD) [1.047 (1.001-1.096),p=0.046] independently predicted response to CRT. A t-IVT ≥11.6 s/min was 67% sensitiveand 62% specific (AUC 0.69, p=0.001) in predicting CRT response. Respective values for aQRS ≥ 151ms were 66% and 62% (AUC 0.65, p=0.01). Combining the two variables had asensitivity of 67% but higher specificity of 88% in predicting CRT response. In atrialfibrillation (AF) patients, only prolonged t-IVT ≥11 s/min [0.690 (0.509-0.937), p=0.03]independently predicted CRT response with a sensitivity of 69% and specificity of 79% (AUC0.78, p=0.015). Conclusion: Combining prolonged t-IVT and broad QRS had higher specificity in predictingresponse to CRT, with the former the sole predictor of response in AF patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2014. p. 89
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 1656
Keywords
Heart failure, cardiac resynchronization therapy, predictors, echocardiography, total isovolumic time, six-minute walk test, left ventricular dyssynchrony
National Category
Cardiac and Cardiovascular Systems
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88994 (URN)978-91-7601-086-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2014-06-10, Room D, Unod T9, Norrlands universitetssjukhus, Umea, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2014-05-20 Created: 2014-05-19 Last updated: 2018-06-07Bibliographically approved

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Bajraktari, GaniHenein, Michael

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