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In Taiwan, the proportion of geriatric is predicted to reach 20% in 2025. In contrast, in Japan, the proportion had reached 20% in 2005. Facing the impact, the Japanese government implemented the “Gold Plan” in 1989 and Long-term Care System in 2000 and revised in 2014. The Taiwanese government will also implement a long-term care system in 2017. This scope review study compares the differences and similarities between the long-term care system 2017 in Taiwan and long-term care system 2014 in Japan from the perspectives of the system thinking framework which includes the components of leadership & governance, population, finances, human resources, infrastructure, service delivery and goals to provide as a reference in planning and improving the system in Taiwan. This study suggests that Taiwan may learn from Japan regarding the care workers training program, the community services, insurance benefits with services only, and how to spread the information to the public.