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  • 1.
    Forsgren, Sture
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Anatomy.
    Alfredson, Håkan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Sports medicine.
    Andersson, Gustav
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB), Anatomy. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Hand Surgery.
    Further proof of the existence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in the human Achilles tendon: Presence of the AChR alpha 7 receptor in tendon cells and cells in the peritendinous tissue2015In: International Immunopharmacology, ISSN 1567-5769, E-ISSN 1878-1705, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 195-200Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Human tendon cells have the capacity for acetylcholine (ACh) production. It is not known if the tendon cells also have the potential for ACh breakdown, nor if they show expression of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor AChR alpha 7 (alpha 7nAChR). Therefore, tendon tissue specimens from patients with midportion Achilles tendinopathy/tendinosis and from normal midportion Achilles tendons were examined. Reaction for the degradative enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was found in some tenocytes in only a few tendinopathy tendons, and was never found in those of control tendons. Tenocytes displayed more regularly alpha 7nAChR immunoreactivity. However, there was a marked heterogeneity in the degree of this reaction within and between the specimens. alpha 7nAChR immunoreactivity was especially pronounced for tenocytes showing an oval/widened appearance. There was a tendency that the magnitude of alpha 7nAChR immunoreactivity was higher in tendinopathy tendons as compared to control tendons. A stronger alpha 7nAChR immunoreactivity than seen for tenocytes was observed for the cells in the peritendinous tissue. It is likely that the alpha 7nAChR may be an important part of an auto-and paracrine loop of non-neuronal ACh that is released from the tendon cells. The effects may be related to proliferative and blood vessel regulatory functions as well as features related to collagen deposition. ACh can furthermore be of importance in leading to anti-inflammatory effects in the peritendinous tissue, a tissue nowadays considered to be of great relevance for the tendinopathy process. Overall, the findings show that tendon tissue, a tissue known to be devoid of cholinergic innervation, is a tissue in which there is a marked non-neuronal cholinergic system.

  • 2.
    Spang, Christoph
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB).
    Forsgren, Sture
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB).
    Choline acetyltransferase and the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor AChR alpha 7 in experimental myositis2015In: International Immunopharmacology, ISSN 1567-5769, E-ISSN 1878-1705, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 189-194Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is not known to what extent a non-neuronal cholinergic system is involved in myositis (muscle inflammation) evoked by marked muscle overuse. Therefore, in the present study, a recently established rabbit myositis model was used and the expression patterns of ChAT and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor AChR alpha 7 (alpha 7nAChR) were evaluated. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used. The model leads to myositis including occurrence of muscle fiber necrosis. It was found that the infiltrating white blood cells as well the walls of small blood vessels exhibited immunoreactivity for both ChAT and alpha 7nAChR There was also pronounced immunoreactivity for these in the white blood cells that had coalesced within the necrotic muscle fibers. The findings show that there is a presence of a non-neuronal cholinergic system in the situation of muscle inflammation. Cholinergic effects may be highly involved in the inflammation-modifying events that occur in muscle overuse.

  • 3.
    Słoniecka, Marta
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB).
    Backman, Ludvig J
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB).
    Danielson, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Integrative Medical Biology (IMB).
    Acetylcholine enhances keratocyte proliferation through muscarinic receptor activation.2015In: International Immunopharmacology, ISSN 1567-5769, E-ISSN 1878-1705, Vol. 29, no 1, p. 57-62Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Acetylcholine (ACh), a classical neurotransmitter, has been shown to be present in various non-neuronal cells, including cells of the eye, such as corneal epithelium and endothelium, and to have widespread physiological effects such as cytoskeleton reorganization, cellular proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ACh on corneal keratocyte proliferation, and the underlying mechanisms, in order to explore its possible effect in corneal wound healing. Primary culture of human keratocytes was established from donated corneas. Cell viability and fraction of proliferating cells were detected by MTS assay and BrdU incorporation ELISA, respectively. Expression of proliferative markers, PCNA and Ki-67, was detected by western blot and immunocytochemistry. Activation of the MAPK/Erk signaling pathway and its involvement in ACh-enhanced proliferation was determined by western blot analysis, MTS, and BrdU ELISA. We found that ACh enhanced keratocyte proliferation even at low concentrations. Stimulation of proliferation was mediated through activation of muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs). Western blot analysis revealed that ACh stimulation of keratocytes upregulated the expression of PCNA and Ki-67, and Ki-67 immunocytochemistry showed that ACh-treated cells were in an active phase of the cell cycle. ACh activated MAPK signaling, and this step was crucial for the ACh-enhanced proliferation, as inhibition of the MAPK pathway resulted in ACh having no proliferative effect. In conclusion, ACh enhances keratocyte proliferation and might thus play a role in proper corneal wound healing.

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