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Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients: a retrospective cohort study
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5384-8038
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2018-8592
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6904-742x
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2024 (English)In: International Journal of Infectious Diseases, ISSN 1201-9712, E-ISSN 1878-3511, Vol. 144, article id 107046Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: To investigate the effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) as treatment for COVID-19 in immunocompromised patients.

Methods: This retrospective study investigated outcomes for immunocompromised, vaccine non-responsive, patients that between September 2022 and April 2023 received IVIG as treatment for COVID-19 in the region of Västerbotten, Sweden. We analyzed clinical data, viral load, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG binding and neutralization levels of patient serum samples and IVIG production batches. Primary and secondary outcomes were clinical cure and viral clearance, respectively.

Results: Sixteen patients were analyzed. After a median COVID-19 duration of 4 weeks, a median 60 g IVIG infusion increased SARS-CoV-2 binding and neutralizing antibody levels, with broad in vitro activity against tested variants. The treatment resulted in abrogation of viremia in all patients and general improvement in 15 survivors that all met the primary endpoint. Thirteen patients met the secondary endpoint at follow-up after a median of four months. Two subjects with persistent SARS-CoV-2 carriage relapsed but were successfully retreated with IVIG.

Conclusions: Antibodies in IVIG efficiently neutralized several SARS-CoV-2 variants. Treatment with IVIG was associated with clinical cure and viral clearance in immunocompromised patients. Our data suggests that IVIG could be a novel treatment alternative for COVID-19 for this patient category.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 144, article id 107046
Keywords [en]
COVID-19, Humoral immunity, Immunocompromised, Intravenous immunoglobulin, SARS-CoV-2
National Category
Infectious Medicine
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-225264DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107046ISI: 001266867400001PubMedID: 38615825Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85192717007OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-225264DiVA, id: diva2:1867108
Funder
Umeå UniversityKnut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, VC-2022-0028Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, VC-2020-0015Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, DNR 2023-01154-01Swedish Research Council, 2020-06235Region Västerbotten, RV-938855Region Västerbotten, RV-939393Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 20220325Available from: 2024-06-10 Created: 2024-06-10 Last updated: 2025-04-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. SARS-CoV-2 and the human immune system: disease, vaccination, and treatment
Open this publication in new window or tab >>SARS-CoV-2 and the human immune system: disease, vaccination, and treatment
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
SARS-CoV-2 och det mänskliga immunsystemet : sjukdomar, vaccination och behandling
Abstract [en]

The worldwide pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 had a tremendously negative impact on society and human health. An infection can lead toCOVID-19, a severe disease resulting from a dysregulated inflammatory response, causing severe organ damage and possible death. Vaccination induces B cells to produce pathogen-specific antibodies and differentiate into memory B cells, offering long-term protection against severe disease. However, individuals with conditions such as multiple sclerosis (MS), organ transplantation, or B-cell lymphoma, are treated with immunosuppressants and are at a higher risk for infection. In these individuals vaccines generally exhibit lower efficacy and offer limited protection. Therefore, a coordinated administration of vaccine doses during immunosuppressing medication is recommended. In some cases even a deliberate vaccination does not protect individuals from infection and persistent viremia. For this, different virus-neutralizing agents like intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIGs) collected from healthy virus-experienced individuals show treatment potential.

This thesis focuses on the reaction of the innate immune system to SARSCoV-2 during acute disease, and the clinical impact of vaccination and lastly viremia treatment with IVIGs in different immunocompromised cohorts. First, we found an elevation of pro-inflammatory cytokines during acute disease, with a sex-specific IL-18 increase in men with severe disease. This correlated with a higher inflammatory neutrophil activity in these individuals. Second, we assessed the protective ability of vaccination in MS patients during B-cell depletion therapy interruption. We could show higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies in a high-responding subset of patients after three doses. These antibody levels remained high in blood even after recommencing B cell depleting medication. Finally, immunocompromised individuals with persistent SARS-CoV-2 viremia were treated with IVIG collected from virus-experienced individuals. These antibodies efficiently neutralized several SARS-CoV-2 variants and facilitated patient recovery. In summary, this thesis contributes to the understanding of sex-specific acute COVID-19, and the vaccination and treatment of immunocompromised individuals against SARS-CoV-2.

Abstract [sv]

Den globala pandemin orsakad av SARS-CoV-2 har haft en enormt negativ påverkan på samhället och människors hälsa. En infektion kan leda till COVID-19, en allvarlig sjukdom som resulterar från en dysreglerad inflammatorisk respons, vilket orsakar svår organskada och potentiellt död. Vaccination inducerar B-celler att producera patogenspecifika antikroppar och differentiera till minnes B-celler, vilket erbjuder långvarigt skydd mot svår sjukdom. Emellertid har individer med tillstånd som multipel skleros (MS), organtransplantation eller Bcell-lymfom, som behandlas med immunsuppressiva läkemedel, en högre risk för infektion. Hos dessa individer uppvisar vacciner generellt lägre effektivitet och erbjuder begränsat skydd. Därför rekommenderas en samordnad administration av vaccindoser under immunsuppressiv behandling. I vissa fall skyddar även en avsiktlig vaccination individer från infektion och kvarstående viremia. För detta visar olika virusneutraliserande medel som intravenösa immunoglobuliner (IVIG), insamlade från friska virus-erfarna individer, behandlingspotential.

Denna avhandling fokuserar på reaktionen av det medfödda immunsystemet på SARS-CoV-2 under akuta sjukdomar, samt den kliniska effekten av vaccination och slutligen behandling av viremia med IVIG i olika immunokomprometterade kohorter. För det första fann vi en ökning av pro-inflammatoriska cytokiner under akuta sjukdomar, med en könsspecifik ökning av IL-18 hos män med svår sjukdom. Detta korrelerade med en högre inflammatorisk neutrofilaktivitet hos dessa individer. För det andra bedömde vi det skyddande förmågan ho svaccination hos MS-patienter under avbrott av B-celldepletionsbehandling. Vi kunde visa högre nivåer av virusneutraliserande antikroppar i en högresponsiv subgrupp av patienter efter tre doser. Dessa antikroppsnivåer förblev höga i blodet även efter att B-cell-depletionsmedicineringen återupptogs. Slutligen behandlades immunokomprometterade individer med kvarstående SARS-CoV-2 viremia med IVIG insamlade från virus-erfarna individer. Dessa antikroppar neutraliserade effektivt flera SARS-CoV-2-varianter och underlättade patientåterhämtning. Sammanfattningsvis bidrar denna avhandling till förståelsen av könsspecifik akut COVID-19, samt vaccination och behandling av immunokomprometterade individer mot SARS-CoV-2.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2024. p. 45
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2321
Keywords
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, vaccination, immunosuppressed, IVIG, rituximab
National Category
Immunology in the medical area
Research subject
Immunology; Immunology; Infectious Diseases
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-230214 (URN)978-91-8070-477-9 (ISBN)978-91-8070-478-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2024-10-25, Hörsal 6E-E04, Norrlands Universitetssjukhus, Umeå, 13:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2024-10-04 Created: 2024-10-01 Last updated: 2024-10-01Bibliographically approved

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Gröning, RemigiusWalde, JonatanAhlm, ClasForsell, Mattias N. E.Normark, JohanRasmuson, Johan

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