Labour in Russia remains highly segregated by gender, both across occupational spheres and within the employment hierarchy. Certain spheres that are female-dominated, such as education, healthcare and accounting, also have the lowest wage levels. Within each profession, women are concentrated at lower levels of the hierarchy, which is reflected in lower salaries. Additionally, large numbers of women, especially young women without educational qualifications, are employed in the informal sector, which leaves them at risk of violations of their labour rights.