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Light regulates both image- and various non-image forming responses in humans, including acute effects on attention and affect. To advance the understanding of light's immediate effects, this systematic review describes the acute effects of monochromatic/narrow bandwidth and polychromatic white light during daytime on distinct aspects of attention (alertness, sustained attention, working memory, attentional control and flexibility), and measures of affect (self-report measures, performance-based tests, psychophysiological measures) in healthy, adult human subjects. Original, peer-reviewed (quasi-) experimental studies published between 2000 and May 2024 were included according to predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study quality was assessed, and results were synthesized across aspects of attention and affect and grouped according to light interventions; monochromatic/narrowband-width or polychromatic white light (regular white, bright white, and white with high correlated color temperature (CCT)). Results from included studies (n = 62) showed that alertness and working memory were most affected by light. Electroencephalographic markers of alertness improved the most with exposure to narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light, regular white, and white light with high CCT. Self-reported alertness and measures of working memory improved the most with bright white light. Results from studies testing the acute effects on sustained attention and attentional control and flexibility were inconclusive. Performance-based and psychophysiological measures of affect were only influenced by narrow bandwidth long-wavelength light. Polychromatic white light exerted mixed effects on self-reported affect. Studies were strongly heterogeneous in terms of light stimuli characteristics and reporting of light stimuli and control of variables influencing light's acute effects.