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  • 1.
    Alvehus, Malin
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Andersson, Therése
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Burén, Jonas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Rask, Eva
    Örebro Univ Hosp, Dept Med, Örebro, Sweden.
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Adipose tissue IL-8 is increased in normal weight women after menopause and reduced after gastric bypass surgery in obese women2012In: Clinical Endocrinology, ISSN 0300-0664, E-ISSN 1365-2265, Vol. 77, no 5, p. 684-690Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective:  The menopausal transition is characterized by increased body fat accumulation, including redistribution from peripheral to central fat depots. This distribution is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease which are linked to low-grade inflammation. We determined whether postmenopausal women have higher levels of inflammatory markers, compared to premenopausal women. We also wanted to determine if these markers are reduced by stable weight loss in obese women. Design and methods:  Anthropometric data, blood samples, and subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from normal weight premenopausal and postmenopausal women and obese women before and 2 years after gastric bypass surgery. Serum protein levels and adipose tissue gene expression of inflammatory markers were investigated. Results:  IL-8 expression in adipose tissue and circulating levels were higher in postmenopausal versus premenopausal women. IL-8 expression was associated with waist circumference, independent of menopausal status. IL-6 expression and serum levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were higher in postmenopausal versus premenopausal women. Two years after gastric bypass surgery, adipose expression of IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α, and MCP-1 decreased significantly. Serum insulin levels were associated with inflammation-related gene expression before gastric bypass surgery, but these associations disappeared after surgery. Conclusion:  Postmenopausal women have an increased inflammatory response in the subcutaneous fat and circulation. Inflammatory markers in adipose tissue decreased significantly after surgery-induced weight loss. This effect may be beneficial for metabolic control and reduced cardiovascular risk after weight loss. © 2011 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

  • 2.
    Andersson, Therese
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    McInnes, Kerry
    Endocrine Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Rask, Eva
    Institutionen för medicin, Örebro universitetssjukhus, Örebro, Sverige.
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Seckl, Jonathan R
    Endocrinology Unit, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Estrogen upregulates 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissues via estrogen receptor βManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 3.
    Andersson, Therése
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Andrew, Ruth
    Strand, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Burén, Jonas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Walker, Brian R
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Tissue-specific increases in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in normal weight postmenopausal women2009In: PloS one, ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 4, no 12, p. e8475-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With age and menopause there is a shift in adipose distribution from gluteo-femoral to abdominal depots in women. Associated with this redistribution of fat are increased risks of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Glucocorticoids influence body composition, and 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) which converts inert cortisone to active cortisol is a putative key mediator of metabolic complications in obesity. Increased 11betaHSD1 in adipose tissue may contribute to postmenopausal central obesity. We hypothesized that tissue-specific 11betaHSD1 gene expression and activity are up-regulated in the older, postmenopausal women compared to young, premenopausal women. Twenty-three pre- and 23 postmenopausal, healthy, normal weight women were recruited. The participants underwent a urine collection, a subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsy and the hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity was estimated by the serum cortisol response after an oral dose of cortisone. Urinary (5alpha-tetrahydrocortisol+5beta-tetrahydrocortisol)/tetrahydrocortisone ratios were higher in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women in luteal phase (P<0.05), indicating an increased whole-body 11betaHSD1 activity. Postmenopausal women had higher 11betaHSD1 gene expression in subcutaneous fat (P<0.05). Hepatic first pass conversion of oral cortisone to cortisol was also increased in postmenopausal women versus premenopausal women in follicular phase of the menstrual cycle (P<0.01, at 30 min post cortisone ingestion), suggesting higher hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity. In conclusion, our results indicate that postmenopausal normal weight women have increased 11betaHSD1 activity in adipose tissue and liver. This may contribute to metabolic dysfunctions with menopause and ageing in women.

  • 4.
    Andersson, Therése
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Simonyté, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Estrogen reduces 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in liver and visceral, but not subcutaneous, adipose tissue in rats2010In: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), ISSN 1930-7381, Vol. 18, no 3, p. 470-475Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Following menopause, body fat is redistributed from peripheral to central depots. This may be linked to the age related decrease in estrogen levels. We hypothesized that estrogen supplementation could counteract this fat redistribution through tissue-specific modulation of glucocorticoid exposure. We measured fat depot masses and the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid-activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) in fat and liver of ovariectomized female rats treated with or without 17beta-estradiol. 11betaHSD1 converts inert cortisone, or 11-dehydrocorticosterone in rats into active cortisol and corticosterone. Estradiol-treated rats gained less weight and had significantly lower visceral adipose tissue weight than nontreated rats (P < 0.01); subcutaneous adipose weight was unaltered. In addition, 11betaHSD1 activity/expression was downregulated in liver and visceral, but not subcutaneous, fat of estradiol-treated rats (P < 0.001 for both). This downregulation altered the balance of 11betaHSD1 expression and activity between adipose tissue depots, with higher levels in subcutaneous than visceral adipose tissue of estradiol-treated animals (P < 0.05 for both), opposite the pattern in ovariectomized rats not treated with estradiol (P < 0.001 for mRNA expression). Thus, estrogen modulates fat distribution, at least in part, through effects on tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism, suggesting that estrogen replacement therapy could influence obesity related morbidity in postmenopausal women.

  • 5. Bzioueche, Hanene
    et al.
    Sjödin, Kotryna Simonyte
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    West, Christina E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Khemis, Abdallah
    Rocchi, Stéphane
    Passeron, Thierry
    Tulic, Meri K.
    Analysis of Matched Skin and Gut Microbiome of Patients with Vitiligo Reveals Deep Skin Dysbiosis: Link with Mitochondrial and Immune Changes2021In: Journal of Investigative Dermatology, ISSN 0022-202X, E-ISSN 1523-1747, Vol. 141, no 9, p. 2280-2290Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Vitiligo is an autoimmune disease characterized by patchy, white skin owing to melanocyte loss. Commensal cutaneous or gut dysbiosis has been linked to various dermatological disorders. In this study, we studied the skin and gut microbiota of patients with vitiligo compared with those of healthy controls. We obtained swabs and biopsies from both lesional and nonlesional skin as well as stool and blood samples from each individual. We detected reduced richness and diversity of microbiota in the stools of subjects with vitiligo compared with the stools of the controls (P < 0.01). Skin swabs had greater α-diversity than biopsies (P < 0.001); swabs from lesional sites were primarily depleted of Staphylococcus compared with those from nonlesional sites (P < 0.02). Sampling deeper layers from the same patients showed differences in both α- and β-diversity between samples with decreased richness and distribution of species (P < 0.01) in the lesional site. Biopsy microbiota from the lesional skin had distinct microbiota composition, which was depleted of protective Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides but was enriched in Proteobacteria, Streptococcus, Mycoplasma, and mtDNA (P < 0.001); the latter increased in the same patients with heightened innate immunity and stress markers in their blood (P < 0.05). These data describe vitiligo-specific cutaneous and gut microbiota and a link between skin dysbiosis, mitochondrial damage, and immunity in patients with vitiligo.

  • 6.
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Reynolds, Rebecca M
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Walker, Brian R
    Combined receptor antagonist stimulation of the HPA axis test identifies impaired negative feedback sensitivity to cortisol in obese men2009In: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 0021-972X, E-ISSN 1945-7197, Vol. 94, no 4, p. 1347-1352Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Context: Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation may underlie disorders including obesity, depression, cognitive decline and the metabolic syndrome. Conventional tests of HPA axis negative feedback rely on glucocorticoid receptor (GR) agonists such as dexamethasone, but do not test feedback by endogenous cortisol, potentially mediated by both GR and mineralocorticoid receptors (MR).

    Objective: To use a combination of GR (RU38486, mifepristone) and MR (spironolactone) antagonists to explore the poorly understood activation of the HPA axis that occurs in obesity.

    Design: Double blind, placebo-controlled randomized cross-over study.

    Setting: Clinical research facility.

    Participants: 15 lean (BMI 22.0+/-1.6 kg/m(2)) and 16 overweight/obese (BMI 30.1+/-3.5 kg/m(2)) men.

    Intervention: Subjects attended on four occasions for blood and saliva sampling every 30 minutes between 1800h and 2200h. At 1100h and 1600h before visits subjects took either 200mg spironolactone, 400mg RU38486, 200mg spironolactone + 400mg RU38486, or placebo orally.

    Main outcome measures: serum cortisol levels following drug or placebo.

    Results: Cortisol levels did not differ between lean and obese following placebo. Spironolactone and RU38486 alone had modest effects, increasing cortisol by <50% in both groups. However, combined spironolactone plus RU38486 elevated cortisol concentrations substantially, moreso in lean than obese men (2.9(0.3) vs 2.2(0.3) fold elevation, p=0.002).

    Conclusions: Combined receptor antagonist stimulation of the HPA axis reveals redundancy of MR and GR in negative feedback in humans. Obese men have impaired responses to combined receptor antagonist stimulation, suggesting impaired negative feedback by endogenous cortisol. Such an approach may be useful to dissect abnormal HPA axis control in neuropsychiatric and other disorders.

  • 7. McInnes, Kerry J.
    et al.
    Andersson, Therese C.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Seckl, Jonathan R.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Association of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I expression and activity with estrogen receptor beta in adipose tissue from postmenopausal women2012In: Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause, ISSN 1072-3714, E-ISSN 1530-0374, Vol. 19, no 12, p. 1347-1352Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: 11 beta-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I (11 beta HSD1) regenerates active cortisol from inert cortisone in adipose tissue. Elevated adipose tissue 11 beta HSD1 activity is observed in obese humans and rodents, where it is linked to obesity and its metabolic consequences. Menopause is also associated with increased abdominal fat accumulation, suggesting that estrogen is also important in adipose tissue metabolism. The purpose of this current study was to establish whether estrogen signaling through estrogen receptor alpha (ER-alpha) and estrogen receptor beta (ER-beta) could influence 11 beta HSD1 in premenopausal and postmenopausal adipose tissues. Methods: Nineteen premenopausal (aged 26 +/- 5 y; body mass index, 23.6 +/- 1.6 kg/m(2)) and 23 postmenopausal (aged 63 +/- 4 y; body mass index, 23.4 +/- 1.9 kg/m(2)) healthy women were studied. Subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies and fasting venous blood samples were taken. Body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocyte cells were treated with ER-alpha- and ER-beta-specific agonists for 24 hours. Basic anthropometric data, serum 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone concentrations, ER-alpha and ER-beta messenger RNA (mRNA) levels, and 11 beta HSD1 mRNA, protein, and activity levels were assessed. Results: ER-beta and 11 beta HSD1, but not ER-alpha, mRNAs were significantly increased in adipose tissue from postmenopausal women compared with premenopausal women. ER-beta had a significant positive correlation with the mRNA level of 11 beta HSD1 in adipose tissue from premenopausal and postmenopausal women. This association between ER-beta and 11 beta HSD1 was greatest in adipose tissue from postmenopausal women. In human Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome adipocytes, diarylpropiolnitrile, a selective ER-beta agonist, increased 11 beta HSD1 mRNA, protein, and activity levels. Conclusions: We conclude that, in adipose tissue, ER-beta-mediated estrogen signaling can up-regulate 11 beta HSD1 and that this may be of particular importance in postmenopausal women.

  • 8. Rask, E
    et al.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Lönn, L
    Axelson, M
    Cortisol metabolism after weight loss: associations with 11 beta-HSD type 1 and markers of obesity in women2013In: Clinical Endocrinology, ISSN 0300-0664, E-ISSN 1365-2265, Vol. 78, no 5, p. 700-705Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective Increased glucocorticoid metabolite excretion and enhanced expression and activity of 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 in adipose tissue are closely correlated with obesity and its detrimental consequences. Weight loss ameliorates the latter. The aim of this study was to explore whether increased glucocorticoid exposure in obesity is improved with substantial weight loss and thus is a consequence rather than a cause of obesity. Design and patients A prospective cohort study in 31 women. Measurements 11-HSD type 1 expression and activity, urinary glucocorticoid metabolite excretion, body composition including regional adipose tissue depots and insulin resistance by HOMA-IR before and 2years after gastric bypass surgery. Results After weight loss, excretion of cortisol and cortisone metabolites decreased. Both cortisol and cortisone metabolite excretion correlated with central obesity, where the intraabdominal fat depot showed the strongest association. Cortisol metabolites correlated with 11-HSD type 1 activity in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. The ratio of cortisol to cortisone metabolites [(5-tetrahydrocortisol (5THF)+tetrahydrocortisol (THF)+-cortol)/(tetrahydrocortisone (THE)+-cortolone)] and the ratio of 5-THF/THF both decreased after stable weight loss, reflecting a downregulation of the net activities of 11-HSD type 1 and 5-reductase. Conclusion Long-term weight loss in women is not only followed by reduced glucocorticoid production, but also favourably decreases the global and tissue-specific activity of the cortisol-activating enzyme 11 -HSD type 1, possibly contributing to the health benefits of bariatric surgery.

  • 9.
    Rojo, Maria Luisa
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Cipriano, Mariateresa
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology.
    Söderstrom, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Fowler, Christopher J.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Pharmacology.
    Effects of dietary glucose and fructose upon cannabinoid CB1 receptor functionality in the rat brain: a pilot study2014In: Life Sciences, ISSN 0024-3205, E-ISSN 1879-0631, Vol. 108, no 2, p. 116-121Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims: A high consumption of fructose leads not only to peripheral changes in insulin sensitivity and vascular function, but also to central changes in several brain regions. Given the role of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the control of energy intake, we undertook a pilot study to determine whether a high fructose diet produced changes in brain CB1 receptor functionality. Main methods: Male rats given access ad libitum to normal chow were given either water, glucose or fructose solutions to drink. CBI receptor functionality was measured autoradiographically as the increase in [35SJGTP)/S binding produced by the agonist CP55,940. Key findings: Seven regions were investigated: the prefrontal cortex, caudate-putamen, hippocampal CAI-CA3, dentate gyrus, amygdala, and dorsomedial and ventromedial hypothalami. Two-way robust Wilcoxon analyses for each brain region indicated that the dietary treatment did not produce significant main effects upon agonist-stimulated [35S]GThyS binding in any of the regions, in contrast to a significant main effect upon both leptin and adiponectin levels in the blood. However, a MANCOVA of the data controlling for leptin and adiponectin as co-variables identified a significant effect of glucose and fructose treatment for five weeks upon the [35S]GTPI/S response in the ventromedial hypothalamus, a region of importance for regulation of appetite. Significance: It is concluded from this pilot study that palatable solutions do not produce overt changes in brain CBI receptor functionality, although subtle changes in discrete brain regions may occur.

  • 10.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Näslund, Ingmar
    Angelhed, Jan-Erik
    Lönn, Lars
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Rask, Eva
    Weight loss after gastric bypass surgery in women is followed by a metabolically favorable decrease in 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue2010In: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, ISSN 0021-972X, E-ISSN 1945-7197, Vol. 95, no 7, p. 3527-3531Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Weight loss after gastric bypass surgery was followed by metabolically favorable changes in insulin sensitivity, circulating leptin and adiponectin, and peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism. A significant reduction in 11beta-HSD1 expression was observed in sc adipose tissue after weight loss. This suggests that up-regulation of 11beta-HSD1 is a consequence, rather than a cause, of obesity.

  • 11.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Rask, Eva
    Näslund, Ingmar
    Angelhed, Jan-Erik
    Lönn, Lars
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Mattsson, Cecilia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Obesity is accompanied by disturbances in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism and changes in FA recycling2009In: Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.), ISSN 1930-7381, Vol. 17, no 11, p. 1982-1987Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The glucocorticoid activating enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11betaHSD1) is of major interest in obesity-related morbidity. Alterations in tissue-specific cortisol levels may influence lipogenetic and gluco/glyceroneogenetic pathways in fat and liver. We analyzed the expression and activity of 11betaHSD1 as well as the expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), sterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP), and fatty acid synthase (FAS) in adipose and liver and investigated putative associations between 11betaHSD1 and energy metabolism genes. A total of 33 obese women (mean BMI 44.6) undergoing gastric bypass surgery were enrolled. Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), omental fat (omental adipose tissue (OmAT)), and liver biopsies were collected during the surgery. 11betaHSD1 gene expression was higher in SAT vs. OmAT (P = 0.013), whereas the activity was higher in OmAT (P = 0.009). The SAT 11betaHSD1 correlated with waist circumference (P = 0.045) and was an independent predictor for the OmAT area in a linear regression model. Energy metabolism genes had AT depot-specific expression; higher leptin and SREBP in SAT than OmAT, but higher PEPCK in OmAT than SAT. The expression of 11betaHSD1 correlated with PEPCK in both AT depots (P = 0.05 for SAT and P = 0.0001 for OmAT). Hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity correlated negatively with abdominal adipose area (P = 0.002) and expression positively with PEPCK (P = 0.003). In human obesity, glucocorticoid regeneration in the SAT is associated with central fat accumulation indicating that the importance of this specific fat depot is underestimated. Central fat accumulation is negatively associated with hepatic 11betaHSD1 activity. A disturbance in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism is associated with changes in genes involved in fatty acid (FA) recycling in adipose tissue (AT).

  • 12.
    Simonyté, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Alterations in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism: effects of weight changes2011Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: An important role has been suggested for tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism in the development of obesity and its complications. 11ß hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (11ßHSD1) is an enzyme that catalyzes the interconversion of biologically inactive cortisone to active cortisol, thereby regulating its access to glucocorticoid receptors in target tissues. Indeed, an unfavorable metabolic outcome has been associated with increased 11ßHSD1 gene expression and activity in adipose tissue and liver in humans and rodents. Cortisol is an important regulator of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) a key enzyme in gluconeogenesis and lipid metabolism. In rodents, overexpression of PEPCK in adipose tissue leads to adiposity and increased fatty acid re-esterification. In human obesity, PEPCK has been positively associated with body fat, total cholesterol levels, and plasma triglycerides. However, few studies have addressed the putative reversibility of peripheral cortisol levels and disturbed fatty acid homeostasis that may accompany weight loss. The aim of this thesis was to investigate alterations in peripheral glucocorticoid metabolism in the context of obesity, and putative modulations of glucocorticoid metabolism in the context of weight changes in humans and rodents.

    Materials & Methods: 11ßHSD1 expression/activity in different adipose tissue depots and liver, the expression of genes involved in adipogenesis and fatty acid homeostasis, and serum levels of adipose tissue-derived adipokines were investigated in severely obese women before and after surgically induced weight loss. The same parameters were measured in female Sprague-Dawley rats fed on high-fat and control diets.

    Results: In severely obese women, 11ßHSD1 expression was higher in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), while 11ßHSD1 activity and PEPCK expression were higher in the omental depot. In a multivariate analysis, SAT 11ßHSD1 activity was an independent predictor for central fat accumulation. Hepatic 11ßHSD1 activity and levels of intra-abdominal fat storage correlated negatively, while 11ßHSD1 correlated positively with PEPCK in adipose tissue and liver. Weight loss after gastric bypass surgery was followed by significant and metabolically beneficial reductions in subcutaneous 11ßHSD1 and leptin gene expression, as well as reduced circulating leptin and increased adiponectin levels. In contrast, PEPCK gene expression did not change with weight loss. In rats, a high-fat diet did not affect body weight, but was associated with increased serum leptin and decreased adiponectin levels. Short-term, high-fat diet feeding resulted in the up-regulation of SAT 11ßHSD1 expression, while chronic feeding led to its significant down-regulation (compared with the control diet and short-term, high-fat feeding). Interestingly, hepatic 11ßHSD1 expression was constantly downregulated in rats that were fed a high-fat diet.

    Conclusions: Severe obesity in women was accompanied by a metabolically adverse increase of 11ßHSD1 in adipose tissue, with a concomitant decrease in the liver. Subcutaneous 11ßHSD1 was an independent predictor for central fat accumulation. As weight loss was followed by significant down-regulation of subcutaneous 11ßHSD1, we suggest that up-regulation of this enzyme was a consequence, rather than a cause of obesity. In rodents, a high-fat diet induced dynamic changes in 11ßHSD1 in SAT and liver, both being down-regulated after chronic high-fat feeding without altered weight. In summary, weight changes and alterations in fat and liver glucocorticoid metabolism are closely linked. Moreover, a high-fat diet significantly influences 11ßHSD1 expression/activity in adipose tissue and liver without affecting body weight.

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  • 13.
    Simonyté, Kotryna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Söderström, Ingegerd
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Division of CBRN Security and Defense, FOI-Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden .
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Short- and long-term effects of high-fat diet on 11ßHSD1 expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue and liver of female Sprague-Dawley ratsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 14.
    Simonyté Sjödin, Kotryna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hammarström, Marie-Louise
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Immunology/Immunchemistry.
    Rydén, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
    Sjödin, A.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Engstrand, L.
    West, Christina E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Temporal and long-term gut microbiota variation in allergic disease: a prospective study from infancy to school age2019In: Allergy. European Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, ISSN 0105-4538, E-ISSN 1398-9995, Vol. 74, no 1, p. 176-185Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Compositional changes in the early‐life gut microbiota have been implicated in IgE‐associated allergic diseases, but there is lack of longitudinal studies. We examined gut microbiota development from infancy to school age in relation to onset of IgE‐associated allergic diseases. At 8 years of age, we also examined the relationship between gut microbiota and T‐cell regulation, estimated as responses to polyclonal T‐cell activation.

    Methods: Stool samples were collected from 93 children at 4, 6, 13 months, and 8 years of age. The gut microbiota was profiled using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Peripheral blood was drawn from all children, and mononuclear cells were polyclonally activated. Levels of IL‐10 and FOXP3 mRNA copies were determined using real‐time quantitative reverse transcriptase‐PCR.

    Results: At 8 years of age, 21 children were diagnosed with IgE‐associated allergic disease and 90% displayed allergic comorbidity. Seventy‐two children were nonallergic and nonsensitized. Statistical tests with multiple testing corrections demonstrated temporal underrepresentation of Ruminococcus and consistent underrepresentation of Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Coprococcus in allergic compared to nonallergic children from infancy to school age. The gut microbiota of the allergic 8‐year‐olds was enriched in Bifidobacteriumand depleted of Lactobacillus, Enterococcus, and Lachnospira. In allergic 8‐year-olds, Faecalibacterium correlated with IL‐10 mRNA levels (rs = 0.49, Padj = 0.02) with the same trend for FOXP3 (rs = 0.39, Padj = 0.08).

    Conclusions: We identified both temporal and long‐term variation in the differential abundance of specific bacterial genera in children developing IgE‐associated allergic disease. Improved dietary interventions aiming at expanding immune‐modulatory taxa could be studied for prevention of allergic disease.

  • 15.
    Sjödin, Kotryna Simonyte
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Domellöf, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Lagerqvist, Carina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Lönnerdal, Bo
    Szymlek-Gay, Ewa A.
    Sjödin, Andreas
    West, Christina E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Lind, Torbjörn
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Administration of ferrous sulfate drops has significant effects on the gut microbiota of iron-sufficient infants: a randomised controlled study2019In: Gut, ISSN 0017-5749, E-ISSN 1468-3288, Vol. 68, no 11Article in journal (Refereed)
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  • 16.
    Sjödin, Kotryna Simonyte
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Vidman, Linda
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
    Rydén, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
    West, Christina E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Emerging evidence of the role of gut microbiota in the development of allergic diseases2016In: Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology, ISSN 1528-4050, E-ISSN 1473-6322, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 390-395Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose of review The purpose is to review recent studies examining the role of gut microbiota in allergic diseases and asthma.

    Recent findings Work in experimental models gives further evidence that a disturbed gut microbiota influences the propensity to develop allergic manifestations, and that changing the gut microbiota by dietary means (high fiber/acetate or prebiotics) in pregnancy may reduce the risk of allergic airways disease and food allergy in the offspring, respectively. The gut microbiome in established allergic disease and prior to disease onset has also been assessed in clinical trials. One study demonstrated a strong association between high abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and decreased levels of butyrate and propionate, and established eczema. Lower relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae appears to be implicated in food sensitization and to precede the development of atopic eczema. Decreased relative abundance of Lachnospira, Veillonella, Faecalibacterium, and Rothia in early infancy was reported to be associated with increased asthma risk. Inoculation of germ-free mice with these genera decreased airway inflammation in their offspring thereby proposing a causal role of bacteria in preventing allergic airways disease.

    Summary Gut microbiome research is an actively developing field. Although candidate bacterial taxa have been reported it still remains unclear which bacteria (or other microbes), in which numbers and combinations, and when during the gut colonization process may prevent allergic diseases and asthma. There is still a call for standardized approaches that will enable direct comparison of different studies.

  • 17.
    Sjödin, Kotryna Simonyté
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics. Division of CBRN Security and Defense, FOI - Swedish Defense Research Agency, Umeå, Sweden.
    Ruszczyński, Marek
    Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
    Kristensen, Mette Bach
    Aarhus, Denmark.
    Hernell, Olle
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Szajewska, Hania
    Department of Paediatrics, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
    West, Christina E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
    Targeting the gut-lung axis by synbiotic feeding to infants in a randomized controlled trial2023In: BMC Biology, E-ISSN 1741-7007, Vol. 21, no 1, article id 38Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Formula-fed infants are at increased risk of infections. Due to the cross-talk between the mucosal systems of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, adding synbiotics (prebiotics and probiotics) to infant formula may prevent infections even at distant sites. Infants that were born full term and weaned from breast milk were randomized to prebiotic formula (fructo- and galactooligosaccharides) or the same prebiotic formula with Lactobacillus paracasei ssp. paracasei F19 (synbiotics) from 1 to 6 months of age. The objective was to examine the synbiotic effects on gut microbiota development. RESULTS: Fecal samples collected at ages 1, 4, 6, and 12 months were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and a combination of untargeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. These analyses revealed that the synbiotic group had a lower abundance of Klebsiella, a higher abundance of Bifidobacterium breve compared to the prebiotic group, and increases in the anti-microbial metabolite d-3-phenyllactic acid. We also analyzed the fecal metagenome and antibiotic resistome in the 11 infants that had been diagnosed with lower respiratory tract infection (cases) and 11 matched controls using deep metagenomic sequencing. Cases with lower respiratory tract infection had a higher abundance of Klebsiella species and antimicrobial resistance genes related to Klebsiella pneumoniae, compared to controls. The results obtained using 16S rRNA gene amplicon and metagenomic sequencing were confirmed in silico by successful recovery of the metagenome-assembled genomes of the bacteria of interest. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the additional benefit of feeding specific synbiotics to formula-fed infants over prebiotics only. Synbiotic feeding led to the underrepresentation of Klebsiella, enrichment of bifidobacteria, and increases in microbial degradation metabolites implicated in immune signaling and in the gut-lung and gut-skin axes. Our findings support future clinical evaluation of synbiotic formula in the prevention of infections and associated antibiotic treatment as a primary outcome when breastfeeding is not feasible. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01625273. Retrospectively registered on 21 June 2012.

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  • 18.
    Stomby, Andreas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Simonyte, Kotryna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Mellberg, Caroline
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Ryberg, Mats
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Stimson, R H
    Larsson, Christel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition. Department of Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Lindahl, Bernt
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Occupational and Environmental Medicine.
    Andrew, R
    Walker, B R
    Olsson, Tommy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine.
    Diet-induced weight loss has chronic tissue-specific effects on glucocorticoid metabolism in overweight postmenopausal women2015In: International Journal of Obesity, ISSN 0307-0565, E-ISSN 1476-5497, Vol. 39, no 5, p. 814-819Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background/Objectives: Tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism is altered in obesity, and may increase cardiovascular risk. This dysregulation is normalized by short-term calorie restriction and weight loss, an effect that varies with dietary macronutrient composition. However, tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism has not been studied during long-term (>6 months) dietary interventions. Therefore our aim was to test whether long-term dietary interventions, either a paleolithic-type diet (PD) or a diet according to Nordic nutrition recommendations (NNR) could normalize tissue-specific glucocorticoid metabolism in overweight and obese women.

    Subjects/Methods: Forty-nine overweight/obese postmenopausal women were randomized to a paleolithic diet or a diet according to NNR for 24 months. At baseline, 6 and 24 months anthropometric measurements, insulin sensitivity, excretion of urinary glucocorticoid metabolites in 24-hour collections, conversion of orally administered cortisone to plasma cortisol and transcript levels of 11β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in subcutaneous adipose tissue were studied.

    Results: Both diet groups achieved significant and sustained weight loss. Weight loss with the PD was greater than on NNR diet after 6 months (P<0.001) but similar at 24 months. Urinary measurement of 5α-reductase activity was increased after 24 months in both groups compared with baseline (P<0.001). Subcutaneous adipose tissue 11βHSD1 gene expression decreased at 6 and 24 months in both diet groups (P=0.036). Consistent with increased liver 11βHSD1, conversion of oral cortisone to cortisol increased at 6 months (P=0.023) but was unchanged compared with baseline by 24 months.

    Conclusions: Long-term weight loss in postmenopausal women has tissue-specific and time-dependent effects on glucocorticoid metabolism. This may alter local-tissue cortisol exposure contributing to improved metabolic function during weight loss.

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