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  • 1.
    Agnemo, Maja
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Skogen i våra hjärtan: Erfarenheter, emotionella band, värderingar och attityder till skog, natur och allemansrätten2015Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Swedish landscape is dominated by highly valued forests and stakeholders argue different uses. The aim of this study was to investigate peoples experience, emotional bonds and values of forests and nature, their attitudes towards human utilization of nature and right of public access (allemansrätt), including relationships them in between. All in all 663 university students among who 254 were women and 401 were men, with the mean age of 24, answered a survey. The results from correlations show relationships between all variables. An attitude saying that the right of public access is important was predicted by stronger emotional bonds and spending more time in the forest. An attitude saying that the right of public access should be restricted was predicted by higher valuing of forest production and was more common among forest owners. The results implicate that emotions, which are strong incentives for action and created by experience, should be considered to better accomplish environmental goals. Environments necessary for experiencing nature should be provided, which is today made possible by right of public access to nature. 

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  • 2.
    Agritellis, Ioannis
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Social media as the Cosmo Neighborhood2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The world has been transformed through the internet into a "global village",and social media platforms have possibly transformed the world into a larger neighborhood covering many regions of the world. Social networks such as Facebook and Twitter came into people’s lives through the Internet, growing daily at a large rate, and it has been proven that they are very popular. This study examines links between different phenomena through social media platforms (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, blogs, etc.). It is discusses cohesiveness, desire to belong, sense of community, beliefs and opinions about different forms of these phenomena in popular virtual platforms in correlation with trust in social media, criticism of information that is spread by these virtual platforms, and if people are influenced in consumer decision making. A questionnaire has been distributed to a convenient sample of 159 international and Swedish students in Sweden in October-November 2012 in both English and Swedish versions. According to the peoples’ answers, tendencies were observed such as to not trust the platforms, and also the information received, beliefs such that social media are "controlled", negative critique, but also an expression for a need for ‘membership’.

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    Social media as the Cosmo Neighborhood
  • 3.
    Albertsson, Pontus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Surgery.
    Sundström, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science, Departement of Educational Measurement.
    Evaluation of Insight Training of Ambulance Drivers in Sweden Using DART: a New E-learning Tool2011In: Traffic Injury Prevention, ISSN 1538-9588, E-ISSN 1538-957X, Vol. 12, no 6, p. 621-629Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate whether a new e-learning tool for insight training of ambulance drivers can have an effect on drivers’ driving behaviors, perceived driving competence, competence to assess risks, self-reflection, and safety attitudes.

    Methods: A quasi-experimental study design, with participants nonrandomly assigned into a control and intervention group, was used. The intervention group participated in the insight-training course and the control group did not. Both groups completed a self- and peer assessment online questionnaire before and after the training.

    Results: The main finding is that the ambulance drivers assessed themselves through the instruments after the training, with the e-learning tool Driver Access Recording Tool (DART), as safer drivers in the areas of speed adaptation, closing up, and overtaking. In the answers from the group-based evaluation, the ambulance drivers responded that they were more reflective/analytical, had increased their risk awareness, and had changed their driving behaviors.

    Conclusions: After insight training, the ambulance drivers in this study assessed themselves as safer drivers in several important areas, including speed adaptation, closing up, and overtaking. In future training of ambulance drivers there should be more focus on insight training instead of previous training focusing on maneuvering capabilities.

  • 4.
    Alfredsson, Jessica
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    INNOVATIVE TOOL-MODIFICATIONS AND TOOL SELECTIVITY IN NEW CALEDONIAN CROWS (CORVUS MONEDULOIDES)2012Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Tool-use and tool-manufacture are thought to require high cognitive skills and have been considered as an exclusive attribute to primates. Recent observations of New Caledonian crows (NCCs) challenge this assumption. In this study 13 NCCs were tested with two different tool production tasks. The NCC either had to straighten a hook or bend a stick to retrieve food from two different kinds of tree trunks. The result showed that 3/5 birds bent sticks and used them to retrieve food and 1/5 birds straightened hooks to retrieve food. The birds managed to solve both tasks but not the birds in the control group. This indicates that NCC's tool making is a flexible innovative act and not just an innate predisposition to bend flexible material. This finding is interesting given that recent studies on human children show that below 8 years of age children fail in similar innovative tool making tasks.

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  • 5.
    Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Tabuk, College of Education and Arts, Department of Education and Psychology, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
    Dutton, Edward
    Asbiro University, Poland.
    Osman, Habab Abdelhiy Mohammad
    University of Tabuk, College of Education and Arts, Department of Education and Psychology, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah
    King Saud University, Department of Special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Mohammad, Najmai Ali
    University of Tabuk, College of Education and Arts, Department of Education and Psychology, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
    Khair, Sarah
    Clinical Psychologist, United Arab Emirates.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students2022In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 196, article id 111724Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.

  • 6.
    Andersson, Christian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Bugge-Asperheim, Even
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    I see you, you see me, but I don`t really see you: a baselinestudy of illusive mutual face gaze in social interaction2022Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Social interaction is a complex field of research mesmerising researchers over the years. A prominent area within this field is mutual eye contact and its importance for interpersonal synchronisation, and creation of a “we”. To measure this in a naturalistic setting has proven difficult. This study investigated the physiological effect and subjective experience of covertly disrupting interpersonal synchronisation, non-verbal communication and mutual face gaze on different levels. An experimental design was employed where 36 neurotypical participants (16 male, 20 female) interacted in a casual conversation with a researcher through a newly developed equipment (NUNA) allowing for complete mutual eye-contact in computerised interactions. During three separate 3-5-minute conversations, the researcher viewed the participant normally, with eyes blocked out, or not at all. The researcher appeared identical to the participant on all conditions, and the NUNA upheld the illusion of mutual eye contact, leading the participant to believe there was mutual eye contact although it was one way only.The results show no differences in participants' skin conductance or subjective rating between the conditions. However, a third of the participants detected “something” in the No Face condition and rated it significantly lower on the subjective scale. It was concluded, as long as the participant perceives and believes there is mutual eye contact, then actual mutual eye contact is obsolete, whereas actual mutual face gaze is of some importance. Why some participants noticed a difference is conjectured to be due to unrecovered breakdowns of interpersonal synchronisation on various levels. Directions of future research are discussed.

  • 7.
    Andersson, Hanna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Anchoring in inference and preference judgments2018Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Decision-making is an important part of everyday life and we often need to make trade-offs among different alternatives with desirable traits. Previous studies investigating the anchoring bias suggest that when a question is asked with a reference value, the reference value will affect the answer to that question. This effect seems to occur in a variety of different domains. However, previous studies have mainly focused on anchoring using inference questions. The present study, therefore, aims to investigate if high and low anchors have an effect, not only on inference judgments but also on subjective preferences when making a trade-off decision. A computer-based questionnaire was used to collect data (N = 90) in a between-subject design. The anchor showed to have an effect on the inference questions. For the preference questions, one of the questions were close to the chosen threshold (p < .05). The other question for preference showed not to be significant. The result from this study imply that the anchoring effect was more explicit in inference judgment than in preferences with trade-offs.

  • 8.
    Andersson, Linus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sjuk av lukter2014In: Fagbladet Allergi i praksis, ISSN 0806-5462, Vol. 3, p. 6-14Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 9.
    Andersson, Linus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology. Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, University of Gävle, Box 7629, SE-90712 Umeå, Sweden.
    Sandberg, Petra
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Olofsson, Jonas K.
    Nordin, Steven
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Effects of Task Demands on Olfactory, Auditory, and Visual Event-Related Potentials Suggest Similar Top-Down Modulation Across Senses2018In: Chemical Senses, ISSN 0379-864X, E-ISSN 1464-3553, Vol. 43, no 2, p. 129-134Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A widely held view is that top-down modulation of sensory information relies on an amodal control network that acts through the thalamus to regulate incoming signals. Olfaction lacks a direct thalamic projection, which suggests that it may differ from other modalities in this regard. We investigated the late positive complex (LPC) amplitudes of event-related potentials (ERP) from 28 participants, elicited by intensity-matched olfactory, auditory and visual stimuli, during a condition of focused attention, a neutral condition, and a condition in which stimuli were to be actively ignored. Amplitudes were largest during the attend condition, lowest during the ignore condition, with the neutral condition in between. A Bayesian analysis resulted in strong evidence for similar effects of task across sensory modalities. We conclude that olfaction, despite its unique neural projections, does not differ from audition and vision in terms of task-dependent neural modulation of the LPC.

  • 10.
    Andersson, Linus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sandberg, Petra
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology.
    Åström, Elisabeth
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Lillqvist, Moa
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Claeson, Anna-Sara
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Chemical Intolerance Is Associated With Altered Response Bias, not Greater Sensory Sensitivity2020In: i-Perception, E-ISSN 2041-6695, Vol. 11, no 6, article id 2041669520978424Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chemical intolerance is a surprisingly prevalent condition or affliction characterized by adverse reactions to low levels of chemical, often odorous stimulation. Sufferers often assume that their plight is due to an uncommon sensory acuteness, yet studies repeatedly fail to reveal altered detection thresholds. Here, we investigated whether self-reported chemical intolerance is associated with altered sensory sensitivity or response bias. The sensory acuity (sensitivity; A) and sensory decision rule (criterion; B) to n-butanol was assessed using the method of constant stimuli in 82 participants with different degrees of chemical intolerance (low to high). Higher self-reported chemical intolerance was associated with a lower criterion, but not with sensitivity.

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  • 11.
    Appelblad, Erik
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sandzén, Olov
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Bilingualism and the Simon effect: A multimodal approach2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research has studied the relationship between bilingualism and cognitive abilities. In some of those studies results have shown that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals in visual Simon tasks (i.e. they are less distracted by the incongruent stimuli). The aim of the current study is to see if a similar effect can be found in Simon tasks using the tactile and auditory sensory modalities. In this study bilingual participants (36 university students) with different proficiency in their second language performed a Simon task employing two intensities of vibration and two different sounds as the relevant stimuli. The results indicated no negative correlation between either bilingual proficiency and Simon effect or daily use of the second language and Simon effect when controlling for working memory. Without controlling for working memory a negative correlation for the tactile condition and a positive correlation for the auditory condition between Simon effect and daily use of the second language was found. It’s concluded that the statistical power of this study suffers from a lack of participants and that if the test was reproduced with more participants with a greater spread in their language abilities a stronger effect might be seen. Also concluded is that more cross-modal studies need to be performed before conclusions about general cognitive effects of bilingualism can be drawn.

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    Uppsats_Appelblad_Sandzen_2015
  • 12. Appelgren, Alva
    et al.
    Osika, Walter
    Theorell, Töres
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Horwitz, Eva
    Tuning in on motivation: Differences between non-musicians, amateurs, and professional musicians2019In: Psychology of Music, ISSN 0305-7356, E-ISSN 1741-3087, Vol. 47, no 6, p. 864-873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The drive to learn and engage in music varies among individuals. Global motivation to do something can be intrinsic, for example, the joy and satisfaction in an activity. But motivation behind our action can also be extrinsic, such as the desire for fame, status or increased financial resources. The type of motivation probably influences to what degree individuals engage in musical activities. In this study, we examined the associations between the level of musical engagement and self-rated global motivation, factoring in age and sex, in a sample of 5,435 individuals. Musical engagement ranged from no music activity to amateurs and professional musicians. We found that intrinsic motivation increases with level of music activity and that motivation differs depending on sex, with females scoring higher on intrinsic motivation than males. Such differences may be considered in adjusting the forms of support offered to young musicians in music education. The phenomenon of motivation is complex, and we have highlighted areas that require further investigation, but this study has elucidated some differences in motivation types found in men and women, and between non-musicians, amateurs and professional musicians.

  • 13.
    Astner Jansson, Sofie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Söderberg, Tintin
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    COPINGSTRATEGIER FÖR SKAM, SJÄLVMEDKÄNSLA OCH LIVSKVALITET: SAMBAND I ETT ICKE-KLINISKT URVAL2023Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Skam är en känsla som många upplever obehaglig och därför undviker att prata om. Tidigare forskning indikerar att skam är kopplat till psykisk ohälsa och att den kan hindra personer från att söka hjälp. Även i behandling kan skam vara ett hinder. Självmedkänsla har visat sig ha en positiv korrelation med välmående och en negativ korrelation med skam och kan därmed ses som ett möjligt verktyg i terapeutisk behandling. Något som saknas är analys av specifika copingstategier för skam hur de hör samman med självmedkänsla och livskvalitet. Syftet med den här uppsatsen var att undersöka kopplingarna mellan Nathansons fyra olika copingstrategier för skam, mått på självmedkänsla och livskvalitet. Totalt 283 personer deltog i en webbenkät som inkluderande: the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), Brunnsviken Brief Quality of Life Inventory (BBQ) och the Compass of Shame Scale 5 (CoSS-5). Data analyserades med hjälp av en korrelationsanalys och multipla linjära regressionsanalyser. Resultaten visade signifikanta korrelationer mellan var och en av copingstrategierna för skam, självmedkänsla och livskvalitet. Självmedkänsla och skamstrategierna förklarade tillsammans 30% av variansen i livskvalitet och den internaliserande skamstrategin Tillbakadragande var en unik prediktor. Resultaten stärker tidigare forskning med tillägget att de olika copingstrategierna för skam förklarar variansen i livskvalitet i olika grad. Forskning för att stärka och utveckla studiens resultat behövs.

  • 14.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh Attallah
    et al.
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Dutton, Edward
    Asbiro University, Lodz, Poland.
    Ali, Hatim Abdelrahman Warrag
    University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Almoghyrah, Homoud Abdullah Saad
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Al-Mutairy, Sultan Howedey Sultan
    King Saud University, College of Education, Department of Educational Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Essa, Yossry Ahmed Sayed
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    alruwaitea, Abdulelah Abdullah Saleh
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Aljbr, Abdulrahman Saad Rashd
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Decreases in divergent thinking across age groups from 2005 to 2018 amongst school children in Sudan2022In: Acta Psychologica, ISSN 0001-6918, E-ISSN 1873-6297, Vol. 231, article id 103797Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Performances on tests of creativity have been found to be in decline in the USA. Here, we explore scores on divergent thinking tests in private schools in Khartoum State in Sudan by comparing a 2005 and a 2018 administration of the Torrance Standardized Circles test to 8- to 12-year-olds of both sexes. We find a decline across the period in all three dimensions of the test (Fluency, Flexibility and Originality), as well as in the overall index of divergent thinking. In line with much previous research, females consistently outperform males. Examining previous studies that report Negative Flynn Effects on IQ in Arab countries, we conclude that our results most likely reflect highly localized and exclusively environmental causes, and caution against assuming that the same processes that underlie Negative Flynn Effects in the West, whether on IQ or any trait correlated with it, also underlie it in the Arab World.

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  • 15.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh
    et al.
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Saudi Arabia.
    Ziada, Khaled Elsayed
    Faculty of Arts, Menofia University, Egypt.
    Abdelrasheed, Nasser Siad Gomaa
    College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Department of Education, Dhofar University, Oman.
    Dutton, Edward
    Asbiro University, Poland.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Almalki, Nabil Sharaf
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Saudi Arabia.
    Ihsan, Zohra
    Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, United Kingdom.
    Furnham, Adrian
    Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, United Kingdom; Norwegian Business School (BI), Nydalveien, Oslo, Norway.
    Essa, Yossry Ahmed Sayed
    Arish University, Department of Special Education, College of Education, Egypt.
    Sex and national differences in internet addiction in Egypt and Saudi Arabia2023In: Acta Psychologica, ISSN 0001-6918, E-ISSN 1873-6297, Vol. 240, article id 104043Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Understanding individual differences in psychology, and how they relate to specific addictions, may allow society to better identify those at most risk and even enact policies to ameliorate them. Internet addiction is a growing health concern, a research focus of which is to understand individual differences and the psychology of those most susceptible to developing it. Western countries are strongly overrepresented in this regard.

    Method: Here, sex and national differences in internet addiction are measured, using Young's ‘Internet Addiction Test,’ in two non-Western countries, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. >800 students aged 18 and 35 years (M = 20.65, SD = 1.48) completed a multidimensional internet addiction instrument. The instrument measures traits such as Withdrawal and Social Problems, Time Management and Performance and Reality Substitute.

    Results: Analyses revealed that males scored higher than females and Saudis higher than Egyptians on nearly all scales, including the total score. Factor analysis of the 20-item instrument revealed three factors, all exhibiting sex and culture differences.

    Conclusions: These findings add to the body of evidence that males are higher than females in problematic internet use, as they are in addictive behaviors in general. Our findings may also imply that restrictions on male-female interaction, which are more pronounced in Saudi Arabia, may elevate the prevalence of internet addiction. The internet is also easier and cheaper to access in Saudi Arabia than in Egypt.

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  • 16.
    Bampouni, Elpida
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Predictive gaze in action selection within virtual reality2020Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The human gaze is pivotal in motion planning and control. Gaze is typically directed at visual target sites prior to physical interactions with them. This proactive gaze (PEG) behavior has been observed in a multitude of physical situations. However, PEG has not been examined in virtual reality (VR). Identification of PEG in VR could be helpful for digital human modeling applications and human-robot interactions. In this study we asked 10 participants to perform a pick-and-place (PAP) task in VR while we were tracking gaze behavior. Our results indicate that PEG also occurs in VR. Furthermore, the action to reach directly towards the PAP object or walk to it before reaching, results in different gaze strategies. Relocating before a reach is associated with gaze to additional sites, such as the floor and the table upon which the object was placed.

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    Bampouni_VRgaze
  • 17.
    Bergouignan, Loretxu
    et al.
    BCBL, Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Spain.
    Nyberg, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Diagnostic Radiology.
    Ehrsson, H. Henrik
    Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Out-of-body memory encoding causes third-person perspective at recall2022In: Journal of Cognitive Psychology, ISSN 2044-5911, E-ISSN 2044-592X, Vol. 34, no 1, p. 160-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sigmund Freud famously noted some memories are recalled with a perspective of “an observer from outside the scene”. According to Freud—and most memory researchers today—the third-person perspective occurs due to reconstructive processes at recall. An alternative possibility is that the third-person perspective have been adopted when the actual event is experienced and later recalled in its original form. Here we test this hypothesis using a perceptual out-of-body illusion during the encoding of real events. Participants took part in a social interaction while experiencing an out-of-body illusion where they viewed the event and their own body from a third-person perspective. In recall sessions ∼1 week later, events encoded in the out-of-body compared to the in-body control condition were significantly less recalled from a first-person perspective. An out-of-body experience leads to more third-person perspective during recollection.

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  • 18.
    Bergqvist, Maja
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ulander, Lovisa
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ledarskapets effekt på prestation och upplevd motivation - en experimentell studie2016Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Within sports, leadership is considered having a great impact on individuals’ motivation. Leadership could, within a Self-Determination Theory (SDT) framework, be sorted into two different styles, autonomous and controlling leadership. There is a gap in current research concerning the effects of autonomous and controlling leadership on motivation in experimental settings. The aim of the present study was to, in an isolated environment, examine how an autonomy supportive- or a controlling leadership affects intrinsic motivation and performance. The study included 37 participants who, over a period of 20 minutes, performed a lego building task under a neutral, an autonomy supportive- or a controlling leadership style condition. The results indicated that the controlling leadership style had a negative impact on motivation and that the controlled group had lower perceived competence compared to the autonomous group. None of the leadership styles affected performance. Further, perceived motivation was found to significantly correlate with task.

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  • 19. Berlin, Martin
    et al.
    Fors Connolly, Filip
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    The Association Between Life Satisfaction and Affective Well-Being2019In: Journal of Economic Psychology, ISSN 0167-4870, E-ISSN 1872-7719, Vol. 73, p. 34-51Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We estimate the correlation between life satisfaction and affect—two conceptually distinct dimensions of subjective well-being. We propose a simple model that distinguishes between a stable and a transitory component of affect, and which also accounts for measurement error in self-reports of both variables, including current-mood bias effects on life satisfaction judgments. The model is estimated using momentarily measured well-being data, from an experience sampling survey that we conducted on a population sample of Swedes aged 18–50 (n=252). Our main estimates of the correlation between life satisfaction and long-run affective well-being range between 0.78 and 0.91, indicating a stronger convergence between these variables than many previous studies that do not account for measurement issues.

  • 20.
    Berntsson, Gustav
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Koskenniemi, Axel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The Impact of Duration of Anxiety and Depression on Risk for Cardiovascular Disease2021Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
  • 21.
    Bertilsson, Frida
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Test-enhanced learning and the effects of individual differences in cognition and personality2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Test-enhanced learning refers to the well-established finding that repeated testing of a material will result in better recall of the material than repeated study will do, i.e. the testing effect. However, an under-researched aspect is how the effect of test-enhanced learning may vary due to individual differences in cognitive abilities and personality characteristics. The overarching purpose of this thesis is two-folded. First to evaluate the effects of test-enhanced learning. Second to investigate the relationship between working memory capacity, Need for Cognition, Grit, and test-enhanced learning. The within-subjects intervention consisted of 60 Swedish-Swahili word pairs. Subjects repeatedly studied 30 items and were repeatedly tested on 30 items. The effect of the intervention was measured immediately after training, 1 week later and 4 weeks later. The results showed that test-enhanced learning led to improved learning compared to restudy at all retention tests, replicating the testing effect. No association was found between either repeated testing or repeated study and WMC, NFC, or Grit.  

  • 22.
    Bertilsson, Frida
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Wiklund-Hörnqvist, Carola
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Stenlund, Tova
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Jonsson, Bert
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The Testing Effect and Its Relation to Working Memory Capacity and Personality Characteristics2017In: Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, ISSN 1945-8959, E-ISSN 1810-7621, Vol. 16, no 3, p. 241-259Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Retrieval practice is known to lead to better retention of a to-be-learned material than restudy (i.e., the testing effect). However, few studies have investigated retrieval practice in relation to working memory capacity (WMC) and personality characteristics such as grittiness (Grit) and need for cognition (NFC). In two experiments, we examined retrieval practice and restudy of Swahili–Swedish word pairs in relation to individual differences in Grit and NFC. In Experiment 1, using a between-subjects design, a significant main effect of retention interval was qualified by a Group × Retention Interval interaction. However, there were no effects of Grit or NFC. In Experiment 2, a within-subjects design was used, and a measure of WMC was included. The analyses revealed a testing effect; but again, WMC, Grit, and NFC were not significantly associated with performance. These results indicate that retrieval practice levels out the playing field regarding WMC, NFC, and Grit.

  • 23.
    Birbas, Nicole
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Terneborg, Linda
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Second language proficiency and its effects on cognitive functions:: Relations between bilingualism and tactile and visual versions of the Simon task2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Bilinguals have repeatedly shown to have better results than monolinguals in non-verbal cognitive tasks that require inhibition of distracting stimuli. Evidence suggests that this enhanced performance is due to training effects of non domain specific executive functions, and that this gain in cognitive performance can contribute to a cognitive reserve in old age. One of the most frequently used methods when studying the relationship between second language proficiency and cognitive abilities is the Simon task in the visual sensory modality. The present study aimed to determine if the advantage found in the visual Simon task also could apply to a tactile Simon task. The sample consisted of 40 individuals aged 43 to 64 with different levels in their second language. An operational span test (OSPAN) was used to control for working memory capacity. No significant correlation was found between bilingualism and the Simon effect in either modality. Since the study has low statistical power and a small range in second language proficiency, it was concluded that further research investigating whether the bilingual advantage found in the visual Simon task can be found across modalities is necessary before any conclusions regarding a relationship between bilingualism and cognitive control can be made. 

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  • 24.
    Björk, Johanna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Could musical mastery affect how attractive a person is rated as a prospective partner?2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Evolutionary psychology explains and predicts human behaviour based on its adaptive value. Some apparently non-adaptive behaviours such as humans’ devotion to music can be explained by sexual selection of costly signals, since it takes time and effort to learn to play an instrument well. Here, participants rated pictures of persons of the opposite sex that were said to play a piece of music that was heard while watching each picture. The music performances were either of low, medium, or high level of skill, and a better performance was predicted to lead to higher ratings of partner attractiveness because it is more costly. No effect of the music was found, except that women rated men as less desirable for a long-term relationships when the skill level was high than when it was medium.

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    JohannaBjork
  • 25.
    Borén, Sandra
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Kvinnor, kriminalitet och psykisk ohälsa: Lider kvinnliga brottslingar vanligen av psykisk ohälsa?2014Student paper other, 5 credits / 7,5 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    Kvinnor, kriminalitet och psykisk ohälsa
  • 26.
    Broadhall, Gustav
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology. Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Sport Sciences.
    Nordström, Amadeus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology. Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Sport Sciences.
    Vad gör att elever söker sig till och stannar kvar på nationella idrottsutbildningar2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This work seeks to find factors leading to students applying for as well as finishing theirNational sports education (Niu) in their chosen sport. This can later be used within clubs tokeep players within the club or in some cases the sport. In this differential study a crosssectional design was used and data collected through a survey filled in by the students. The56 participants were between the ages of 16-19 years old (year 1-3 in the gymnasium), bothwomen and men, the students played either handball or floorball.The data was analyzed by using independent T-tests and descriptive statistics. The T-testsshowed there was a significant difference between the groups year 1 and year 3 in howimportant the connection to the group is. Where year 3 ranked higher than year 1. The T-testalso showed significant differences between the genders in two variables. The variablesImportance of coach and Importance of practicing their chosen sport during school hours,which impact these had on their will to go to Niu. For women the coach seemed to have ahigher importance and for men getting to practice their chosen sport during school hours wasof a higher importance.A limitation with this study is the sample size of the groups. The sample size is not that large,most are from a similar background as well as it being school students answering the surveysat the end of a class which could lead to the answers not being the most thought-out answersas well similar to each other.4For future research, combining survey answers with interviews might yield better results anda deeper understanding to what as well as how come the students find as important factors fortheir choice to go to Niu and complete their education.Keywords: sport high school, interrupted studies, Niu, handball, floorball.

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  • 27.
    Brodén, Andrea
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Lundbladh, Amanda
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The effects of sleep disturbances on memory2018Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The objective of this thesis was to examine the effects of sleep quality and non-restorative sleep on both subjective and objective memory function in an elderly population. Data was drawn from a longitudinal study in Umeå and consisted initially of 956 persons. After excluding people under 65 years of age and controlling for missing values the remaining sample consisted of 389 male (n=185) and female (n=204) persons. Linear multiple regressions were performed to analyze if sleep quality disturbance and non-restorative sleep predicted subjective and objective memory function. The result showed that both high values of sleep quality disturbances and non-restorative sleep were predictive of subjective memory complaints. However, neither of the two sleep dimensions were predictive of objective memory function. Future research should focus on the longitudinal effects of sleep disturbances on objective memory performance as well as the effect of sleep disturbances on episodic memory. 

  • 28.
    Brown, Gavin T. L.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science. The University of Auckland, New Zealand.
    Eklöf, Hanna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of applied educational science.
    Swedish student perceptions of achievement practices: the role of intelligence2018In: Intelligence, ISSN 0160-2896, E-ISSN 1873-7935, Vol. 69, p. 94-103Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The role of intelligence and motivational constructs in school achievement is well attested. Beliefs and attitudes about assessment (including classroom assessment, homework and tests) can be adaptive within a self-regulation of learning framework. However, the role of intelligence upon the student and parent coping with school assessment practices is less well known. This paper examines responses of Swedish Grade 6 (modal age 13) students (N = 4749) participating in the Education Through Follow-up (ETF) project to four cognitive tests and survey items concerning achievement demands. Their responses were integrated with parent perceptions of grading and school pressure. Robust factors for intelligence, student perceptions, and parental perceptions were found and introduced into a structural equation model with intelligence as the predictor. The well-fitting SEM model showed that intelligence had statistically significant predictions on all four student and three parent perceptions factors, of which two predicted student factors. However, only one prediction was substantive; intelligence on coping with school demands (beta = 0.48). Although not allowing for causal inference, the results support the claim that general cognitive abilities act as a predictor of self-regulating capability of coping with school demands.

  • 29. Burström, Åsa
    et al.
    Mora, Mariela Acuna
    Öjmyr-Joelsson, Maria
    Sparud-Lundin, Carina
    Rydberg, Annika
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hanseus, Katarina
    Frenckner, Björn
    Nisell, Margret
    Moons, Philip
    Bratt, Ewa-Lena
    Ready for Transfer to Adult Care?: A Triadic Evaluation of Transition Readiness in Adolescents With Congenital Heart Disease and Their Parents2019In: Journal of Family Nursing, ISSN 1074-8407, E-ISSN 1552-549X, Vol. 25, no 3, p. 447-468, article id 1074840719864255Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Transfer to adult care for adolescents with chronic conditions ought to be determined by transition readiness. The aims of this study were (a) to describe the level of readiness for transition in adolescents with congenital heart disease, (b) to compare adolescents' assessment of transition readiness with their parents' assessments, and (c) to study potential correlates of transition readiness. A total of 157 triads of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years and their parents completed the Readiness for Transition Questionnaire. Adolescents scored higher on overall readiness than their parents. Multivariable analyses revealed that higher levels of adolescents' overall readiness were associated with a less threatening view of the illness, a higher level of empowerment, and with higher mothers' and fathers' overall readiness scores. Adolescents' responsibility scores were positively associated with age and parental adolescent responsibility scores. Parental involvement scores were negatively associated with adolescents' age and positively with the mothers' parental involvement scores. By using a triadic evaluation, the results of the present study significantly extend what is currently known about this population.

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  • 30.
    Bäcklund, Christian
    et al.
    Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, Luleå, Sweden.
    Elbe, Pia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI). Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, Luleå, Sweden.
    Gavelin, Hanna M.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sörman, Daniel Eriksson
    Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, Luleå, Sweden.
    Ljungberg, Jessica K.
    Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Laboratorievägen 14, Luleå, Sweden.
    Gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis2022In: Journal of Behavioral Addictions, ISSN 2062-5871, E-ISSN 2063-5303, Vol. 11, no 3, p. 667-688Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and aims: The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to synthesize the available literature on the relationship between gaming motivations and gaming disorder symptoms. Specifically, to (1) explore what gaming motivation questionnaires and classifications are used in studies on gaming disorder symptoms and (2) investigate the relationship between motivational factors and symptoms of gaming disorder.

    Method: An electronic database search was conducted via EBSCO (MEDLINE and PsycINFO) and the Web of Science Core Collection. All studies using validated measurements on gaming disorder symptoms and gaming motivations and available correlation coefficients of the relationship between gaming disorder and gaming motivations were included. The meta-analyses were conducted using a random-effects model.

    Results: In total, 49 studies (k = 58 independent sub-samples), including 51,440 participants, out of which 46 studies (k = 55 sub-samples, n = 49,192 participants) provided data for the meta-analysis. The synthesis identified fourteen different gaming motivation instruments, seven unique motivation models, and 26 motivational factors. The meta-analysis showed statistically significant associations between gaming disorder symptoms and 23 out of 26 motivational factors, with the majority of the pooled mean effect sizes ranging from small to moderate. Moreover, large heterogeneity was observed, and the calculated prediction intervals indicated substantial variation in effects across populations and settings. Motivations related to emotional escape were robustly associated with gaming disorder symptoms.

    Discussion and conclusions: The present meta-analysis reinforces the importance of motivational factors in understanding problematic gaming behavior. The analysis showed significant heterogeneity in most outcomes, warranting further investigation.

    Registration detail: PROSPERO (CRD42020220050).

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  • 31.
    Bäckman, Lars
    et al.
    Aging Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Nyberg, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Farde, Lars
    Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Section of Psychiatry, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Dopamine and cognitive aging: a strong relationship2006In: Progress in psychological science around the world. Volume 1 neural, cognitive and developmental issues: Proceedings of the 28th international congress of psychology / [ed] Qicheng Jing; Mark R. Rosenzweig; Gery d'Ydewalle; Houcan Zhang; Hsuan-Chih Chen; Kan Zhang, Psychology Press, 2006, p. 455-469Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 32.
    Börjesson, Josefine
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Psychometric studies of the Swedish version of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) instrument2011Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This thesis describes studies into the psychometric properties of a Swedish language version of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) instrument. The psychometric properties of this instrument have been examined in two previous studies: an American study was conducted by the developers of the interview, Friedman and Utada (1989), and a Swiss study was undertaken by Bolognini et al. (2001). The American and the French (as used in the Swiss study) versions of ADAD exhibit good validity and reliability, in the form of both interrater reliability and the internal consistency of the composite scores. Study I evaluated the psychometric properties of the Swedish version of the ADAD interview in normal adolescents and adolescents with antisocial problems. It was found that the instrument has good interrater reliability, that the composite scores exhibit moderate internal consistency, and that the concept validity was acceptable and similar to that of the American and Swiss versions. The results also showed that the problem areas of ADAD produced meaningful correlations. The interviewer ratings, the adolescent’s ratings and the composite scores were compared and discussed. Some problems concerning the composite scores were discovered and will need to be analyzed in future studies. Study II investigated the utility and problems associated with the composite scores in the ADAD within and between normal adolescents and adolescents with antisocial problems. When comparing interviewer severity ratings and composite scores within the two groups, the composite scores were found to behave differently to the interviewer ratings. For normal adolescents, the composite scores are generally higher than the interviewer ratings, but for the adolescents with antisocial problems the reverse is true. The interviewer severity ratings seem to be the most appropriate outcome when the objective is to separate antisocial and normal groups of adolescents from each other. The difference between the two groups is smaller as measured by composite scores. The composite scores appear to function as viable indicators of current problems in all areas except for Medical and Alcohol problem area. The critical items within the Medical and Alcohol composite scores are explored and discussed.  Study III investigated the concurrent and predictive validity of the ADAD Psychological status and problem area. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the ADAD, Youth Self Report (YSR) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. The predictive validity of this problem area of the ADAD was tested by exploring its correlations with the YSR, BDI, and DICA problem ratings; moderate correlations were observed, suggesting that in clinical practice, the ADAD Psychological status and problem area may be a useful tool for the assessment and measurement of current psychological problems. The utility obtained by making decisions using the test is substantial. Overall, the results of these studies indicate that the Swedish version of ADAD appears to be a psychometrically good instrument for assessing the severity of adolescents’ problems and their need for treatment, but there are some problems with the Medical and Alcohol composite scores.

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    Kappa
  • 33.
    Börjesson, Josefine
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ybrandt, Helene
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Concurrent and predictive validity of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD)2012In: Open Psychology Journal, E-ISSN 1874-3501, Vol. 5, p. 20-30Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The concurrent and predictive validity of the Adolescent Drug Abuse Diagnosis (ADAD) in the Psychological status and problem area was examined for two adolescent groups: a non-clinical population of 121 Swedish adolescents (62 girls and 59 boys) aged 15 to17 years and a clinical population of 31 adolescents (14 girls and 17 boys) aged 12 to 19 years detained in special youth homes. Concurrent validity was demonstrated by significant correlations between the ADAD, Youth Self Report (YSR) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores. Findings regarding the predictive validity of ADAD show moderate associations with YSR, BDI and DICA problem ratings. The findings suggest that for clinical practice the ADAD Psychological status and problem area may be an appropriate assessment tool for measurement of current psychological problems. The utility obtained by making decisions using the test is substantial.

  • 34. Calverley, Hannah
    et al.
    Davis, Paul A.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Harvey, Jack
    Mesagno, Christopher
    Examining Group Differences in Emotion Regulation Strategies and the State and Trait Anxiety of Lifeguards and Non-Lifeguards in a Real-World Precompetitive Situation2020In: International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education, ISSN 1932-9997, E-ISSN 1932-9253, Vol. 12, no 2, article id 4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study was to investigate differences, between swimmer-lifeguards and swimmer-non-lifeguards, in trait and state anxiety and emotion regulation techniques in a real-life precompetitive situation with a secondary focus on gender differences. The Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Sport Anxiety Scale – 2 and the Mental Readiness Form – 3 were distributed to 100 participants at university swimming competitions in the United Kingdom. Swimmer-lifeguards displayed significantly lower cognitive (p=.03) and somatic state (p=.05) anxiety and cognitive trait anxiety (p=.02) than swimmer-non-lifeguards. Males reported significantly lower levels of cognitive and somatic trait anxiety (p<.01) than females. There was also a gender-group interaction, with male swimmer-lifeguards showing significantly lower somatic trait anxiety than the other groups (p<.03). Males indicated significantly greater use of reappraisal than females (p=.01); no other effects were observed. These results support previous research regarding lifeguard characteristics, however the nature of these qualities and how they originate require further exploration.

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  • 35.
    Carlberg, Joakim
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Are normative probabilty judgments a "system two"-operation?2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research on human judgment and decision making has demonstrated systematic and predictable biases of judgment in experimental settings. One example of this is the tendency to intuitively violate the conjunction rule - a simple rule of probability. This was well illustrated in the famous Linda-problem. (Tversky & Kahneman, 1983). According to the dual-process theory of reasoning, (Kahneman, 2011) reasoning fallacies such as the conjunction fallacy occurs when people fail to use analytic reasoning and instead overly rely on their intuition. The dual process theory proposes that cognitive processes underlying our intuitive impulses and our conscious reasoning constitutes two different modes in the mind –system 1 and system 2- and that the intuitive system 1 are not able to compute probabilities. Furthermore, it is assumed that processes that are labeled system 1 are fast whereas system 2 are thought to be slow. We tested these time course assumptions of dual process theory in a within-subject design by comparing response time latencies between conjunction fallacy judgments and accurate probability judgments. The results showed that inducing accurate responding did not result in delayed response latency. This indicates that making accurate probability judgments does not require more processing time which goes against what would be expected by the dual-process framework.

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  • 36.
    Carlehed, Gustav
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Katz, Jakob
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Nordin, Steven
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Somatic symptoms of anxiety and depression: a population-based study2017In: Mental Health & Prevention, ISSN 2212-6570, Vol. 6, p. 57-62Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Carnelius, Filippa
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Dennhag, Inga
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    The association between gender, sexual harassment, and self-compassion on depressive symptoms in adolescents2023In: Nordic Journal of Psychiatry, ISSN 0803-9488, E-ISSN 1502-4725, Vol. 77, no 3, p. 256-265Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The study aims to identify the prevalence of bullying and sexual harassment as well as possible risk and protective factors for depression among adolescents. We focus on the association of different types of sexual harassment, gender, bullying, and self-compassion to depression criteria according to DSM 4.

    Methods: This cross-sectional study included 318 adolescents aged 15–20 years, from Sweden. Participants answered the self-assessment scales Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale, Second Edition, and Compassionate Engagement and Action Scales for Youth, as well as questions about sexual harassment and bullying. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between bullying, sexual harassment, self-compassion, and gender with depressive symptoms.

    Results: Few students had been subjected to bullying, whereas sexual harassment was more common. About 32.7% of students had been subjected to verbal harassment and girls were more frequently exposed. Both bullying and sexual harassment were associated with depressive symptoms, and gender patterns were observed. For boys, verbal harassment and bullying correlated with negative self-evaluation and somatic complaints. For girls, bullying correlated with all depressive symptoms. Higher levels of self-compassion were associated with less depression, and the correlation was especially strong among boys.

    Conclusion: Boys and girls express different types of depressive symptoms when subjected to bullying and sexual harassment. Not asking boys about negative self-evaluation or somatic complaints could lead to missing depression. However, for girls, all four symptoms are equally important to inquire about. Self-compassion is a possible protective factor against depression and future studies will show if teaching this to adolescents could lead to less depression.

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  • 38.
    Caserta, Fabiana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The opaque window: an investigation into the phenomenology of depersonalization and derealization2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Depersonalization-Derealization Disorder (DDD) is a dissociative syndrome characterized by a sense of disconnectedness from one’s own self and the world around. People suffering from the condition report feeling like external observers, cut off from their own bodies, emotions and thoughts; their surroundings are perceived as unreal. The present thesis analyses DDD by sustaining the view that its phenomenology can be understood through Metzinger’s notion of phenomenal transparency. This idea is not entirely new: recent contributions (Ciaunica et al., 2020; Ciaunica et al., 2021; Seth et al., 2012) have framed the dramatic experiences of depersonalization and derealization as instances of highly opaque mental states. However, more detailed discussions of phenomenal transparency are sparse. My contribution wishes to partially fill in this gap. To elucidate the concept of transparency, I will first highlight the distinction between the classical representationalist notion of transparency and the metzingerian, phenomenal account of it. I will then argue that phenomenal transparency adequately describes the associated depersonalized phenomenology. Finally, I will attempt to present and dissipate ambiguities contained in the concept and address potential criticism regarding the redundancy of transparency as an explanatory tool for dissociative phenomena. 

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    Thesis Master’s Programme (one year) in Cognitive Science, 60 ECTS - Fabiana Caserta
  • 39.
    Claeson, Anna-Sara
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Palmquist, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Andersson, Linus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Stenberg, Berndt
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Nordin, Steven
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Attribution to trigger factors in sick building syndrome and multiple chemical sensitivity: "The Västerbotten environmental health study"2011In: 12th International Conference on Indoor Air Quality and Climate 2011, 2011, p. 1566-1567Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 40.
    Coelho Mollo, Dimitri
    Umeå University, Faculty of Arts, Department of historical, philosophical and religious studies.
    AI-as-exploration: Navigating intelligence spaceManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Artificial Intelligence is a field that lives many lives, and the term has come to encompass a motley collection of scientific and commercial endeavours. In this paper, I articulate the contours of a rather neglected but central scientific role that AI has to play, which I dub `AI-as-exploration'.The basic thrust of AI-as-exploration is that of creating and studying systems that can reveal candidate building blocks of intelligence that may differ from the forms of human and animal intelligence we are familiar with. In other words, I suggest that AI is one of the best tools we have for exploring intelligence space, namely the space of possible intelligent systems. I illustrate the value of AI-as-exploration by focusing on a specific case study, i.e., recent work on the capacity to combine novel and invented concepts in humans and Large Language Models. I show that the latter, despite showing human-level accuracy in such a task, most probably solve it in ways radically different, but no less relevant to intelligence research, to those hypothesised for humans.

  • 41.
    Colledge, Alexander
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Hypertension, Infection and Inflammation and their Effects on Memory and Visuospatial Skills in Ageing2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Blood pressure has previously been associated with decline in memory over time, though the exact mechanism behind this effect is uncertain. Infections, which can lead to systemic inflammation have also been linked to some cardiovascular damage to the brain, known as microbleeds, which have themselves been linked to greater declines in cognition in old age. The present study investigates whether blood pressure, a self-reported history of infection, and an indirect measure of inflammation known as the erythrocyte sedimentation rate have any association with on episodic and semantic memory and visuospatial skills in the Betula study, a Swedish longitudinal population study. The effect of elevated blood pressure (over 140 mm Hg systolic and/or 90 mm Hg diastolic), high blood sedimentation (top 33% against bottom 33% of participants), and self-reported infection were all found to not have any significant effect on episodic memory, semantic memory or visuospatial skills. Some of the possible explanations are elaborated in the discussion.

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    HypertensionInfectionInflammation
  • 42.
    Colombo, Simone
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Hansson, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Nyström, Markus
    Department of Health, Education and Technology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden.
    Mining players' experience in computer games: immersion affects flow but not presence2023In: Computers in Human Behavior Reports, ISSN 2451-9588, Vol. 12, article id 100334Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to investigate whether different levels of immersion while playing a computer game affect the participant's experiences of flow and presence. Understanding how different levels of immersion influence the experiences of flow and presence can shed light on the intricate interplay between these constructs and provide valuable insights into the factors that contribute to engaging and immersive gameplay. The independent variable, immersion, was manipulated in three conditions (high, moderate, and low) in a between-subject design within the video game Minecraft. Participants were asked to complete 15 minutes of gameplay and then fill out the questionnaires concerning flow and presence. The experiment was conducted remotely on a video-sharing platform. Bayesian analysis revealed an effect of immersion level on flow, while no evidence of an effect was found for the experience of presence. This study provides evidence in favor of a relation between flow and immersion while supporting a presumed double dissociation of immersion from presence. Future research using a Bayesian approach is encouraged to build further knowledge on this research topic.

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  • 43.
    Coyle, Thomas R.
    et al.
    Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, United States.
    Woodley of Menie, Michael A.
    Independent Researcher, London, United Kingdom.
    Peñaherrera-Aguirre, Mateo
    Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, AZ, Tucson, United States.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sarraf, Matthew A.
    Independent Researcher, MA, Boston, United States.
    The heritability of ability tilts2023In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 213, article id 112187Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tilts arise from within-subject differences in performance between two distinct cognitive ability measures (e.g., verbal minus quantitative). These are independent of general cognitive ability (GCA) and are likely a function of differential investment of time and other resources into the cultivation of one ability, at the expense of another. There is some debate about the meaning and measurement of tilts among psychometricians, but a body of research is emerging demonstrating that these are predictive of real-world outcomes independent of GCA. An open question concerns the heritability of tilts. Since nearly all phenotypic individual differences are heritable, tilts, if substantive, should not be an exception. It was found that tilts are modestly heritable (after controlling for participant age and residual correlations with GCA) in three samples (US children, Georgia Twin Study; Swedish adults, Swedish Twin Registry; US adults, MIDUS II). AE models better fit the tilt data in all but one case (Verbal - Reasoning, in the GTS, where an ACE model better fit the data). Comparatively large (non-shared) environmentalities were noted in all cases, potentially consistent with models predicting a role for niche-picking and experience-producing-drive dynamics in generating tilts. A Wilson-like effect was observed when the tilt heritabilities in the GTS were compared with their equivalent parameters in the other two (older) samples. The finding that tilts exhibit non-zero heritability in different age ranges and in two countries strengthens their external validity, and weakens claims that they are measurement artifacts, as predisposing genetic and environmental factors are part of their nomological network.

  • 44.
    Dahlin, Erika
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI).
    Train your brain: updating, transfer, and neural changes2009Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    An initial aim of this thesis was to determine whether training of a specific executive function (updating) produces improvements in performance on trained and transfer tasks, and whether the effects are maintained over time. Neural systems underlying training and transfer effects were also investigated and one question considered is whether transfer depends on general or specific neural overlap between training and transfer tasks. An additional aim was to identify how individual differences in executive functioning are mapped to functional brain changes. In Study I, significant training-related changes in performance on the letter memory criterion task were found in both young and older adults after 5 weeks of updating training. Transfer to a 3-back test of updating was also demonstrated in the young adults. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) revealed overlapping activity in letter memory and 3-back tasks in fronto-parietal areas and striatum pre-training, and a joint training-related activity increase for the tasks in a striatal region. No transfer was observed to a task (Stroop) that engaged fronto-parietal areas, but not the striatal region and updating per se. Moreover, age-related striatal changes imposed constraints on transfer. In Study II, additional transfer tasks and a test of long-term maintenance were included. Results revealed that training-related gains in performance were maintained 18 months post-training in both young and older adults, whereas transfer effects were limited to tasks requiring updating and restricted to young participants. In Study III, analyses of brain activity and performance during n-back (1/2/3-back) were executed. This task enables manipulation of executive demand, which permits examination of how individual differences in executive functioning can be mapped to functional brain changes. Relative to a young high-

    performing group, capacity constraints in executive functioning were apparent between 1–2-back for the elderly participants and between 2–3-back for a young low-performing group. Capacity constraints in neural activity followed this pattern by showing a monotonically increasing response in the parietal cortex and the thalamus for young high performers, whereas activity levelled off at 1-back for elderly performers and at 2-back for young low performers. The response in the dorsal frontal cortex followed a similar pattern. Together, these findings indicate that fronto-parietal as well as sub-cortical areas are important for individual differences in executive functioning, training of updating and transfer effects.

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  • 45.
    Dantoft, Thomas Meinertz
    et al.
    Danish Research Centre for Chemical Sensitivities, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
    Andersson, Linus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Nordin, Steven
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Skovbjerg, Sine
    Danish Research Centre for Chemical Sensitivities, Copenhagen University Hospital, Gentofte, Denmark.
    Chemical Intolerance2015In: Current Rheumatology Reviews, ISSN 1573-3971, E-ISSN 1875-6360, Vol. 11, no 2, p. 167-184Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Chemical intolerance (CI) is a term used to describe a condition in which the sufferer experiences a complex array of recurrent unspecific symptoms attributed to low-level chemical exposure that most people regard as unproblematic. Severe CI constitutes the distinguishing feature of multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS). The symptoms reported by CI subjects are manifold, involving symptoms from multiple organs systems. In severe cases of CI, the condition can cause considerable life-style limitations with severe social, occupational and economic consequences. As no diagnostic tools for CI are available, the presence of the condition can only be established in accordance to criteria definitions. Numerous modes of action have been suggested to explain CI, with the most commonly discussed theories involving the immune system, central nervous system, olfactory and respiratory systems as well as altered metabolic capacity, behavioral conditioning and emotional regulation. However, in spite of more than 50 years of research, there is still a great deal of uncertainties regarding the event(s) and underlying mechanism( s) behind symptom elicitation. As a result, patients are often misdiagnosed or offered health care solutions with limited or no effect, and they experience being met with mistrust and doubt by health care professionals, the social care system and by friends and relatives. Evidence-based treatment options are currently unavailable, however, a person-centered care model based on a multidisciplinary treatment approach and individualized care plans have shown promising results. With this in mind, further research studies and health care solutions should be based on a multifactorial and interdisciplinary approach.

  • 46.
    Davis, Paul A.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Gustafsson, Henrik
    Callow, Nichola
    Woodman, Tim
    Written Emotional Disclosure can Promote Athletes’ Mental Health and Performance Readiness during the COVID-19 Pandemic2020In: Frontiers in Psychology, E-ISSN 1664-1078, Vol. 11, article id 599925Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have negatively impacted upon many athletes’ mental health and increased reports of depression as well as symptoms of anxiety. Disruptions to training and competition schedules can induce athletes’ emotional distress, while concomitant government-imposed restrictions (e.g., social isolation, quarantines) reduce the availability of athletes’ social and emotional support. Written Emotional Disclosure has been used extensively in a variety of settings with diverse populations as a means to promote emotional processing. The expressive writing protocol has been used to a limited extent in the context of sport, and predominantly in support of athletes’ emotional processing during injury rehabilitation. We propose that Written Emotional Disclosure offers an evidence-based treatment that can promote athletes’ mental health and support their return to competition. Research exploring the efficacy of the expressive writing protocol highlights a number of theoretical models underpinning the positive effects of Written Emotional Disclosure; we outline how each of these potential mechanisms can address the multidimensional complexity of the challenging circumstances arising from the COVID-19 pandemic (e.g., loss of earnings, returning to training and competition). Considerations and strategies for using Written Emotional Disclosure to support athletes during the COVID-19 pandemic are presented.

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  • 47.
    Davis, Paul A.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Stenling, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Temporal aspects of affective states, physiological responses, and perceived exertion in competitive cycling time trials2020In: Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, ISSN 0905-7188, E-ISSN 1600-0838, Vol. 30, no 10, p. 1859-1868Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Athletes' affective states can vary dramatically before, during, and after competition. Further, intense affect is associated with physiological responses that may amplify biological reactions manifested from the execution of physical tasks underlying performance. Fluctuations in perceptual cues (eg, perceived exertion) and physiological responses (eg, blood lactate, heart rate) can influence performance and vary dramatically in relation to competition. However, the pattern of these fluctuations and potential associations between perceptual cues and biological responses may also diverge during task execution with differential implications for performance. Data collected from highly trained athletes (N = 25;M-age = 25.4) during a competition (ie, maximum total distance) comprised of three 7-minute cycling time trials and were analyzed with longitudinal multilevel modeling. Results showed that affective states were negatively associated with perceived exertion at the within-person level and negatively associated with heart rate at the between-person level within each trial. Blood lactate and heart rate were positively associated at the between-person level, whereas heart rate was positively associated with perceived exertion at the within-person level. The anticipation of more pleasurable affective states predicted less decline in affective states, but not physiological responses, during each trial. Anticipated affective states prior to each trial were also associated with affective states upon its completion. These findings suggest associations among perceptual cues and physiological responses may differ depending on the level of analysis (between- vs. within-person level associations), and anticipated affective states prior to performance may influence affective states during and after task execution.

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  • 48.
    Davis, Paul A.
    et al.
    Department of Sport Development, University of Northumbria, UK.
    Woodman, Tim
    School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, UK.
    Callow, Nichola
    School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, UK.
    Better out than in: The influence of anger regulation on physical performance2010In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 49, no 5, p. 457-460Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We examined the influence of individual differences in anger regulation as potential moderators of the anger–performance relationship. Extending Lazarus’s (1991, 2000a) cognitive–motivational–relational theory of emotion, we investigated the influence of trait anger and the anger regulation styles of anger-in and anger-out on the performance of a physical task. As hypothesized, trait anger and anger-out were positively associated with anger-derived performance enhancement on a peak force task; anger-in significantly inhibited the trait anger–performance relationship. Results are discussed in relation to Lazarus’s cognitive–motivational–relational theory and future research directions are offered.

  • 49.
    de Verdier, Lisa
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    What Makes People Update Their Internal Model of the World?: A Predictive Coding Perspective on Belief Updating2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Within the predictive coding framework, it has been suggested that humans use an internal model of the world to predict the immediate future and to respond adequately to external events. Here, an empirical study of when people update their internal model was carried out. Ten participants (two females, age 15-78, M = 38) were asked to play a digital game, that was designed to correspond to a Bayes “explain away” situation in which two independent variables determined the outcome. The research question was: Under which conditions do people replace a prior model with one possible cause with a more complex model with two possible causes? The hypothesis was that 1) people seek information to update their prior model after a prediction error, and 2) people replace their prior model as a result of this information seeking. Partial support was found for the first part of the hypothesis: the participants did engage in information seeking that could be – but was not necessarily – due to prediction error. The second part of the hypothesis could not be verified, as it turned out that it was not necessarily advantageous to use the more complex model. The experiment could be improved in several ways, primarily by making it favorable to update to the more complex model but also by increasing the number of prediction errors and the number of participants. 

  • 50.
    de Wit, Viktoria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Löfgren, Evelina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The moderating role of gender on the relationship between social support and impostor phenomenon in Swedish university students2021Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Despite the amount of research on the prevalence of impostor phenomenon (IP) in university students, little is known about protective factors against IP. Social support is related to self confidence and well-being. The purpose of this study is threefold: (1) to examine how social support from two sources (family, friends) is associated with IP; (2) to investigate how the relative effect varies by source; and (3) to explore whether gender has a moderating effect on the relationship between social support and IP. The present study relied on cross-sectional data from a sample of 132 Swedish university students (females, N = 100) aged 18-25 (M = 21.86,SD = 1.87). Participants were recruited with the help of administrators from a total of nine universities scattered across Sweden. The questionnaire included measures of IP, social support from family and friends, socioeconomic status (SES) and mental health issues. The multiple linear regression showed that mental health issues significantly predicted IP. Symptoms of depression and anxiety were proven to be significant predictors of IP, which indicates that impostors are more vulnerable to mental health issues. The results for social support from family and friends and SES as predictors for IP were non-significant. Gender as a moderatoron the relationship between social support and IP was also non-significant. Future research should focus on mixed-method design and have a bigger and more diverse sample.

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