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  • 1.
    Allebeck, Peter
    et al.
    Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden..
    Janlert, Urban
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Fifty years of Nordic social medicine and public health: snapshots of a journal2022In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 50, no 7, p. 827-830Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We revied articles published in the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health in a 50 years perspective. Papers reflect development of public health research, policy and debate over the years. Several papers describe early phases of Nordic population based studies that came to have major importance.

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  • 2. Araghi, Marzieh
    et al.
    Galanti, Maria Rosaria
    Lundberg, Michael
    Liu, Zhiwei
    Ye, Weimin
    Lager, Anton
    Engström, Gunnar
    Alfredsson, Lars
    Knutsson, Anders
    Norberg, Margareta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Medicine.
    Wennberg, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Lagerros, Ylva Trolle
    Bellocco, Rino
    Pedersen, Nancy L.
    Östergren, Per-Olof
    Magnusson, Cecilia
    No association between moist oral snuff (snus) use and oral cancer: pooled analysis of nine prospective observational studies2021In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 49, no 8, p. 833-840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: Worldwide, smokeless-tobacco use is a major risk factor for oral cancer. Evidence regarding the particular association between Swedish snus use and oral cancer is, however, less clear. We used pooled individual data from the Swedish Collaboration on Health Effects of Snus Use to assess the association between snus use and oral cancer.

    Methods: A total of 418,369 male participants from nine cohort studies were followed up for oral cancer incidence through linkage to health registers. We used shared frailty models with random effects at the study level, to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusted for confounding factors.

    Results: During 9,201,647 person-years of observation, 628 men developed oral cancer. Compared to never-snus use, ever-snus use was not associated with oral cancer (adjusted HR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.74, 1.09). There were no clear trends in risk with duration or intensity of snus use, although lower intensity use (<= 4 cans/week) was associated with a reduced risk (HR 0.65, 95% CI: 0.45, 0.94). Snus use was not associated with oral cancer among never smokers (HR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.57, 1.32).

    Conclusions: Swedish snus use does not appear to be implicated in the development of oral cancer in men.

  • 3. Araghi, Marzieh
    et al.
    Galanti, Maria Rosaria
    Lundberg, Michael
    Liu, Zhiwei
    Ye, Weimin
    Lager, Anton
    Engström, Gunnar
    Manjer, Jonas
    Alfredsson, Lars
    Knutsson, Anders
    Norberg, Margareta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Palmqvist, Richard
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology.
    Gylling, Björn
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology.
    Wennberg, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Lagerros, Ylva Trolle
    Bellocco, Rino
    Pedersen, Nancy L
    Östergren, Per-Olof
    Magnusson, Cecilia
    Smokeless tobacco (snus) use and colorectal cancer incidence and survival: Results from nine pooled cohorts2017In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 45, no 8, p. 741-748Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: Although smoking is considered to be an established risk factor for colorectal cancer, the current evidence on the association between smokeless tobacco and colorectal cancer is scant and inconclusive. We used pooled individual data from the Swedish Collaboration on Health Effects of Snus Use to assess this association.

    METHODS: A total of 417,872 male participants from nine cohort studies across Sweden were followed up for incidence of colorectal cancer and death. Outcomes were ascertained through linkage to health registers. We used shared frailty models with random effects at the study level to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

    RESULTS: During 7,135,504 person-years of observation, 4170 men developed colorectal cancer. There was no clear association between snus use and colorectal cancer overall. Exclusive current snus users, however, had an increased risk of rectal cancer (HR 1.40: 95% CI 1.09, 1.79). There were no statistically significant associations between snus use and either all-cause or colorectal cancer-specific mortality after colorectal cancer diagnosis.

    CONCLUSIONS: Our findings, from a large sample, do not support any strong relationships between snus use and colorectal cancer risk and survival among men. However, the observed increased risk of rectal cancer is noteworthy, and in merit of further attention.

  • 4.
    Arnadottir, Solveig A
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Gunnarsdottir, Elin D
    Lundin-Olsson, Lillemor
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Are rural older Icelanders less physically active than those living in urban areas?: a population-based study2009In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 37, no 4, p. 409-417Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Older people in rural areas have been labelled as physically inactive on the basis of leisure-time physical activity research. However, more research is needed to understand the total physical activity pattern in older adults, considering all domains of physical activity, including leisure, work, and domestic life. AIMS: We hypothesised that: (a) total physical activity would be the same for older people in urban and rural areas; and (b) urban and rural residency, along with gender and age, would be associated with differences in domain-specific physical activities. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were collected in Icelandic rural and urban communities from June through to September 2004. Participants were randomly selected, community-dwelling, 65-88 years old, and comprised 68 rural (40% females) and 118 urban (53% females) adults. The Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly (PASE) was used to obtain a total physical activity score and subscores in leisure, during domestic life, and at work. RESULTS: The total PASE score was not associated with rural vs. urban residency, but males were, in total, more physically active than females, and the 65-74-year-olds were more active than the 75-88-year-olds. In the leisure domain, rural people had lower physical activity scores than urban people. Rural males were, however, most likely of all to be physically active in the work domain. In both urban and rural areas, the majority of the physical activity behaviour occurred in relation to housework, with the rural females receiving the highest scores. CONCLUSIONS: Older Icelanders in rural areas should not be labelled as less physically active than those who live in urban areas. Urban vs. rural living may, however, influence the physical activity patterns among older people, even within a fairly socioeconomically and culturally homogeneous country such as Iceland. This reinforces the need to pay closer attention to the living environment when studying and developing strategies to promote physical activity.

  • 5. Axelsen, Mette
    et al.
    Danielsson, Maria
    Norberg, Margareta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Sjöberg, Agneta
    Eating habits and physical activity: Health in Sweden: The National Public Health Report 2012. Chapter 82012In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 40, no 9 Suppl, p. 164-175Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Although eating habits in Sweden have largely deteriorated since 1980, some improvements have been observed in the most recent years. Between 1980 and 2010, the consumption of sweets rose from 10 to 15 kilos per person per year, while consumption of soft drinks increased from 30 to 90 litres. The average amount of energy consumed rose by 11 per cent, probably contributing to an increase in the number of overweight people.

    Moreover, our energy intake is almost 10 per cent higher compared to 1980. Protein intake has shown a particularly stable rise. Swedes continue to eat too little fruit, vegetables and fish, according to the Swedish National Food Agency’s dietary recommendations. Fewer than one person in ten eats fruit and vegetables five times a day. Women have better eating habits than men, well-educated people have better eating habits than the less well-educated, and male workers on low incomes eat the least amount of fruit and vegetables.

    The eating habits of children have improved in recent years. More children eat fruit and vegetables, and the consumption of soft drinks and sweets declined markedly between 2001 and 2005. However, children continue to consume excessive amounts of sweets, soft drinks, ice cream, snacks and pastry. On average, children drank 2 decilitres of soft/fruit drinks a day and ate 1.5 hectograms of sweets a week in 2003. Children who regularly eat breakfast often have better eating habits than other young people.

    The desire to lose weight is fairly prevalent. Just over half the adult population have tried to lose weight or plan to do so. Nowadays, there are a number of methods for losing weight, and the debate between those who are for or against fat in the diet has become polarised. Most of these methods, however, involve increasing one’s consumption of vegetables, fruit and pulses and lowering one’s consumption of chocolate, sweets, soft drinks and snacks.

    Physical activity has many positive effects on health and helps prevent the most common diseases. People who are least fit have the most to gain in terms of improved health by increasing their physical activity.

    Physical inactivity during leisure time is more widespread among men than women. It is three times more common among women and men born outside Europe than among native-born Swedes. Physical inactivity has become less common among women in all socioeconomic groups according to the Survey of Living Conditions. In the case of men physical inactivity has only decreased among upper-level white-collar employees. Several other studies show no appreciable improvement, inactivity during leisure time is just as common today as it was 20 years ago.

    Approximately two-thirds of adults are physically active for at least half an hour every day. The level of activity may be described as at least moderate, thus fulfilling the minimum recommended physical activity requirement. According to the Västerbotten Health Studies, the proportion of the population who are moderately active has declined in recent years. On the other hand, the amount of intense physical activity has risen, particularly among women. A higher level of physical activity is recommended for children and young people. However, this recommendation is only met by 10–20 per cent of children in Sweden, a lower figure than in most other European countries.

  • 6.
    Baxter, Rebecca
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Nursing.
    Jemberie, Wossenseged Birhane
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work. Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Demographic and Ageing Research (CEDAR).
    Li, Xia
    Naseer, Mahwish
    Pauelsen, Mascha
    Shebehe, Jacques
    Viklund, Emilia W.E.
    Xia, Xin
    Zulka, Linn Elena
    Badache, Andreea
    COVID-19: Opportunities for interdisciplinary research to improve care for older people in Sweden2021In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 49, no 1, p. 29-32Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The emergence of COVID-19 has changed the world as we know it, arguably none more so than for older people. In Sweden, the majority of COVID-19-related fatalities have been among people aged ⩾70 years, many of whom were receiving health and social care services. The pandemic has illuminated aspects within the care continuum requiring evaluative research, such as decision-making processes, the structure and organisation of care, and interventions within the complex public-health system. This short communication highlights several key areas for future interdisciplinary and multi-sectorial collaboration to improve health and social care services in Sweden. It also underlines that a valid, reliable and experiential evidence base is the sine qua non for evaluative research and effective public-health systems.

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  • 7. Berhane, Yemane
    et al.
    Wall, Stig
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Fantahun, Mesganaw
    Emmelin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Mekonnen, Wubegzier
    Högberg, Ulf
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology.
    Worku, Alemayehu
    Tesfaye, Fikru
    Molla, Mitike
    Deyessa, Negussie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology.
    Kumie, Abera
    Hailemariam, Damen
    Enqueselassie, Fikre
    Byass, Peter
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    A rural Ethiopian population undergoing epidemiological transition over a generation: Butajira from 1987 to 20042008In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 36, no 4, p. 436-441Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 8.
    Bohlin, Anna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Ahlgren, Christina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Gustafsson, Per E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Perceived gender inequality in the couple relationship and musculoskeletal pain in middle-aged women and men2013In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 41, no 8, p. 825-831Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: Musculoskeletal pain is a major health problem, especially in women, and is partially determined by psychosocial factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether gender inequality in the couple relationship was related to musculoskeletal pain. Methods: Participants (n=721; 364 women and 357 men) were all individuals living in a couple relationship in the Northern Swedish Cohort, a 26-year Swedish cohort study. Self-administered questionnaire data at age 42 years comprised perceived gender inequality in the couple relationship and musculoskeletal pain (in three locations, summarised into one score and median-split), concurrent demographic factors, psychological distress, and previous musculoskeletal pain at age 30 years. Associations were examined using logistic regression. Results: Gender inequality was positively associated with symptoms of musculoskeletal pain in the total sample, remaining significant after addition of possible confounders and of previous musculoskeletal pain. Separate adjustment for concurrent psychological distress attenuated the association but not below significance. The association was present and of comparable strength in both women and men. Conclusions: Gender inequality in the couple relationship might contribute to the experience of musculoskeletal pain in both women and men. The results highlight the potential adverse bodily consequences of living in unequal relationships.

  • 9.
    Bortes, Cristian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
    Associations between children’s diagnosed mental disorders and educational achievements in Sweden2022In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 50, no 8, p. 1140-1147Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: To examine associations between multiple clinically diagnosed mental disorders among children in Sweden and educational achievements at the end of ninth grade.

    Methods: Data from Swedish administrative registers were utilised. Diagnoses of specific mental disorders (unipolar depression, mood, anxiety, obsessive compulsive, eating, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder) were used as exposure variables. Educational achievements were assessed in terms of teacher-assigned school grades and eligibility for upper secondary education. The sample comprised 266,664 individuals (49% females) born in 2000 to 2002 who were alive and resident in Sweden in 2017. Exposed and unexposed individuals were compared in terms of outcome variables by fitting linear and logistic regression models.

    Results: The results revealed negative associations between all the examined mental disorders and educational achievements, except for positive associations between eating disorders and grades among female students. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder was the most strongly associated disorder in terms of non-successful completion of compulsory education, among both male and female students (odds ratio (OR): 3.58 (95% confidence interval (CI), 3.42 to 3.74) and 4.31 (95% CI, 4.07 to 4.57), respectively). This was followed by unipolar depression among males (OR: 2.92 (95% CI, 2.60 to 3.28)) and anxiety disorder among females (OR: 2.68 (95% CI, 2.49 to 2.88)). Obsessive compulsive disorder had the weakest negative association with educational achievements among both males (OR: 1.48 (95% CI, 1.01 to 2.17)) and females (OR: 1.38 (95% CI, 1.11 to 1.72)).

    Conclusions: Specific diagnosed mental disorders have varying, largely disadvantageous, associations with educational achievements of students in Sweden that differ between males and females.

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  • 10.
    Brodin Danell, Jenny-Ann
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Danell, Rickard
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Vuolanto, Pia
    Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tampere, Finland.
    Scandinavian research on complementary and alternative medicine: a bibliometric study2020In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 48, no 6, p. 609-616Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse the development of Scandinavian research on complementary and alternative medicine in terms of publication pattern and general content. Furthermore we will map research networks. 

    Methods and data: This study is based on bibliometric methods. The dataset consists of 1441 publications with at least one author with a Scandinavian address and/or organisational affiliation, from 2005–2017, in Medline and Web of Science. 

    Results and conclusions: Complementary and alternative medicine is a small and moderately growing research field in Scandinavia, with an average of 120 publications per year. The largest sub-term is integrative and complementary medicine, but the majority of documents are classified as other medical sub-fields. A similar pattern is found regarding the sources. The Medical Subject Heading classifications of the documents and the author keywords indicate that much of the relevant research takes a general focus on complementary and alternative medicine. Regarding specific therapies, mind-body and sensory art therapies are particularly prominent in the material. Various aspects of pain, mental health and gynaecology are recurrent health issues. In total, 31.5% of the publications are classified as clinical trials. The organisations referenced most frequently in the material are Karolinska Institutet and UiT Tromsö and it is clear the research is based at large universities and university hospitals. The research networks have relatively different profiles and collaborate with both Scandinavian and international organisations.

  • 11.
    Brändström, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Centre for Population Studies (CPS).
    Ageing: a cross-cutting research and policy challenge2007In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 35, no 3, p. 225-227Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 12.
    Brännlund, Annica
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Higher education and psychological distress: a 27-year prospective cohort study in Sweden2014In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 42, no 2, p. 155-162Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: Research identifies a positive link between education and a reduction of psychological distress, but few studies have analysed the long-term impact of education on psychological distress. This study followed the same cohort for 27 years, investigating the association between education and adult psychological distress. Further, it discuss whether the link can be understood through the mediating mechanisms of social and labour-market resources, furthermore, if the mechanisms operate differently for men and women. Method: A 27-year prospective cohort study was performed at ages 16, 18, 21, 30 and 43. The cohort consisted of all students (n = 1083, of which 1001 are included in this study) in their final year of compulsory school in Sweden. Data were collected through comprehensive questionnaires (response rate 96.4%), and analysed with OLS regression, with psychological distress at age 21, 30 and 43 as dependent variable. Baseline psychological distress, measures of social and labour-market resources, and possible educational selection factors were used as independent variables. To compare the overall magnitude of educational differences, a kappa index was calculated. Results: A positive relation between higher education and less psychological distress was found. When becoming older this relation weakens and a link between social and labour-market resources and psychological distress is observed, indicating that education in a long-term perspective operates through the suggested mechanisms. Additionally, the mechanisms work somewhat differently for men than for women: labour-market resources were significant for men and social resources were important for women. Conclusions: Main findings: higher education is positively linked to less psychological distress, and the link can somewhat be understood through the mechanisms of social and labour-market resources.

  • 13.
    Brännlund, Annica
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology. Centre for Applied Psychological Research, School of Psychology, Social Work and Social Policy, University of South Australia, Australia .
    Education and health-lifestyle among men and women in Sweden: a 27-year prospective cohort study2013In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 284-292Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Previous research has found a positive association between health-behaviour and health. Only a few longitudinalstudies have been performed, and as far as we found, none have followed a cohort for 27 years. Methods: This study used acohort study, the “Northern Swedish Cohort”, which consisted of all graduates, n = 1080, from a compulsory school in aSwedish town. Data were collected with a comprehensive questionnaire; response rate 96.4%. Health-behaviour was analysedwith binary logistic regression, with health-behaviour at age 21, 30 and 43 years as dependent variable. Besides baselinehealth-behaviour, gender, somatic and psychological health and socioeconomic background, the analyses were adjustedfor work situation and social network. Results: The main findings were that education reduces the probability of unhealthybehaviour over the life course, which held after controlling for early life health-behaviour and possible confounders. Thegeneral education effect on health-behaviour was stronger among men than among women. Conclusions: Higher educationreduces the probability of unhealthy behavior. Thus, investments in higher education should be an important public goal.

  • 14.
    Bråbäck, Lennart
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
    Allergic diseases: Health in Sweden2012In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 40, no 9 Suppl, p. 268-274Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 15.
    Byhamre, Marja Lisa
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Gustafsson, Per E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Jansson, Jan-Håkan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Wennberg, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutritional Research.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Wennberg, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Snus use during the life-course and risk of the metabolic syndrome and its components2017In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 45, no 8, p. 733-740Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between life-course exposure to snus and prevalence of the metabolic syndrome and its components in adulthood.

    Design and method: Tobacco habits at baseline (age 16) and three follow-ups (ages 21, 30 and 43) were assessed among 880 participants in a population-based cohort in Northern Sweden. Presence of the metabolic syndrome at age 43 was ascertained using the International Diabetes Federation criteria. Odds ratios and CIs for risk of the metabolic syndrome and its components by snus use at 16, 21, 30 and 43 years were calculated using logistic regression. Cumulative snus use was defined as number of life periods (1-4) with current snus use.

    Results: At age 43, 164 participants (18.6%) were current snus users. We found no association between exclusive snus use at the ages of 16, 21, 30 and 43 years and the metabolic syndrome at age 43 years. Snus use (among non-smokers) was associated with raised triglycerides and high blood pressure in crude analysis, but not in multivariable models. There was no association between cumulative snus use and risk of the metabolic syndrome. Cumulative snus use was associated with central obesity, raised triglycerides and impaired fasting glucose/diabetes mellitus type 2 in crude analyses, but not after adjustments.

    Conclusion: The health consequences of snus exposure from adolescence to mid-adulthood do not seem to include increased risk of the metabolic syndrome or its components. The cardio-metabolic risk of dual exposure to snus and cigarettes may warrant further attention.

  • 16.
    Caldera, Trinidad
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Herrera, Andrés
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Salander Renberg, Ellinor
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Kullgren, Gunnar
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Parasuicide in a low income country: results from a three year hospital surveillance in Nicaragua.2004In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 32, no 5, p. 349-355Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: A study was undertaken to assess the incidence of parasuicide in Nicaragua, to identify groups at risk, and to describe the characteristics of parasuicides, such as methods used and seasonal and diurnal patterns. Method: All hospital-admitted parasuicide cases in the area of León, Nicaragua, were assessed over a three-year period using standardized instruments. Results: Two hundred and thirty-three parasuicide cases were identified in the catchment area giving a parasuicide rate of 66.3/100,000 inhabitants per year based on the population 10 years and older. Corresponding figure for 15 years and older was 71.3. A majority were females (68.8%), who were significantly younger than the males (mean 20.8 years vs. mean 24.6 years). The highest rates were found in the age group 15 - 19 years with a female rate three times higher than the male rate (302.9 vs. 98.9). Pesticides, a highly lethal substance, were used as method in 19.1% of the attempts. Consistent seasonal variation with peaks in May - June and September - October were found over the years. Among parasuicide cases, 46.5% had been in contact with the healthcare system within 6 months before attempting suicide. Conclusions: Parasuicides represent a significant health problem among young people in Nicaragua. Preventive efforts should be directed especially towards the life situation for young girls, limitation of availability of suicide means, increased awareness in schools concerning suicidal problems, as well as improved management of patients with mental health problems within primary healthcare.

  • 17. Chaparro, M Pia
    et al.
    de Luna, Xavier
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE), Statistics.
    Häggström, Jenny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE), Statistics.
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Lindgren, Urban
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Geography and Economic History, Economic and social geography.
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Koupil, Ilona
    Childhood family structure and women's adult overweight risk: A longitudinal study2017In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 45, no 5, p. 511-519Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: The aim of this study was to investigate whether women's adult overweight and obesity risk was associated with their childhood family structure, measured as their mothers' marital status history, during the women's first 18 years of life.

    METHODS: Using linked register data, we analyzed 30,584 primiparous women born in Sweden in 1975 who were between 19-35 years of age when their height and pre-pregnancy weight was recorded. The outcomes were women's overweight/obesity (body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) and obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)) and the predictor was mothers' marital status history, which was summarized using sequence analysis. We carried out nested logistic regression models adjusting for women's age and maternal sociodemographic characteristics.

    RESULTS: Mothers' marital status history was summarized into six clusters: stable marriage, stable cohabitation, married then divorcing, cohabiting then separating, varied transitions, and not with father. In fully adjusted models and compared with women whose mothers belonged to the stable marriage cluster: (1) women whose mothers belonged to the other marital status clusters had higher odds of overweight/obesity (odds ratio (OR) ranging 1.15-1.19; p < 0.05); and (2) women whose mothers belonged to the stable cohabitation (OR = 1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.14-1.52), cohabiting then separating (OR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.01-1.49), varied transitions (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.11-1.39), and not with father (OR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.00-1.54) clusters had higher odds of obesity.

    CONCLUSIONS: Women whose mothers were not in stable marriage relationships had higher odds of being overweight or obese in adulthood. The finding that even women raised in the context of stable cohabitation had higher odds of being overweight or obese is intriguing as these relationships are socially accepted in Sweden.

  • 18.
    Chaparro, M. Pia
    et al.
    Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS).
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Koupil, Ilona
    Centre for Health Equity Studies (CHESS).
    Nilsson, Karina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Häggström, Jenny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE), Statistics.
    de Luna, Xavier
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Umeå School of Business and Economics (USBE), Statistics.
    Lindgren, Urban
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Geography and Economic History.
    Regional inequalities in pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity in Sweden, 1992, 2000, and 20102015In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 43, no 5, p. 534-539Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: To investigate regional differences and time trends in women’s overweight and obesity in Sweden. Methods: Using datafrom the Swedish Medical Birth Register (women aged ⩾18 years, first pregnancy only) and the Total Population Registeraccessed through the Umeå SIMSAM Lab, age-standardized prevalence of pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity (BMI ⩾ 25 kg/m2) and obesity (BMI ⩾ 30 kg/m2) were estimated by county for the years 1992, 2000, and 2010. Maps were created usingArcMap v10.2.2 to display regional variations over time and logistic regression analyses were used to assess if the observedtrends were significant. Results: The prevalence of pre-pregnancy overweight/obesity and obesity increased significantly inall Swedish counties between 1992, and 2010. In 2010, Södermanland and Gotland exhibited the highest age-standardizedoverweight/obesity (39.7%) and obesity (15.1%) prevalence, respectively. The sharpest increases between 1992 and 2010were observed in Västerbotten for overweight/obesity (75% increase) and in Gotland for obesity (233% increase). Across theyears, Stockholm had the lowest prevalence of overweight/obesity (26.3% in 2010) and obesity (7.3% in 2010) and one ofthe least steep increases in prevalence of both between 1992 and 2010. Conclusions: Substantial regional differencesin pre-pregnancy overweight and obesity prevalence are apparent in Sweden. Further research should elucidatethe mechanisms causing these differences.

  • 19.
    Christianson, Monica
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Johansson, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Emmelin, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Westman, Göran
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    "One-night stands" - risky trips between lust and trust: qualitative interviews with Chlamydia trachomatis infected youth in north Sweden2003In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 31, no 1, p. 44-50Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Christianson, Monica
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Lalos, Ann
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
    Westman, Göran
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Johansson, EE
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    "Eyes wide shut" - sexuality and risk in HIV-positive youth in Sweden: a qualitative study2007In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 35, no 1, p. 55-61Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 21.
    Clark, Samuel J
    et al.
    Univ of Washington, USA; MRC /Wits, University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.
    Collinson, Mark A
    Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Kahn, Kathleen
    Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa.
    Drullinger, Kyle
    University of Colorado at Boulder, USA.
    Tollman, Stephen M
    University of Witwatersrand, South Africa.
    Returning home to die: circular labour migration and mortality in South Africa2007In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 35, no Suppl. 69, p. 35-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: To examine the hypothesis that circular labour migrants who become seriously ill while living away from home return to their rural homes to convalesce and possibly to die. METHODS: Drawing on longitudinal data collected by the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system in rural northeastern South Africa between 1995 and 2004, discrete time event history analysis is used to estimate the likelihood of dying for residents, short-term returning migrants, and long-term returning migrants controlling for sex, age, and historical period. RESULTS: The annual odds of dying for short-term returning migrants are generally 1.1 to 1.9 times (depending on period, sex, and age) higher than those of residents and long-term returning migrants, and these differences are generally highly statistically significant. Further supporting the hypothesis is the fact that the proportion of HIV/TB deaths among short-term returning migrants increases dramatically as time progresses, and short-term returning migrants account for an increasing proportion of all HIV/TB deaths. CONCLUSIONS: This evidence strongly suggests that increasing numbers of circular labour migrants of prime working age are becoming ill in the urban areas where they work and coming home to be cared for and eventually to die in the rural areas where their families live. This shifts the burden of caring for them in their terminal illness to their families and the rural healthcare system with significant consequences for the distribution and allocation of health care resources.

  • 22.
    Collinson, Mark A
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Tollman, Stephen M
    Brown University, USA.
    Kahn, Kathleen
    Brown University, USA.
    Migration, settlement change and health in post-apartheid South Africa: triangulating health and demographic surveillance with national census data.2007In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Scandinavian journal of public health. Supplement, ISSN 1403-4956, Vol. Suppl. 69, p. 77-84Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: World population growth will be increasingly concentrated in the urban areas of the developing world; however, some scholars caution against the oversimplification of African urbanization noting that there may be "counter-urbanization" and a prevailing pattern of circular rural-urban migration. The aim of the paper is to examine the ongoing urban transition in South Africa in the post-apartheid period, and to consider the health and social policy implications of prevailing migration patterns. METHODS: Two data sets were analysed, namely the South African national census of 2001 and the Agincourt health and demographic surveillance system. A settlement-type transition matrix was constructed on the national data to show how patterns of settlement have changed in a five-year period. Using the sub-district data, permanent and temporary migration was characterized, providing migration rates by age and sex, and showing the distribution of origins and destinations. FINDINGS: The comparison of national and sub-district data highlight the following features: urban population growth, particularly in metropolitan areas, resulting from permanent and temporary migration; prevailing patterns of temporary, circular migration, and a changing gender balance in this form of migration; stepwise urbanization; and return migration from urban to rural areas. CONCLUSIONS: Policy concerns include: rural poverty exacerbated by labour migration; explosive conditions for the transmission of HIV; labour migrants returning to die in rural areas; and the challenges for health information created by chronically ill migrants returning to rural areas to convalesce. Lastly, suggestions are made on how to address the dearth of relevant population information for policy-making in the fields of migration, settlement change and health.

  • 23. Cook, Ian
    et al.
    Alberts, Marianne
    Burger, Sandy
    Byass, Peter
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    All-cause mortality trends in Dikgale, rural South Africa, 1996-2003.2008In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 36, no 7, p. 753-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: The Dikgale Demographic Surveillance System (DDSS) site, established in 1995, is one of three rural surveillance sites in South Africa. This paper describes detailed mortality patterns of a rural African population in the central region of Limpopo Province. METHODS: These data were based on yearly household visits to collect data on vital events, covering 63, 873 person-years of observation over eight years. RESULTS: Crude mortality was 7.5 per 1,000 person-years (females: 6.9, males: 8.1). Under-1 year and under-5 years mortality was 15.1 and 5.8 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Life expectancy at birth was 64.3 years (females: 68.1, males: 60.0). For the two four-year periods (1996-9 and 2000-3) under-20 years mortality risk decreased (rate ratio=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.80) while 20-49 years mortality risk increased (rate ratio=1.55, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.20). Multivariate mortality risk for migrants remained relatively constant (0.71, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.94) across the two four-year periods, but has increased 2.5-fold in all DDSS +50 year-old adults across the two four-year periods. CONCLUSIONS: The DDSS mortality estimates appear to have remained relatively constant while recent mortality estimates for the Agincourt Demographic and Health Surveillance System (ADHSS) site suggest that mortality risk is higher and life expectancy is lower in ADHSS residents. Moreover, DDSS mortality estimates are substantially more favourable compared with provincial and national mortality estimates.

  • 24.
    Cueva, Katie
    et al.
    Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage, United States.
    Rink, Elizabeth
    Department of Health and Human Development, Montana State University, United States.
    Lavoie, Josée G.
    Ongomiizwin Research, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada.
    Stoor, Jon Petter A.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health. Centre for Sámi Health Research, Department of Community Medicine, UiT – the Arctic University of Norway, Norway.
    Healey Akearok, Gwen
    Qaujigiartiit Health Research Centre, Canada.
    Gladun, Elena
    Professor of Public Administration Department, Tyumen State University, Russian Federation.
    Larsen, Christina V.L.
    Centre for Public Health in Greenland, National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark; Greenland Center for Health Research, University of Greenland, Greenland.
    Diving below the surface: A framework for arctic health research to support thriving communities2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 51, no 7, p. 1086-1095Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: Historically, health research in the Arctic has focused on documenting ill-health using a narrow set of deficit-oriented epidemiologic indicators (i.e., prevalence of disease and mortality rates). While useful, this type of research does not adequately capture the breadth and complexities of community health and well-being, and fails to highlight solutions. A community’s context, strengths, and continued expressions of well-being need to guide inquiries, inform processes, and contextualize recommendations. In this paper, we present a conceptual framework developed to address the aforementioned concerns and inform community-led health and social research in the Arctic.

    Methods: The proposed framework is informed by our collective collaborations with circumpolar communities, and syntheses of individual and group research undertaken throughout the Circumpolar North. Our framework encourages investigation into the contextual factors that promote circumpolar communities to thrive.

    Results: Our framework centers on the visual imagery of an iceberg. There is a need to dive deeper than superficial indicators of health to examine individual, family, social, cultural, historical, linguistic, and environmental contexts that support communities in the Circumpolar North to thrive. A participatory community-based approach in conjunction with ongoing epidemiologic research is necessary in order to effectively support health and wellness.

    Conclusions: The iceberg framework is a way to conceptualize circumpolar health research and encourage investigators to both monitor epidemiologic indicators and also dive below the surface using participatory methodology to investigate contextual factors that support thriving communities.

  • 25. Daerga, Laila
    et al.
    Sjolander, Per
    Jacobsson, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Edin-Liljegren, Anette
    The confidence in health care and social services in northern Sweden: a comparison between reindeer-herding Sami and the non-Sami majority population2012In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 40, no 6, p. 516-522Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: To investigate the confidence in primary health care, psychiatry and social services among the reindeer-herding Sami and the non-Sami population of northern Sweden. Methods: A semi-randomized, cross-sectional study design comprising 325 reindeer-herding Sami (171 men, 154 women) and a control population of 1,437 non-Sami (684 men, 753 women). A questionnaire on the confidence in primary health care, psychiatry, social services, and work colleagues was distributed to members of reindeer-herding families through the Sami communities and to the control population through the post. The relative risk for poor confidence was analyzed by calculating odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals adjusted for age and level of education. Results: The confidence in primary health care and psychiatry was significantly lower among the reindeer-herding Sami compared with the control group. No differences were found between men and women in the reindeer-herding Sami population. In both the reindeer-herding Sami and the control population, younger people (<= 48 years) reported significantly lower confidence in primary health care than older individuals (>48 years). Conclusions: A conceivable reason for the poor confidence in health care organizations reported by the reindeer-herding Sami is that they experience health care staff as poorly informed about reindeer husbandry and Sami culture, resulting in unsuitable or unrealistic treatment suggestions. The findings suggest that the poor confidence constitutes a significant obstacle of the reindeer-herding Sami to fully benefit from public health care services.

  • 26. Dewi, Fatwa S. T.
    et al.
    Choiriyyah, Ifta
    Indriyani, Citra
    Wahab, Abdul
    Lazuardi, Lutfan
    Nugroho, Agung
    Susetyowati, Susetyowati
    Harisaputra, Rosalia K.
    Santi, Risalia
    Lestari, Septi K.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health. Sleman HDSS, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
    Ng, Nawi
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Hakimi, Mohammad
    Josef, Hari K.
    Utarini, Adi
    Designing and collecting data for a longitudinal study: the Sleman Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS)2018In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 46, no 7, p. 704-710Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: This paper describes the methodological considerations of developing an urban Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS), in the Sleman District of Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

    METHODS: 1) The Sleman District was selected because it is mostly an urban area. 2) The minimum sample size was calculated to measure infant mortality as the key variable and resulted in a sample of 4942 households. A two-stage cluster sampling procedure with probability proportionate to size was applied; first, 216 Censuses Blocks (CBs) were selected, and second, 25 households in each CB were selected. 3) A baseline survey was started in 2015, and collected data on demographic and economic characteristics and verbal autopsy (VA); the 2nd cycle collected updated demographic data, VA, type of morbidity (communicable and non-communicable diseases, disability and injury) and health access. 4) The data were collected at a home visit through a Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI) on a tablet device, and the data were transferred to the server through the Internet. 5) The quality control consisted of spot-checks of 5% of interviews to control for adherence to the protocol, re-checks to ensure the validity of the interview, and computer-based data cleaning. 6) A utilization system was designed for policy-makers (government) and researchers.

    RESULTS: In total, 5147 households participated in the baseline assessment in 2015, and 4996 households participated in the second cycle in 2016 (97.0% response rate).

    CONCLUSIONS: Development of an urban HDSS is possible and is beneficial in providing data complementary to the existing demographic and health information system at local, national and global levels.

  • 27.
    Deyessa Kabeta, Negussie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Berhane, Y
    Alem, Atalay
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Högberg, Ulf
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
    Kullgren, Gunnar
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Psychiatry.
    Depression among women in rural Ethiopia as related to socioeconomic factors: a community-based study on women in reproductive age groups2008In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 36, no 6, p. 589-597Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Several previous studies have reported on socioeconomic and sociodemographic factors associated with depression among women, but knowledge in this area remains scarce regarding women living in extreme poverty in developing countries.

    OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed at examining the 12-month prevalence of depressive episodes as related to socioeconomic and sociocultural conditions of women in the reproductive age group in rural Ethiopia.

    METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was undertaken among 3016 randomly selected women in the age group 15-49 years. Cases of depression were identified using the Amharic version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. A standardized World Health Organization questionnaire was used to measure the socioeconomic status of the women and their spouses. Data were analysed among all women and then separately among currently married women.

    RESULTS: The 12-month prevalence of depression among all women was 4.4%. After adjusting for common sociodemographic characteristics, only marital status showed a significant association with depressive episode in terms of higher odds ratios (ORs) for divorced/separated women and widowed women than for not-married women (4.05 and 4.24, respectively). Among currently married women, after adjusting for common sociodemographic characteristics, living in rural villages (OR=3.78), a frequent khat-chewing habit (OR=1.61), having a seasonal job (OR=2.94) and being relatively better off in terms of poverty (OR=0.48) were independently associated with depression.

    CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of depression among women was in the lower range as compared to studies from high-income countries, but very poor economic conditions were associated with a higher prevalence of depression in this overall very poor setting. This further supports the notion that the relative level of poverty rather than the absolute level of poverty contributes to depression among women. Whether the association with khat chewing and depression is a causative effect or can be explained by self-medication remains unclear.

  • 28.
    Diderichsen, Finn
    et al.
    Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Janlert, Urban
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Gunnar Inghe: A founding father of Scandinavian social medicine and still highly relevant2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 51, no 4, p. 513-516Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Gunnar Inghe (1910–1977) was a founding father of Scandinavian social medicine and the first editor of the Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine. He worked as a physician for social care clients in Stockholm from 1944 to 1961 and was professor in social medicine from 1961 to 1975. We (F.D. and U.J.) were his last two PhD students. As we were recollecting the 50-year history of the Scandinavian Journal of Public Health in 2022, it became evident to us how relevant Gunnar Inghe’s work, 45 years after his death, still is for today’s social medicine, population health research and policy in Scandinavia. We shall explain why with five examples of Inghe’s work: reproductive health, health of paupers, foundation of the discipline, international solidarity and collaboration between medical and social care.

  • 29.
    Elwér, Sofia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Socialmedicin.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social Work.
    Gustafsson, Per
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Socialmedicin.
    Life course models of economic stress and poor mental health in mid-adulthood: results from the prospective Northern Swedish Cohort2015In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 43, no 8, p. 833-840Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim was to analyse the association between economic stress during youth and adulthood, and poor mental health through life course models of (1) accumulation of risk and (2) sensitive period. Methods: The study was based on the Northern Sweden Cohort, a 26-year prospective cohort (N = 1010 in 2007; 94% of those participating in 1981 still alive) ranging from adolescence to middle age. Economic stress was measured at age 16, 21, 30 and 42 years. Two life course models of accumulation of risk and sensitive period were analysed using ordinal regression with internalized symptoms of mental health as outcome. Results: Exposure of economic stress at several life course periods was associated with higher odds of internalized mental health symptoms for both women and men, which supports the accumulated risk model. No support for a sensitive period was found for the whole sample. For men, however, adolescence appears to be a sensitive period during which the exposure to economic stress has negative mental health consequences later in life independently of economic stress at other ages. Conclusion: This study confirms that the duration of economic stress between adolescence and middle age is important for mental health. In addition, the results give some indication of a sensitive period of exposure to economic stress during adolescence for men, although more research is needed to confirm possible gender differences.

  • 30.
    Emmelin, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Nafziger, Anne N
    Clinical Pharmacology Research Center and Department of Adult and Pediatric Medicine, Bassett Healthcare,.
    Stenlund, Hans
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Weinehall, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Wall, Stig
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Cardiovascular risk factor burden has a stronger association with self-rated poor health in adults in the US than in Sweden, especially for the lower educated.2006In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 34, no 2, p. 140-149Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: There is an ongoing debate about the importance of biomedical and sociodemographic risk factors in the prediction of self-rated health. Objectives: To compare the association of sociodemographic and cardiovascular risk factors and self-rated health in Sweden and the US. Design: Data from two population-based cross-sectional health surveys, one in Sweden and one in the US. Subjects: The surveys included questionnaire and measured data from 5,461 adults in Sweden and 7,643 in the US. Participants were between 35 and 65 years of age. Results: The odds ratios for poor self-rated health for the included cardiovascular risk factors were greater in the US. Low education was significantly more prevalent among those with self-rated poor health in the US, but not in Sweden. Using Swedes with high education as reference group (OR51), adults in the US with low education and 2+ risk factors had a greater than threefold risk (OR56.3) of self-rated poor health compared with Swedish low-educated adults with the same risk factor burden (OR51.9). The better-educated US adults with 2+ risk factors were significantly more likely to report poor health (OR53.4) compared with their Swedish counterparts (OR52.4). Conclusions: The interaction between risk factors, education, and self-rated health suggests a frightening picture, especially for the US. Public health interventions for reducing cardiovascular risk factors need to include both population and individual measures. Taking people’s overall evaluation of their health into account when assessing total health risk is important.

  • 31.
    Eriksson, Anders
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Forensic Medicine.
    Stenlund, Hans
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Ahlm, Kristin
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Forensic Medicine.
    Boman, Kurt
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Bygren, Lars Olov
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric Medicine.
    Johansson, Lars Age
    Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare.
    Olofsson, Bert-Ove
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Wall, Stig
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Weinehall, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Accuracy of death certificates of cardiovascular disease in a community intervention in Sweden.2013In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 41, no 8, p. 883-889Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim was to investigate the possibility to evaluate the mortality pattern in a community intervention programme against cardiovascular disease by official death certificates.

    Methods: For all deceased in the intervention area (Norsjö), the accuracy of the official death certificates were compared with matched controls in the rest of Västerbotten. The official causes of death were compared with new certificates, based on the last clinical record, issued by three of the authors, and coded by one of the authors, all four accordingly blinded.

    Results: The degree of agreement between the official underlying causes of death in "cardiovascular disease" (CVD) and the re-evaluated certificates was not found to differ between Norsjö and the rest of Västerbotten. The agreement was 87% and 88% at chapter level, respectively, but only 55% and 55% at 4-digit level, respectively. The reclassification resulted in a 1% decrease of "cardiovascular deaths" in both Norsjö and the rest of Västerbotten.

    Conclusions: The disagreements in the reclassification of cause of death were equal but large in both directions. The official death certificates should be used with caution to evaluate CVD in small community intervention programmes, and restricted to the chapter level and total populations.

  • 32.
    Eriksson, Margareta K.
    et al.
    Björknäs Primary Health Care Centre, Boden, Sweden.
    Westborg, Carl-Johan
    Björknäs Primary Health Care Centre, Boden, Sweden.
    Eliasson, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    A randomized trial of lifestyle intervention in primary health care for the modification of cardiovascular risk factors2006In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 34, no 5, p. 453-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: To evaluate the effects of a lifestyle intervention programme in primary healthcare, targeted to patients with moderate to high risk of cardiovascular disease in terms of cardiovascular risk factors, physical activity, and quality of life.

    METHOD: Randomized controlled trial with one-year follow-up, carried out in a primary healthcare centre in Northern Sweden. A total of 151 middle-aged men and women, with hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, or obesity were enrolled. The subjects were randomized to either the intervention (n = 75) or the control group (n = 76). A total of 123 subjects completed the one-year follow-up. Interventions: Exercise: supervised endurance and circuit training in groups three times a week for three months. Diet: five group sessions of diet counselling with a dietitian. Follow- up meetings with a physiotherapist were conducted monthly thereafter. Primary outcomes were changes in anthropometry, maximal oxygen uptake, health-related quality of life, and self-reported physical activity. The secondary outcomes were changes in blood pressure and metabolic variables.

    RESULTS: After one year the intervention group significantly increased maximal oxygen uptake, physical activity, and quality of life and significantly decreased body weight, waist and hip circumference, body mass index, waist-hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and glycosylated haemoglobin. There were significant differences between groups, mean changes (and their 95% confidence intervals, CI) in waist circumference -1.9 cm (-2.80 to -0.90; p<0.001), in waist-hip ratio -0.01 (-.02 to -0.004; p<0.01) and in diastolic blood pressure -2.3 mmHg (-4.04 to -0.51; p<0.05). CONCLUSION: A prevention programme in primary healthcare with a focus on physical activity and diet counselling followed by structured follow-up meetings can favourably influence several risk factors for cardiovascular diseases and quality of life in high-risk subjects for at least one year.

  • 33.
    Eriksson, Nils M
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Stenberg, Berndt
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Dermatology and Venerology.
    Baseline prevalence of symptoms related to indoor environment.2006In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 34, no 4, p. 387-396Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 34.
    Eurenius, Eva
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Lindkvist, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Statistics. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Sundqvist, Magdalena
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Mogren, Ingrid
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynaecology.
    Maternal and paternal self-rated health and BMI in relation to lifestyle in early pregnancy: The Salut Programme in Sweden2011In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 39, no 7, p. 730-741Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: This study’s aim was to increase knowledge about maternal and paternal self-rated health and body mass index in relation to lifestyle during early pregnancy. Methods: Study subjects were expectant parents visiting antenatal care (2006—07) as part of the Salut Programme in northern Sweden. During early pregnancy, 468 females and 413 male partners completed questionnaires. The questions addressed sociodemography, self-rated general health, weight and height, satisfaction with weight, and lifestyle, such as dietary habits, physical activity, sleeping pattern, and alcohol, tobacco, and drug use. Results: Most rated their general health as good, very good, or excellent, although women less often than men (88% and 93%). The sex difference was more prominent when restricting the comparison to self-rated health being very good or excellent - 49% of the women compared to 61% of the men. Being overweight or obese was common (53% of the men and 30% of the women). Few participants fulfilled the national recommendations with respect to a health-enhancing lifestyle; this was somewhat more common for women than men. Expectant parents with normal body mass index and vigorous physical activity were more likely to have very good or excellent self-rated health. Conclusions: Most expectant parents perceived their general health as good, although this perception was less for women than men. Being overweight and having a non-health-enhancing lifestyle were more common for men than women. Thus, there is need for more powerful health-promoting interventions for expectant parents.

  • 35.
    Fhärm, Eva
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Rolandsson, Olov
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Weinehall, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Guidelines improve general trend of lowered cholesterol levels in type 2 diabetes patients in spite of low adherence2008In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 36, no 1, p. 69-75Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 36.
    Forssén, Annika
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Carlstedt, Gunilla
    "It's heavenly to be alone!": a room of one's own as a health-promoting resource for women. Results from a qualitative study.2006In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 34, no 2, p. 175-81Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Fredriksson, Mio
    et al.
    Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Eriksson, Max
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Tritter, Jonathan Q.
    Department of Sociology and Policy, Aston University, UK.
    Involvement that makes an impact on healthcare: perceptions of the Swedish public2018In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 46, no 4, p. 471-477Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: 'Participation and influence in society' is the first of 11 objective domains in Swedish public health policy. The aim of this article is to investigate the views of the Swedish general population on the impact of a range of health participation activities, and whether these views were associated with sociodemographic characteristics.

    Methods: The study utilizes a national representative survey of the Swedish population, aged 15 years and over ( n = 1500).

    Results: Apart from voting in regional elections - which most of the respondents believed to be an influential way to make improvements in healthcare (74%) - respondents believed more in individual patient activities than activities associated with adopting a citizen role and acting collectively. A majority of respondents believed in the impact of replying to patient surveys (67%), making a complaint (61%), talking directly to staff (58%) or changing their healthcare provider (54%). Fewer believed in the impact of joining a patient organization (46%), taking part in a citizen council (35%) or joining a political party (34%). Beliefs in impact increased with educational attainment and decreased with age.

    Conclusions: The results suggest people have more confidence in the impact of participating as individual patients rather than collectively and as citizens. To ensure that activities enable 'participation and influence in society', complementary opportunities for collective involvement that also take into account under-represented voices such as those with a low level of education need to be developed.

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  • 38. Garenne, Michel L
    et al.
    Tollman, Stephen M
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Collinson, Mark A
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Kahn, Kathleen
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Fertility trends and net reproduction in Agincourt, rural South Africa: 1992-20042007In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 35, no Suppl. 69, p. 68-76Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 39.
    Hagberg, Lars A
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Lindholm, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences. Epidemiologi och folkhälsovetenskap.
    Cost-effectiveness of healthcare-based interventions aimed at improving physical activity.2006In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 34, no 6, p. 641-653Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 40. Haglund, Bengt
    et al.
    Eliasson, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stenbeck, Magnus
    Rosén, Måns
    Is moist snuff use associated with excess risk of IHD or stroke? A longitudinal follow-up of snuff users in Sweden.2007In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 35, no 6, p. 618-22Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: The potential risks of Swedish moist snuff (snus) are debated and studies have shown diverging results. AIMS: The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is any excess risk of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke from snuff use. METHODS: The Swedish Survey of Living Conditions from 1988-89 was record-linked to the Swedish Cause of Death Register and the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register to investigate excess mortality and hospitalization from IHD and stroke. A Poisson regression model was used and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for snuff and smoking were calculated controlling for age, physical activity, self-reported health, number of longstanding illnesses, residential area, and socioeconomic position. RESULTS: Among snuff users there were no excess risks of mortality or hospitalization from IHD (IRR 0.8; 0.5-1.2,) or stroke (IRR 1.1; 0.7-1.8), but, as expected, clear excess risks were found for smokers (IRR 1.7; 1.4-2.1 for IHD, and IRR 1.4; 1.0-1.9 for stroke). CONCLUSIONS: This study has not shown any excess risk among users of snuff for IHD or stroke. If there is a risk associated with snuff it is evidently much lower than those associated with smoking.

  • 41.
    Hamberg, Katarina
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Johansson, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Lindgren, Gerd
    Westman, Göran
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    The impact of marital relationship on the rehabilitation process in a group of women with long-term musculoskeletal disorders.1997In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, ISSN 0300-8037, Vol. 25, no 1, p. 17-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This qualitative study investigated problems in the rehabilitation of women with long-term, musculoskeletal pain disorders. Data were collected by repeated semi-structured interviews and doctor-patient encounters during two years, and analysed in a gender perspective. The “marriage contract”, i.e. the pattern of division of duties and power structure within the marital relationship, was of obvious importance to the implementation of rehabilitation measures. We explored situations where the rehabilitation measures disagreed with the terms and patterns in the “marriage contract”. The participants' ways of coping with the contract in these delicate situations could be described as three type strategies; accepting the terms, negotiating for new terms, and breaking the contract. The crucial impact of the “marriage contract” and the type strategies on the rehabilitation process are exemplified.

  • 42.
    Hamberg, Katarina
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Risberg, Gunilla
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Johansson, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Male and female physicians show different patterns of gender bias: a paper-case study of management of irritable bowel syndrome.2004In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 32, no 2, p. 144-152Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: Research has raised concerns about gender bias in medicine, i.e. that men and women might be treated differently due to gender-stereotyped attitudes among physicians. The authors investigated gender differences in medical management of a common health problem, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). METHOD: In a national examination for Swedish house officers, the examinees were allocated to suggest management of IBS in either a male or female paper-patient. The case description was identical in both genders with the exception of prior prostate and gynaecological symptoms. The open answers were coded for analysis. A total of 289 physicians (45% women) participated. Chi-squared tests were used to measure differences in proportions. RESULTS: In variables focusing on medication, weight, gynaecological problems, tobacco, alcohol, thyroid function, proposed diagnoses, X-ray of the colon, and advice about lifestyle, significant or close to significant gender differences were seen. Both male and female physicians made gender differences but they did not show the same pattern of differences. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that gender bias is involved in medical management of IBS but men and women physicians may show disparate patterns of gender bias. There is a need for larger studies on gender differences in medical management with designs making it possible to consider the gender of both the patient and the physician. Furthermore, the results call attention to 'knowledge-mediated gender bias', a phenomenon implying that once knowledge about gender differences in a condition has been established, this might in fact cause gender-biased assessments of individual patients in clinical practice.

  • 43.
    Hammarström, Anne
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health. IMM, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Bean, Christopher
    School of Psychology, University of Adelaide, Australia.
    Pingel, Ronnie
    Department of Statistics, Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Janlert, Urban
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Westerlund, Hugo
    Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Sweden.
    Östergren, Per Olof
    Social Medicine and Global Health, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Lund University, Sweden.
    Virtanen, Pekka
    IMM, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Finland.
    Why does youth unemployment lead to scarring of depressive symptoms in adulthood? The importance of early adulthood drinking2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim of the paper is to analyse if alcohol consumption could explain the scarring effect of youth unemployment on later depressive symptoms.

    Methods: The analyses are based on the 24-year follow-up of school leavers in a municipality in Northern Sweden (the Northern Swedish Cohort). Four-way decomposition analyses were performed to analyse if alcohol use at age 30 years could mediate and/or moderate the effect of youth unemployment (ages 18/21 years) on depressive symptoms in later adulthood (age 43 years).

    Results: Excessive alcohol use at early adulthood (age 30 years) mediates 18% of the scarring effect of youth unemployment on depressive symptoms in later adulthood. The scarring effect was seen among both those with and without excessive alcohol use.

    Conclusions: Youth unemployment leads to poor mental health later in life and part of these relations are explained by excessive alcohol consumption in early adulthood. Policy interventions should target the prevention of youth unemployment for reaching a lower alcohol consumption and better mental health.

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  • 44.
    Hammarström, Anne
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Gustafsson, Per E
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Strandh, Mattias
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Sociology.
    Virtanen, Pekka
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Janlert, Urban
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    It´s no surprise! Men are not hit more than women by the health consequences of unemployment in the Northern Swedish Cohort2011In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 187-193Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: Research often fails to ascertain whether men and women are equally hit by the health consequences of unemployment. The aim of this study was to analyze whether men’s self-reported health and health behaviour were hit more by unemployment than women’s in a follow-up of the Northern Swedish Cohort.

    Methods: A follow-up study of a cohort of all school leavers in a middle-sized industrial town in northern Sweden was performed from age 16 to age 42. Of those still alive of the original cohort, 94% (n = 1,006) participated during the whole period. A sample was made of participants in the labour force and living in Sweden (n = 916). Register data were used to assess the length of unemployment from age 40 to 42, while questionnaire data were used for the other variables.

    Results: In multivariate logistic regression analyses significant relations between unemployment and mental health/smoking were found among both women and men, even after control for unemployment at the time of the investigation and indicators of health-related selection. Significant relations between unemployment and alcohol consumption were found among women, while few visits to a dentist was significant among men.

    Conclusions: Men are not hit more by the health consequences of unemployment in a Swedish context, with a high participation rate of women in the labour market. The public health relevance is that the study indicates the need to take gendered contexts into account in public health research.

  • 45.
    Hammarström, Anne
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Phillips, Susan P.
    Gender inequity needs to be regarded as a social determinant of depressive symptoms: Results from the Northern Swedish cohort2012In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 40, no 8, p. 746-752Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: The importance of social and avoidable determinants of depressive symptoms has been increasingly recognized in public health research. However, when it comes to determinant of gender differences in depressive symptoms the focus is predominantly on biological unavoidable determinants. Thus, there is a need for more focus on gendered social determinants of health. The aim of this study was to analyse the importance of gender relations for depressive symptoms after taking socioeconomic factors and earlier depressive symptoms into account in the Northern Swedish cohort. Methods: A 26-year follow-up study of a cohort of all school leavers in a middle-sized industrial town in Northern Sweden was performed from age 16 until age 42. Of those still alive of the original cohort, 94% participated during the whole period and answered extensive questionnaires. Exposure was measured as socioeconomic status, financial strain, perceived gender inequity in the couple relationship and division of responsibility for domestic work. The outcome was depressive symptoms at age 42, while depressive symptoms were controlled at age 30. Results: In multivariate logistic regression analyses significant relations between financial strain and, among women only, also perceived gender equity in the couple relationship and depressive symptoms after adjustment for earlier health status, as well as for all other exposure measures. Conclusions: Financial strain, and among women, also gender inequity in the couple relationship was related to depressive mood. There is a need to pay more attention to gender relations in future research on social determinants of depressive mood.

  • 46.
    Hang, Hoang Minh
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Ekman, Robert
    Bach, Ton That
    Byass, Peter
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Svanström, Leif
    Community-based assessment of unintentional injuries: a pilot study in rural Vietnam2003In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 31, no Supplement 62, p. 38-44Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: Although unintentional injuries are recognised as a major public health problem globally, little is known about their patterns and rates at the community level in most low-income countries. Rapid social development, leading to increased traffic and industrialization, may be changing patterns of injury. Injuries within the home environment have not so far been recognized to the same extent as traffic and work-related injuries in Vietnam, largely because they have not been effectively counted. This study took place in northern Vietnam, in the context of a longitudinal community surveillance site called FilaBavi, as a pilot project aiming to determine the community incidence of unintentional injury and to explore appropriate methods for community-based injury surveillance. METHODS: An initial study population of 23,807 was identified and asked about their experience of injury in the preceding three months. RESULTS: Overall 450 new injuries were detected over 5,952 person-years, a rate of 76 per 1,000 person-years. Males were injured at 1.6 times the rate of females, and home and road traffic accidents were most common. Most injuries occurred during unpaid household tasks. Cutting and crushing injuries occurred most frequently. Of 221 deaths from all causes in the FilaBavi population during 1999 among 43,444 person-years, 25 were attributed to unintentional injuries and two to suicide. Unintentional injury was the third leading cause of death in this community, with a case-fatality rate of 0.8%. DISCUSSION: The findings suggest that greater attention needs to be directed toward the prevention of injuries occurring in the home in rural Vietnam. On the basis of this pilot study, a one-year study using the same approach is under way to characterize the patterns of unintentional injury in more detail, including any seasonal variation.

  • 47.
    Haukenes, Inger
    et al.
    Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Norway; Research Unit for General Practice, NORCE – Norwegian Research Centre, Norway.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Epidemiology and Global Health. IMM, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Workplace gender composition and sickness absence: a register-based study from Sweden2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: This study aimed to examine the association between gender composition in the workplace and sickness absence days during a one-year period. Methods: The study population was drawn from the Northern Swedish Cohort (wave 3; 2007) by Statistics Sweden and consisted of all participants belonging to a specific workplace (n=837) as well as all co-workers at the workplace of the participants (n=132,464; 67,839 women and 64,625 men). Exposure was the gender composition of the workplace, and outcome was cumulative sickness absence days (⩾90 days or not) during 2007, provided through a link to the Database for Health Insurance and Labour Marked Studies of Statistics Sweden. Covariates were gender, age, educational level and branch of industry from the same data source. We performed descriptive analyses and multivariable regression analyses. Results: Workers in extremely female-dominated workplaces had a significantly higher risk of cumulative sickness absence days (⩾90 days) compared with gender-equal workplaces (fully adjusted odds ratio (OR)=1.27; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09–1.48), whereas those working in extremely and moderately male-dominated workplaces had a significantly lower sickness absence risk (OR=0.62 and 0.66, respectively). Stratified by gender, the higher absence risk at female-dominated workplaces was fully explained by variation in branches of industry. Women working in extremely male-dominated workplaces had a significantly lower absence risk (OR=0.75), as did men working in moderately male-dominated workplaces (OR=0.78). Conclusions: Workplaces dominated by women had a significantly higher risk of days lost to sickness absence compared to gender-equal workplaces. Stratified by gender, this higher risk was explained by branch of industry.

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  • 48.
    Hendrikx, Tijn
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Nilsson, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine. Futurum, County Hospital Ryhov, Jönköping, Sweden .
    Westman, Göran
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Sense of coherence in three cross-sectional studies in Northern Sweden 1994, 1999 and 2004: patterns among men and women2008In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 36, no 4, p. 340-345Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: To explore changes in sense of coherence (SOC) over a 10-year period in the general population in northern Sweden.

    Methods: Three cross-sectional surveys from 1994 (n=1802), 1999 (n=1698) and 2004 (n=1777), conducted within the northern Sweden MONICA Project, were compared. Participants answered questions about gender, age, experience of disease, perceived health, psychosocial factors and Antonovsky's SOC scale with 13 items.

    Results: A small, but significant, decrease in SOC medians and a shift of cumulative distributions towards slightly lower SOC values were seen both in the total study population and in its male and female subgroups between 1994 and 1999. No changes were seen between 1999 and 2004, with the exception of women between 25 and 44 years of age, who showed a continuous decrease.

    Conclusions: The present study shows that SOC at a population level in northern Sweden, within a 10-year span, is relatively stable, not withstanding minor changes. These small changes might be attributed to societal changes in Sweden during the 1990s and an increase in "minor'' psychiatric complaints in the Swedish population as a whole during the same period.

  • 49.
    Higueras-Fresnillo, Sara
    et al.
    Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Herraiz-Adillo, Ángel
    Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Ahlqvist, Viktor H.
    Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
    Berglind, Daniel
    Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Region, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Lenander, Cecilia
    Department for Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Centre for Primary Health Care Research, Lund University, Sweden.
    Daka, Bledar
    School of public health and community medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Brännholm Syrjälä, Maria
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Family Medicine.
    Sundström, Johan
    Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia.
    Östgren, Carl Johan
    Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Centre for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Sweden.
    Rådholm, Karin
    Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Australia.
    Henriksson, Pontus
    Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden.
    Low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health in the general Swedish population: Results from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS)2023In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 51, p. 527-530Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (iCVH) in the general Swedish middle-aged population. To address this aim, we utilised data from the Swedish CArdioPulmonary bioImage Study (SCAPIS) which is a large Swedish population-based study (N=30,154) that combined comprehensive state-of-the-art imaging technology with clinical examinations and included all iCVH components. A total iCVH score was calculated as the number of iCVH metrics at an ideal level for the seven components and classified as: ideal (⩾5 ideal components), intermediate (3–4 ideal components) and poor (⩽2 ideal components). Our results showed that only 18.2% of the population reached ideal status (i.e. ⩾5 components at the ideal level), whereas 51.9% were classified as intermediate status and 29.9% as poor status of iCVH. Women had a higher prevalence of iCVH status (23.9% vs. 12.0%) and a lower prevalence of poor iCVH status (23.5% vs. 36.8%). Our data may serve as benchmarks for future national and international comparisons and motivate efforts to promote cardiovascular health in the general population, given the strong link between iCVH with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality and morbidity.

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  • 50.
    Hoeyer, Klaus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine.
    Olofsson, Bert-Ove
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Mörndal, Tom
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Lynöe, Niels
    Informed Consent and Biobanks: A Population-Based Study of Attitudes Towards Tissue Donation for Genetic Research2004In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 32, no 3, p. 524-529Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: The procurement and usage of tissue samples has begun receiving increasing legal and ethical attention. The authors' aim was to develop an empirically based understanding of public attitudes to the use of tissue for research. METHOD: A questionnaire was distributed to a randomized sample (n=1,000) of the population in the age group 18-85 in Västerbotten County, Sweden. RESULTS: The response rate was approximately 60%. There was a general acceptance of genetic research based on biobank material (71%) but, though it is often a prerequisite for tissue-based research, a majority (62%) would not allow researchers to examine their healthcare records without specific consent. A majority (66.8%) accepted surrogate decisions by research ethical committees; 48% of the respondents estimated that they would feel respected if they were notified each time a sample was used. When compared and ranked with other issues, informed consent was a principal concern to a minority (4%) only. Should research efforts generate information on future health risks, a majority (55%) would want to be told only if treatment was available. CONCLUSION: Though genetic research in bioethical debate is often viewed as a potential threat to the integrity of the donor, the confidentiality of medical records still seems to concern donors more. Research ethical committees have support in the majority of the population for some surrogate decisions. The current emphasis on the question of informed consent in policy making for biobank-based research does not seem to be reflected unambiguously in the concerns of the general public.

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