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  • 1.
    Andersson, Martin
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. The OLIN Studies, Luleå.
    Hedman, Linnea
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. The OLIN Studies, Luleå.
    Bjerg, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Pulmonary Medicine. The OLIN Studies, Luleå ; Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Göteborgs universitet.
    Forsberg, Bertil
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
    Lundbäck, Bo
    The OLIN Studies, Luleå ; Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, Göteborgs universitet.
    Rönmark, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine. The OLIN Studies, Luleå.
    Remission and Persistence of Asthma Followed From 7 to 19 Years of Age2013In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 132, no 2, p. E435-E442Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To date, a limited number of population-based studies have prospectively evaluated the remission of childhood asthma. This work was intended to study the remission and persistence of childhood asthma and related factors. METHODS: In 1996, a questionnaire was distributed to the parents of all children aged 7 to 8 years in 3 municipalities in northern Sweden, and 3430 (97%) participated. After a validation study, 248 children were identified as having asthma; these children were reassessed annually until age 19 years when 205 (83%) remained. During the follow-up period lung function, bronchial challenge testing, and skin prick tests were performed. Remission was defined as no use of asthma medication and no wheeze during the past 12 months as reported at endpoint and in the 2 annual surveys preceding endpoint (ie, for >= 3 years). RESULTS: At age 19 years, 21% were in remission, 38% had periodic asthma, and 41% persistent asthma. Remission was more common among boys. Sensitization to furred animals and a more severe asthma (asthma score >= 2) at age 7 to 8 years were both inversely associated with remission, odds ratio 0.14 (95% confidence interval 0.04-0.55) and 0.19 (0.07-0.54), respectively. Among children with these 2 characteristics, 82% had persistent asthma during adolescence. Asthma heredity, damp housing, rural living, and smoking were not associated with remission. CONCLUSIONS: The probability of remission of childhood asthma from age 7- to 8-years to age 19 years was largely determined by sensitization status, particularly sensitization to animals, asthma severity, and female gender, factors all inversely related to remission.

  • 2.
    Berglund, Staffan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Westrup, Björn
    Department of Women and Child Health, Division of Neonatology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Domellöf, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Iron supplements reduce the risk of iron deficiency anemia in marginally low birth weight infants2010In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 126, no 4, p. e874-e883Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: Low birth weight infants are at risk for iron deficiency (ID). Most LBW infants have marginally low birth weight (MLBW, 2000–2500 g) and it is not known whether they benefit from iron supplements. The objective of this trial was to study the effects of iron supplementation in MLBW infants.

    METHOD: In a randomized controlled trial, we assigned 285 healthy, MLBW infants to receive iron supplements at a dose of 0 (placebo), 1, or 2 mg/kg per day between 6 weeks and 6 months of age. Hemoglobin levels, ferritin levels, transferrin saturation, mean cell volume, and transferrin receptor levels were analyzed at 6 months. Growth and morbidity were monitored.

    RESULTS: Iron supplementation resulted in significant dose-dependent effects on hemoglobin and all iron status indicators at 6 months. The prevalence of ID at 6 months was 36% in the placebo group, 8.2% in the 1 mg/kg per day group, and 3.8% in the 2 mg/kg per day group (P < .001). The prevalence rates of ID anemia (IDA) were 9.9%, 2.7%, and 0%, respectively (P = .004). Among infants who were exclusively breastfed at 6 weeks, the prevalence of IDA was 18% in the placebo group. There were no significant differences between groups in growth or morbidity.

    CONCLUSIONS: MLBW infants have relatively high risks of ID and IDA, especially if they are breastfed. Iron supplementation at 2 mg/kg per day from 6 weeks to 6 months reduces this risk effectively, with no short-term adverse effects on morbidity or growth.

  • 3.
    Berglund, Staffan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Westrup, Björn
    Division of Neonatology, Department of Women and Child Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Domellöf, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Effects of iron supplementation of LBW infants on cognition and behavior at 3 years2013In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 131, p. 47-55Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: Low birth weight (LBW) infants are at increased risk of cognitive and behavioral problems and at risk for iron deficiency, which is associated with impaired neurodevelopment. We hypothesized that iron supplementation of LBW infants would improve cognitive scores and reduce behavioral problems. METHODS: In a randomized controlled trial, 285 marginally LBW (2000-2500 g) infants received 0, 1, or 2 mg/kg/day of iron supplements from 6 weeks to 6 months of age. At 3.5 years of age, these infants and 95 normal birth weight controls were assessed with a psychometric test (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence) and a questionnaire of behavioral problems (Child Behavior Checklist; CBCL). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in IQ between the LBW groups or LBW infants versus controls. Mean (SD) full-scale IQ was 105.2 (14.5), 104.2 (14.7), and 104.5 (12.7) in the placebo, 1 mg, and 2 mg groups, respectively (P = .924). However, for behavioral problems, there was a significant effect of intervention. The prevalence of children with CBCL scores above the US subclinical cutoff was 12.7%, 2.9%, and 2.7% in the placebo, 1-mg, and 2-mg groups, respectively (P = .027), compared with 3.2% in controls. Relative risk (95% confidence interval) for CBCL score above cutoff in placebo-treated children versus supplemented was 4.5 (1.4-14.2). CONCLUSIONS: Early iron supplementation of marginally LBW infants does not affect cognitive functions at 3.5 years of age but significantly reduces the prevalence of behavioral problems. The study suggests a causal relation between infant iron deficiency and later behavioral problems.

  • 4. Bjerg, Anders
    et al.
    Hedman, Linnea
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
    Perzanowski, Matthew
    Lundback, Bo
    Rönmark, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
    A Strong Synergism of Low Birth Weight and Prenatal Smoking on Asthma in Schoolchildren2011In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 127, no 4, p. E905-E912Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Prenatal smoke exposure is associated with airway inflammation and asthma in children. It also increases the risk of low birth weight (LBW). LBW is associated with decreased lung function independently of smoking.

    OBJECTIVE: To study the independent and joint effects of prenatal smoking and LBW on childhood asthma.

    METHODS: In 1996, all children aged 7 to 8 years in 3 cities in northern Sweden were invited to an International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood questionnaire survey. This study focused on the follow-up of children aged 11 to 12 years, in which 3389 children (96%) participated. A subset of 2121 children underwent skin-prick testing. Self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma has been clinically validated.

    RESULTS: Mean birth weight was 3360 g in children exposed to prenatal smoking and 3571 g in nonexposed children (P < .001). The association of prenatal smoking with physician-diagnosed asthma was stronger in LBW children (risk ratio: 8.8 [95% confidence interval: 2.1-38]) than in normal birth weight children (risk ratio: 1.3 [95% confidence interval: 1.0-1.8]). LBW alone was not an independent predictor of asthma. These associations were similar in multivariate analysis, and the interaction term LBW x smoking was highly statistically significant.

    CONCLUSIONS: There was a strong interaction of LBW and prenatal-smoking on the risk of physician-diagnosed asthma, which has not been demonstrated previously. This was consistently seen with adjustment for known risk factors, including allergic sensitization. Plausibly, airway inflammation from prenatal smoke exposure induces obstructive symptoms more easily in the underdeveloped airways of LBW children.

  • 5. Cohen, Cheryl
    et al.
    Moyes, Jocelyn
    Tempia, Stefano
    Groome, Michelle
    Walaza, Sibongile
    Pretorius, Marthi
    Naby, Fathima
    Mekgoe, Omphile
    Kahn, Kathleen
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health. MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (Agincourt), School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences; INDEPTH Network, Accra, Ghana.
    von Gottberg, Anne
    Wolter, Nicole
    Cohen, Adam L.
    von Mollendorf, Claire
    Venter, Marietjie
    Madhi, Shabir A.
    Epidemiology of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants2016In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 137, no 4, article id e20153272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Increased morbidity and mortality from lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has been suggested in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children; however, the contribution of respiratory viruses is unclear. We studied the epidemiology of LRTI hospitalization in HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) and HEU infants aged <6 months in South Africa. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled hospitalized infants with LRTI from 4 provinces from 2010 to 2013. Using polymerase chain reaction, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for 10 viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA. Incidence for 2010-2011 was estimated at 1 site with population denominators. RESULTS: We enrolled 3537 children aged <6 months. HIV infection and exposure status were determined for 2507 (71%), of whom 211 (8%) were HIV infected, 850 (34%) were HEU, and 1446 (58%) were HUU. The annual incidence of LRTI was elevated in HEU (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-1.5) and HIV infected (IRR 3.8; 95% CI 3.3-4.5), compared with HUU infants. Relative incidence estimates were greater in HEU than HUU, for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; IRR 1.4; 95% CI 1.3-1.6) and human metapneumovirus-associated (IRR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1-2.0) LRTI, with a similar trend observed for influenza (IRR 1.2; 95% CI 0.8-1.8). HEU infants overall, and those with RSV-associated LRTI had greater odds (odds ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.8, and 12.2, 95% CI 1.7-infinity, respectively) of death than HUU. CONCLUSIONS: HEU infants were more likely to be hospitalized and to die in-hospital than HUU, including specifically due to RSV. This group should be considered a high-risk group for LRTI.

  • 6.
    Domellöf, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Jonsson, Baldvin
    The Swedish Approach to Management of Extreme Prematurity at the Borderline of Viability: A Historical and Ethical Perspective2018In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 142, p. S533-S538Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sweden has a long tradition of being at the forefront of the management of extremely preterm infants. In this article, we explore the historical background, ethical discussions, and evidence from national surveys combined with data from quality registers that form the background of the current Swedish guidelines for the care of extremely preterm infants. The current Swedish national guidelines suggest providing active care for preterm infants from 23 weeks' gestation and considering active care from 22 weeks' gestation. The survival of infants in gestational weeks 22 and 23 has increased and now exceed 50% and 60%, respectively; importantly, the Swedish proactive approach to care at the border of viability has not resulted in an increased proportion of functional impairment among survivors.

  • 7.
    Domellöf, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Lönnerdal, Bo
    Dewey, Kathryn G
    Cohen, Roberta J
    Rivera, L Landa
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Sex differences in iron status during infancy.2002In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 110, no 3, p. 545-552Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: It is commonly assumed that there is no difference in iron status between male and female infants, despite a lack of studies addressing this question. OBJECTIVE: To study sex differences in different measures of iron status in infants. METHODS: At 4 months of age, 263 term, breastfed infants (121 Swedish and 142 Honduran) were randomized to receive iron supplements or placebo until 9 months of age. Blood samples at 4, 6, and 9 months of age were analyzed for hemoglobin (Hb), mean cell volume (MCV), zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP), plasma ferritin, and transferrin receptors (TfR). RESULTS: At 4, 6, and 9 months, boys had significantly lower Hb, MCV, and ferritin and higher ZPP and TfR than girls. At 9 months, boys had a 10-fold higher risk of being classified as having iron deficiency anemia. The differences at 9 months in MCV (71.6 vs 75.1 fL) and ZPP (59 vs 49 micro mol/mol heme) remained significant after controlling for iron supplementation, site, growth variables, and other possible confounders. For ferritin, there was a remaining sex difference at 9 months among Swedish (29 vs 53 micro g/L) but not Honduran infants. For Hb and TfR, sex differences at 9 months were larger in unsupplemented infants, especially in those with a birth weight of <3500 g. CONCLUSIONS: There are substantial sex differences in Hb and other indicators of iron status during infancy. Some of these may be genetically determined, whereas others seem to reflect an increased incidence of true iron deficiency in boys.

  • 8.
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Gothefors, Leif
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Chronic conditions, functional limitations, and special health care needs in 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks' gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study.2006In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 118, no 5, p. e1466-e1477Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 9.
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Pediatrik.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Barn- och ungdomspsykiatri.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Gothefors, Leif
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Pediatrik.
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Pediatrik.
    Growth in 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks' gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study.2006In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Pediatrics, ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 118, no 5, p. e1452-e1465Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Gothefors, Leif
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Mental health and social competencies of 10- to 12-year-old children born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation in the 1990s: a Swedish national prospective follow-up study.2007In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 120, no 1, p. 118-133Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    OBJECTIVE: We investigated a national cohort of extremely immature children with respect to behavioral and emotional problems and social competencies, from the perspectives of parents, teachers, and children themselves.

    METHODS: We examined 11-year-old children who were born before 26 completed weeks of gestation in Sweden between 1990 and 1992. All had been evaluated at a corrected age of 36 months. At 11 years of age, 86 of 89 survivors were studied and compared with an equal number of control subjects, matched with respect to age and gender. Behavioral and emotional problems, social competencies, and adaptive functioning at school were evaluated with standardized, well-validated instruments, including parent and teacher report questionnaires and a child self-report, administered by mail.

    RESULTS: Compared with control subjects, parents of extremely immature children reported significantly more problems with internalizing behaviors (anxiety/depression, withdrawn, and somatic problems) and attention, thought, and social problems. Teachers reported a similar pattern. Reports from children showed a trend toward increased depression symptoms compared with control subjects. Multivariate analysis of covariance of parent-reported behavioral problems revealed no interactions, but significant main effects emerged for group status (extremely immature versus control), family function, social risk, and presence of a chronic medical condition, with all effect sizes being medium and accounting for 8% to 12% of the variance. Multivariate analysis of covariance of teacher-reported behavioral problems showed significant effects for group status and gender but not for the covariates mentioned above. According to the teachers' ratings, extremely immature children were less well adjusted to the school environment than were control subjects. However, a majority of extremely immature children (85%) were functioning in mainstream schools without major adjustment problems.

    CONCLUSIONS: Despite favorable outcomes for many children born at the limit of viability, these children are at risk for mental health problems, with poorer school results.

  • 11.
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Sedin, Gunnar
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Impact at age 11 years of major neonatal morbidities in children born extremely preterm2011In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 127, no 5, p. e1247-e1257Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Uncertainty continues regarding the extent to which neonatal morbidities predict poor long-term outcome and functional abilities in extremely preterm infants.

    Objective: The goal of this study was to determine the impact of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), ultrasonographic signs of brain injury, and severe retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) on 11-year outcomes in infants born at <26 weeks' gestation.

    Methods: A total of 247 infants were born alive before 26 completed weeks of gestation from 1990 through 1992 in all of Sweden, and 98 (40%) survived to a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks. Main outcome measures were (1) poor outcome, defined as combined end point of death after 36 weeks' postmenstrual age or survival with at least 1 major disability at 11 years, and (2) consequences of chronic conditions in the survivors according to a validated instrument administered to parents.

    Results: Brain injury and severe ROP but not BPD correlated independently with poor outcome at 11 years of age. Among children who were free from BPD, brain injury, and severe ROP, 10% had a poor outcome. Corresponding rates with any 1, any 2, and all 3 neonatal morbidities were 19%, 58%, and 80%, respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that brain injury and severe ROP were associated with high rates of consequences of chronic conditions.

    Conclusions: In infants born extremely preterm who survive to a postmenstrual age of 36 weeks, severe ROP and brain injury separately predict the risk of death or major disability at 11 years of age. Thus, continued research to determine how to prevent these complications of prematurity is critical.

  • 12. Hafstrom, Maria
    et al.
    Kallen, Karin
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Marsal, Karel
    Rehn, Eva
    Drake, Helen
    Aden, Ulrika
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Thorngren-Jerneck, Kristina
    Stromberg, Bo
    Cerebral Palsy in Extremely Preterm Infants2018In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 141, no 1, article id e20171433Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The risk of cerebral palsy (CP) is high in preterm infants and is often accompanied by additional neurodevelopmental comorbidities. The present study describes lifetime prevalence of CP in a population-based prospective cohort of children born extremely preterm, including the type and severity of CP and other comorbidities (ie, developmental delay and/or cognitive impairment, neurobehavioral morbidity, epilepsy, vision and hearing impairments), and overall severity of disability. In this study, we also evaluate whether age at assessment, overall severity of disability, and available sources of information influence outcome results.

    METHODS: All Swedish children born before 27 weeks’ gestation from 2004 to 2007 were included (the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study). The combination of neonatal information, information from clinical examinations and neuropsychological assessments at 2.5 and 6.5 years of age, original medical chart reviews, and extended chart reviews was used.

    RESULTS: The outcome was identified in 467 (94.5%) of eligible children alive at 1 year of age. Forty-nine (10.5%) children had a lifetime diagnosis of CP, and 37 (76%) were ambulatory. Fourteen (29%) had CP diagnosed after 2.5 years of age, 37 (76%) had at least 1 additional comorbidity, and 27 (55%) had severe disability. The probability for an incomplete evaluation was higher in children with CP compared with children without CP.

    CONCLUSIONS: Children born extremely preterm with CP have various comorbidities and often overall severe disability. The importance of long-term follow-up and of obtaining comprehensive outcome information from several sources in children with disabilities is shown.

  • 13. Helenius, Kjell
    et al.
    Sjörs, Gunnar
    National Quality Registry for Neonatal Care, Department of Pediatrics/Neonatal Services, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
    Shah, Prakesh S
    Modi, Neena
    Reichman, Brian
    Morisaki, Naho
    Kusuda, Satoshi
    Lui, Kei
    Darlow, Brian A
    Bassler, Dirk
    Håkansson, Stellan
    National Quality Registry for Neonatal Care, Department of Pediatrics/Neonatal Services, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden.
    Adams, Mark
    Vento, Maximo
    Rusconi, Franca
    Isayama, Tetsuya
    Lee, Shoo K
    Lehtonen, Liisa
    Survival in very preterm infants: an international comparison of 10 national neonatal networks2017In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 140, no 6, article id e20171264Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: To compare survival rates and age at death among very preterm infants in 10 national and regional neonatal networks.

    METHODS: A cohort study of very preterm infants, born between 24 and 29 weeks' gestation and weighing <1500 g, admitted to participating neonatal units between 2007 and 2013 in the International Network for Evaluating Outcomes of Neonates. Survival was compared by using standardized ratios (SRs) comparing survival in each network to the survival estimate of the whole population.

    RESULTS: Network populations differed with respect to rates of cesarean birth, exposure to antenatal steroids and birth in nontertiary hospitals. Network SRs for survival were highest in Japan (SR: 1.10; 99% confidence interval: 1.08-1.13) and lowest in Spain (SR: 0.88; 99% confidence interval: 0.85-0.90). The overall survival differed from 78% to 93% among networks, the difference being highest at 24 weeks' gestation (range 35%-84%). Survival rates increased and differences between networks diminished with increasing gestational age (GA) (range 92%-98% at 29 weeks' gestation); yet, relative differences in survival followed a similar pattern at all GAs. The median age at death varied from 4 days to 13 days across networks.

    CONCLUSIONS: The network ranking of survival rates for very preterm infants remained largely unchanged as GA increased; however, survival rates showed marked variations at lower GAs. The median age at death also varied among networks. These findings warrant further assessment of the representativeness of the study populations, organization of perinatal services, national guidelines, philosophy of care at extreme GAs, and resources used for decision-making.

  • 14.
    Holsti, Antti
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Adamsson, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Uppsala Univ, Dept Womens & Childrens Hlth, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Chronic Conditions and Health Care Needs of Adolescents Born at 23 to 25 Weeks' Gestation2017In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 139, no 2, article id e20162215Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: We examined chronic conditions, functional limitations, and special health care needs in extremely preterm children (EPT; 23-25 weeks' gestation) born between 1992 and 1998 at 2 Swedish tertiary care centers that offered regional and active perinatal care to all live-born EPT infants. METHODS: Of 134 surviving EPT children, 132 (98%) were assessed at 10 to 15 years of age alongside 103 term-born controls. Identification of children with functional limitations and special health care needs was based on a questionnaire administered to parents. Categorization of medical diagnoses and developmental disabilities was based on child examinations, medical record reviews, and parent questionnaires. RESULTS: In logistic regression analyses adjusting for social risk factors and sex, the EPT children had significantly more chronic conditions than the term-born controls, including functional limitations (64% vs 6%; odds ratio [OR], 15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.1-37.2; P < .001), compensatory dependency needs (60% vs 29%; OR, 3.8; 95% CI, 2.2-6.6; P < .001), and services above those routinely required by children (64% vs 25%; OR, 5.4; 95% CI, 3.0-9.6; P < .001). Specific diagnoses and disabilities for the EPT group versus controls included cerebral palsy (9.1% vs 0%; P < .001), asthma (21.2% vs 6.8%; P = 001), IQ < -2 SD (31.1% vs 4.9%; P < .001), poor motor skills without neurosensory impairment (21.9% vs 1.9%; P < .001), and psychiatric conditions (15.2% vs 1.9%; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents born EPT have considerable long-term health and educational needs. Few had severe impairments that curtailed major activities of daily life.

  • 15.
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Myléus, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Norström, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    van der Pals, Maria
    Rosén, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biosciences, Medical and Clinical Genetics.
    Högberg, Lotta
    Danielsson, Lars
    Halvarsson, Britta
    Hammarroth, Solveig
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Karlsson, Eva
    Stenhammar, Lars
    Webb, Charlotta
    Sandström, Olof
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    Prevalence of childhood celiac disease and changes in infant feeding2013In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 131, no 3, p. e687-e694Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: Between 1984 and 1996, Sweden experienced an "epidemic" of clinical celiac disease in children <2 years of age, attributed partly to changes in infant feeding. Whether infant feeding affects disease occurrence and/or the clinical presentation remains unknown. We investigated and compared the total prevalence of celiac disease in 2 birth cohorts of 12-year-olds and related the findings to each cohort's ascertained infant feeding.

    METHODS: A 2-phase cross-sectional screening study was performed in which 13 279 children from 2 birth cohorts participated: children born during the epidemic (1993) and children born after the epidemic (1997). Previously diagnosed cases were reported and confirmed. Blood samples were analyzed for serological markers and children with positive values were referred for small intestinal biopsy. Infant feeding practices in the cohorts were ascertained via questionnaires. Prevalence comparisons were expressed as prevalence ratios.

    RESULTS: The total prevalence of celiac disease was 29 in 1000 and 22 in 1000 for the 1993 and 1997 cohorts, respectively. Children born in 1997 had a significantly lower risk of having celiac disease compared with those born in 1993 (prevalence ratio: 0.75; 95% confidence interval: 0.60-0.93; P = .01). The cohorts differed in infant feeding (specifically, in the proportion of infants introduced to dietary gluten in small amounts during ongoing breastfeeding).

    CONCLUSIONS: A significantly reduced prevalence of celiac disease in 12-year-olds indicates an option for disease prevention. Our findings suggest that the present infant feeding recommendation to gradually introduce gluten-containing foods from 4 months of age, preferably during ongoing breastfeeding, is favorable.

  • 16.
    Lannering, Katarina
    et al.
    Region Västra Götaland, Children’s Heart Center, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kazamia, Kalliopi
    Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Stockholm-Uppsala, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Bergman, Gunnar
    Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Stockholm-Uppsala, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Östman-Smith, Ingegerd
    Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Liuba, Petru
    Department of Cardiology, Pediatric Heart Center, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Alenius Dahlqvist, Jenny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Elfvin, Anders
    Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Region Västra Götaland, Department of Pediatrics, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Mellander, Mats
    Region Västra Götaland, Children’s Heart Center, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Pediatrics, Institution of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Screening for Critical Congenital Heart Defects in Sweden2023In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 152, no 4, article id e2023061949Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: Early diagnosis of critical congenital heart defects (CCHD) improves survival. We evaluated the relative contributions of prenatal ultrasound, neonatal pulse oximetry screening (POS), and neonatal physical examination (NPE) to the early detection (before discharge) of CCHD in the context of increasing prenatal detection, and POS being a national standard since 2013.

    METHODS: Retrospective, nationwide population-based study. All full-term live-born infants with CCHD in Sweden between 2014 and 2019 were included. CCHD was defined as a congenital heart defect requiring surgery or catheter-based intervention or resulting in death within 28 days of birth.

    RESULTS: Of 630 infants, 89% were diagnosed before discharge or death, 42% prenatally, 11% from early symptoms, 23% by POS, and 14% from NPE after a negative POS. Four (0.6%) died undiagnosed before discharge and 64/630 (10%) were discharged undiagnosed, with 24/64 being readmitted with circulatory failure and causing 1 preoperative death. Coarctation was the most prevalent CCHD (N 5 184), 25% of whom were detected prenatally (12% by POS and 29% by NPE). Two died undiagnosed before discharge and 30% were discharged undiagnosed. Transposition was the second most common defect (N 5 150) and 43% were detected prenatally (33% by POS, 1 by NPE) and 2 died undiagnosed before POS. None was discharged undiagnosed.

    CONCLUSIONS: POS and NPE remain important for the early detection of CCHD complementing prenatal ultrasound screening. Nevertheless, 1 in 10 with CCHD leaves the hospital without a diagnosis, with coarctation being the predominant lesion. Future research on CCHD screening should have a particular focus on this cardiac defect.

  • 17.
    Myleus, Anna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Stenlund, Hans
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Gothefors, Leif
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hammarström, Marie-Louise
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology/Immunchemistry.
    Persson, Lars-åke
    Women's and Children's Health, International Maternal and Child Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Early vaccinations are not risk factors for Celiac Disease2012In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 130, no 1, p. E63-E70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: To investigate if changes in the national Swedish vaccination program coincided with changes in the celiac disease (CD) incidence rate in infants (ie, the Swedish CD Epidemic), and to assess the potential association between these vaccinations and CD risk.

    METHODS: All studies were based on the National Swedish Childhood Celiac Disease Register. Using an ecological approach, we plotted changes over time in the national vaccination program in the graph displaying CD incidence rate. A population-based incident case-referent study of invited infants was performed. Exposure information was received through a questionnaire and child health clinic records. Vaccines explored were diphtheria/tetanus, pertussis (acellular), polio (inactivated), Haemophilus influenzae type b (conjugated), measles/mumps/rubella, and live attenuated bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) in children with increased tuberculosis risk. Findings were subjected to a birth cohort analysis.

    RESULTS: Introduction of pertussis vaccine coincided in time with decreasing CD incidence rates. In the infant case-referent study, however, neither vaccination against pertussis (odds ratio 0.91; 95% confidence interval 0.60-1.4), nor against Haemophilus influenzae type b or measles/mumps/rubella was associated with CD. Coverage for the diphtheria/tetanus and polio vaccines was 99%. BCG was associated with reduced risk for CD (adjusted odds ratio 0.54; 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.94). Discontinuation of general BCG vaccination did not affect the cumulative incidence of CD at age 15 years.

    CONCLUSIONS: Early vaccinations within the national Swedish program were not associated with CD risk, nor could changes in the program explain the Swedish epidemic. A protective effect by BCG was suggested, which could be subject to further studies. Pediatrics 2012;130:e63-e70

  • 18.
    Nilsson, Torbjörn K
    et al.
    Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and School of Health and Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Yngve, Agneta
    Böttiger, Anna K
    Hurtig-Wennlöf, Anita
    Sjöström, Michael
    High folate intake is related to better academic achievement in Swedish adolescents2011In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 128, no 2, p. e358-e365Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Adolescents are vulnerable to increased plasma total homocysteine (tHcy) and to insufficient folate status. Folate status and Hcy metabolism are linked to cognitive functions, but academic achievement by adolescents has not been studied in this respect.

    OBJECTIVE: To assess a possible link between academic achievement in adolescents and tHcy and its determinants, dietary folate intake, MTHFR 677 TT homozygosity, and socioeconomic status (SES).

    SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A study of 386 Swedish adolescents aged 15 years in whom plasma tHcy and MTHFR 677C →T genotype were assayed. The sum of school grades in 10 core subjects obtained in the final semester of compulsory 9 years of schooling was used as outcome measure of academic achievement. Lifestyle and SES data were obtained from questionnaires.

    RESULTS: Academic achievement was strongly correlated to tertiles of tHcy (negatively; P = .023) and to tertiles of folate intake (positively; P < .001). Other significant predictors were gender, smoking, and SES (proxied by school, mother's education, and father's income). When these were controlled for, tertiles of folate intake (P < .002) but not tertiles of tHcy (P = .523) or MTHFR genotype remained significantly related to academic achievement.

    CONCLUSION: Folate intake had a positive association with academic achievement in the 15-year-olds, which was not attenuated by SES or MTHFR 677 TT homozygosity. These results provide new information that points to the importance of keeping a closer watch on folate status in childhood and adolescence. They may also have direct implications for school meal provisions, school teaching programs, and information to parents.

  • 19.
    Olsson, Cecilia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hörnell, Agneta
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.
    Lönnberg, Göran
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Public Health Sciences.
    Difference in celiac disease risk between Swedish birth cohorts suggests an opportunity for primary prevention2008In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 122, no 3, p. 528-34Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: Sweden experienced a unique epidemic of celiac disease in children <2 years of age. The epidemic was partly explained by changes in infant feeding over time and indicated a multifactorial pathogenesis. The main aim of this study was to analyze celiac disease risk in epidemic and postepidemic birth cohorts up to preschool age, to explore further the opportunity for primary prevention. METHODS: A population-based incidence register of celiac disease in children covering the entire nation from 1998 to 2003 and part of the country back to 1973 was analyzed. European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition diagnostic criteria for celiac disease were used. The annual incidence rate for each age group and the cumulative incidence according to age for each birth cohort were calculated. RESULTS: A considerable difference in cumulative incidences of celiac disease at comparable ages was demonstrated between birth cohorts from the epidemic and postepidemic periods. The difference persisted during the preschool years, although it decreased somewhat with age. During the last years of the follow-up period, there was again a successive increase in incidence rate among children <2 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The difference in celiac disease risk between birth cohorts at comparable ages suggests an opportunity for primary prevention. This highlights the importance of further exploring the role of infant feeding and exogenous factors besides dietary gluten that might initiate or prevent disease development. Moreover, on the basis of postepidemic incidence trends, we speculate that the Swedish epidemic might not have been as unique as thought previously, although its magnitude was striking.

  • 20.
    Petersen, Solveig
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Bergström, Erik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Impaired health-related quality of life in children with recurrent pain2009In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 124, no 4, p. e759-e767Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: The goal of the current study was to investigate self-reported, health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in a general population of young schoolchildren with recurrent pain (ie, headache, stomachache, or backache).

    METHODS: The study was performed in Umeå, a university city in Sweden. All children in grades 3 and 6 were invited, and 97% participated (313 girls and 292 boys in grade 3 [mean age: 9.7 years]; 386 girls and 464 boys in grade 6 [mean age: 12.6 years]). Pain and HRQoL were measured with questionnaires.

    RESULTS: Two thirds of the children reported recurrent pain (at least monthly). One third reported weekly pain, and 4 of 10 experienced pain from multiple locations. HRQoL impairment was twice as common among children with recurrent pain, compared with children without pain. All aspects of HRQoL (ie, physical, emotional, social, and school functioning and well-being) were impaired. The level of impairment was classified as considerable, especially for children who experienced pain from multiple body sites and children with weekly pain (Cohen's d = 0.6–0.8).

    CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that young schoolchildren with recurrent pain have considerable impairment of their HRQoL.

  • 21.
    Rosén, Anna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Sandström, Olof
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Carlsson, Annelie
    Högberg, Lotta
    Olén, Ola
    Stenlund, Hans
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Ivarsson, Anneli
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Epidemiology and Global Health.
    Usefulness of symptoms to screen for celiac disease2014In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 133, no 2, p. 211-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: To describe the frequency of symptoms and associated conditions among screening-detected celiac disease (CD) cases and non-CD children and to evaluate questionnaire-based case-finding targeting the general population.

    METHODS: In a population-based CD screening of 12-year-olds, children and their parents completed questionnaires on CD-associated symptoms and conditions before knowledge of CD status. Questionnaire data for those who had their CD detected in the screening (n = 153) were compared with those of children with normal levels of CD markers (n = 7016). Hypothetical case-finding strategies were also evaluated. Questionnaires were returned by 7054 (98%) of the children and by 6294 (88%) of their parents.

    RESULTS: Symptoms were as common among screening-detected CD cases as among non-CD children. The frequency of children with screening-detected CD was similar when comparing the groups with and without any CD-related symptoms (2.1% vs 2.1%; P = .930) or CD-associated conditions (3.6% vs 2.1%; P = .07). Case-finding by asking for CD-associated symptoms and/or conditions would have identified 52 cases (38% of all cases) at a cost of analyzing blood samples for 2282 children (37%) in the study population.

    CONCLUSIONS: The current recommended guidelines for finding undiagnosed CD cases, so-called active case-finding, fail to identify the majority of previously undiagnosed cases if applied in the general population of Swedish 12-year-olds. Our results warrant further studies on the effectiveness of CD case-finding in the pediatric population, both at the clinical and population-based levels.

  • 22.
    Samuelsson, Maria
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Holsti, Antti
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Adamsson, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Serenius, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Hägglöf, Bruno
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.
    Farooqi, Aijaz
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Behavioral Patterns in Adolescents Born at 23 to 25 Weeks of Gestation2017In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 140, no 1, article id e20170199Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: This study examined mental health outcomes in extremely preterm children (EPT) born at 23 to 25 weeks of gestation between 1992 and 1998 at 2 Swedish tertiary care centers that offered regional and active perinatal care to all live-born EPT infants. METHODS; We assessed 132 (98%) of the 134 EPT survivors at 10 to 15 years of age alongside term-born controls. Behavioral and emotional problems were evaluated by using Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist and Teacher Report Form and Conners' Parent and Teacher scales for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. RESULTS: Parents and teachers reported significantly more problems with internalizing behaviors as well as attention, social, and thought problems in EPT children than in controls, even when those with major neurodevelopmental disabilities (NDDs) were excluded. Multivariate analysis of covariance of the behavioral problems reported by parents and teachers revealed no interactions, hut significant main effects emerged for group status (EPT versus control) and sex, with all effect sizes being medium to large and accounting for 8% to 14% of the variance. Compared with the controls, EPT children without NDDs had significantly increased rates of >= 90th percentile for total Conners' attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder problem scores (parents: 40% vs 15%, odds ratio: 3.7, P <.001) (teachers: 24% vs 9%, odds ratio: 3.3, P =.005). The corresponding rates were higher in the total population. CONCLUSIONS: EPT children with or without NDDs had behavioral problems characterized by a higher risk for anxiety and attention, social, and thought problems. These findings further strengthen the proposition that a preterm behavioral phenotype is recognizable in adolescents born EPT.

  • 23.
    Serenius, Fredrik
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Blennow, Mats
    Marsal, Karel
    Sjors, Gunnar
    Kallen, Karin
    Intensity of Perinatal Care for Extremely Preterm Infants: Outcomes at 2.5 Years2015In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 135, no 5, p. E1163-E1172Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between intensity of perinatal care and outcome at 2.5 years' corrected age (CA) in extremely preterm (EPT) infants (<27 weeks) born in Sweden during 2004-2007. METHODS: A national prospective study in 844 fetuses who were alive at the mother's admission for delivery: 707 were live born, 137 were stillborn. Infants were assigned a perinatal activity score on the basis of the intensity of care (rates of key perinatal interventions) in the infant's region of birth. Scores were calculated separately for each gestational week (gestational age [GA]-specific scores) and for the aggregated cohort (aggregated activity scores). Primary outcomes were 1-year mortality and death or neurodevelopmental disability (NDI) at 2.5 years' CA in fetuses who were alive at the mother's admission. RESULTS: Each 5-point increment in GA-specific activity score reduced the stillbirth risk (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.90; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-0.97) and the 1-year mortality risk (aOR: 0.84; 95% CI: 0.78-0.91) in the primary population and the 1-year mortality risk in live-born infants (aOR: 0.86; 95% CI: 0.79-0.93). In health care regions with higher aggregated activity scores, the risk of death or NDI at 2.5 years' CA was reduced in the primary population (aOR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.50-0.96) and in live-born infants (aOR: 0.68; 95% CI: 0.48-0.95). Risk reductions were confined to the 22- to 24-week group. There was no difference in NDI risk between survivors at 2.5 years' CA. CONCLUSIONS: Proactive perinatal care decreased mortality without increasing the risk of NDI at 2.5 years' CA in EPT infants. A proactive approach based on optimistic expectations of a favorable outcome is justified.

  • 24. Shah, Prakesh S.
    et al.
    Kusuda, Satoshi
    Håkansson, Stellan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Reichman, Brian
    Lui, Kei
    Lehtonen, Liisa
    Modi, Neena
    Vento, Maximo
    Adams, Mark
    Rusconi, Franca
    Norman, Mikael
    Darlow, Brian A.
    Lodha, Abhay
    Yang, Junmin
    Bassler, Dirk
    Helenius, Kjell K.
    Isayama, Tetsuya
    Lee, Shoo K.
    Neonatal Outcomes of Very Preterm or Very Low Birth Weight Triplets2018In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 142, no 6, article id e20181938Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: To compare the neonatal outcomes of very preterm triplets with those of matched singletons using a large international cohort. METHODS: A retrospective matched-cohort study of preterm triplets and singletons born between 2007 and 2013 in the International Network for Evaluation of Outcomes in neonates database countries and matched by gestational age, sex, and country of birth was conducted. The primary outcome was a composite of mortality or severe neonatal morbidity (severe neurologic injury, treated retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia). Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for model 1 (maternal hypertension and birth weight z score) and model 2 (variables in model 1, antenatal steroids, and mode of birth). Models were fitted with generalizing estimating equations and random effects modeling to account for clustering. RESULTS: A total of 6079 triplets of 24 to 32 weeks' gestation or 500 to 1499 g birth weight and 18 232 matched singletons were included. There was no difference in the primary outcome between triplets and singletons (23.4% vs 24.0%, adjusted odds ratio: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.83-1.01 for model 1 and 1.00, 95% CI: 0.90-1.11 for model 2). Rates of severe neonatal morbidities did not differ significantly between triplets and singletons. The results were also similar for a subsample of the cohort (1648 triplets and 4944 matched singletons) born at 24 to 28 weeks' gestation. CONCLUSIONS: No significant differences were identified in mortality or major neonatal morbidities between triplets who were very low birth weight or very preterm and matched singletons.

  • 25. Sjöberg, Rickard L
    et al.
    Nilsson, Kent W
    Leppert, Jerzy
    Obesity, shame, and depression in school-aged children: a population-based study.2005In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 116, no 3Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether there is an association between adolescent obesity and depression in a nonclinical population and whether psychosocial and economic status and subjective experiences of shame (defined as experiences of being degraded or ridiculed by others) may account for such an association.

    METHOD: We examined associations between self-reported body mass index (BMI) and depression, controlling for gender, shame, parental employment, parental separation, and economy. The study was performed on a sample of 4703 adolescents (71% of the target population of 15- and 17-year-old students in 1 Swedish County) who answered the Survey of Adolescent Life in Vestmanland 2004.

    RESULTS: Obesity was significantly related to depression and depressive symptoms among 15- and 17-year-olds. Obesity was also significantly related to experiences of shame. All significant association between BMI grouping and depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition disappeared when shaming experiences, parental employment, and parental separation were controlled for. Adolescents who reported many experiences of shame had an increased risk (odds ratio: 11.3; confidence interval: 8.3-14.9) for being depressed.

    CONCLUSIONS: There is a significant statistical association between adolescent obesity and depression. Effects of experiences of shame, parental separation, and parental employment explain this association. These results suggest that clinical treatment of obesity may sometimes not just be a matter of diet and exercise but also of dealing with issues of shame and social isolation.

  • 26. Smith, Lucy K.
    et al.
    Morisaki, Naho
    Morken, Nils-Halvdan
    Gissler, Mika
    Deb-Rinker, Paromita
    Rouleau, Jocelyn
    Håkansson, Stellan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Kramer, Michael R.
    Kramer, Michael S.
    An International Comparison of Death Classification at 22 to 25 Weeks' Gestational Age2018In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 142, no 1, article id e20173324Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: To explore international differences in the classification of births at extremely low gestation and the subsequent impact on the calculation of survival rates.

    METHODS: We used national data on births at 22 to 25 weeks' gestation from the United States (2014; n = 11144), Canada (2009-2014; n = 5668), the United Kingdom (2014-2015; n = 2992), Norway (2010-2014; n = 409), Finland (2010-2015; n = 348), Sweden (2011-2014; n = 489), and Japan (2014-2015; n = 2288) to compare neonatal survival rates using different denominators: all births, births alive at the onset of labor, live births, live births surviving to 1 hour, and live births surviving to 24 hours.

    RESULTS: For births at 22 weeks' gestation, neonatal survival rates for which we used live births as the denominator varied from 3.7% to 56.7% among the 7 countries. This variation decreased when the denominator was changed to include stillbirths (ie, all births [1.8%-22.3%] and fetuses alive at the onset of labor [3.7%-38.2%]) or exclude early deaths and limited to births surviving at least 12 hours (50.0%-77.8%). Similar trends were seen for infants born at 23 weeks' gestation. Variation diminished considerably at 24 and 25 weeks' gestation.

    CONCLUSIONS: International variation in neonatal survival rates at 22 to 23 weeks' gestation diminished considerably when including stillbirths in the denominator, revealing the variation arises in part from differences in the proportion of births reported as live births, which itself is closely connected to the provision of active care.

  • 27. Vogt, Hartmut
    et al.
    Lindstrom, Karolina
    Bråbäck, Lennart
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
    Hjern, Anders
    Preterm Birth and Inhaled Corticosteroid Use in 6- to 19-Year-Olds: A Swedish National Cohort Study2011In: Pediatrics, ISSN 0031-4005, E-ISSN 1098-4275, Vol. 127, no 6, p. 1052-1059Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: Preterm birth is associated with respiratory morbidity later in life, including asthma. Previous studies have mainly focused on asthma in early childhood in children born extremely preterm. In this study, we examined the risk of asthma in a national cohort of schoolchildren grouped according to degree of immaturity expressed as completed gestational weeks at birth. METHODS: This was a register study in a Swedish national cohort of 1 100 826 children 6 to 19 years old. Retrieval of at least 1 prescription of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) during 2006 was used as the main indicator for asthma. Logistic regression was used to test hypotheses, with adjustment for multiple socioeconomic and perinatal indicators. RESULTS: Degree of immaturity, expressed as completed gestational weeks at birth, had an inverse dose-response relationship with ICS use. Compared with children born between 39 and 41 weeks' gestation, the odds ratio for ICS use increased with the degree of prematurity, from 1.10 (95% confidence interval: 1.08-1.13) for children born in weeks 37 to 38, to 2.28 (95% confidence interval: 1.96-2.64) for children born in weeks 23 to 28, after adjustment for confounders. The increase in ICS use with decreasing gestational age at delivery was similar in boys and girls, and declined with older age. CONCLUSION: Preterm birth increased the risk of ICS use in these 6- to 19-year-olds by degree of immaturity, from extremely preterm to early term birth. Pediatrics 2011; 127:1052-1059

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