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  • 1.
    Blomstedt, Patric
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Lindvall, Peter
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Linder, Jan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Forsgren, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Hariz, Marwan I.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Reoperation after failed deep brain stimulation for essential tremor2012In: World Neurosurgery, ISSN 1878-8750, Vol. 78, no 5, p. 554.e1-554.e5Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of reoperation with deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the caudal zona incerta (cZi) in patients with failed DBS in the ventral intermediate (Vim) nucleus of the thalamus for essential tremor. METHODS: The results of reoperation with cZi DBS in five patients with failed Vim DBS were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: Two patients had early failure of Vim DBS, and three after several years of good effect. The mean deviation from the atlas Vim target point was 1.4 mm. Before the reoperation Vim DBS improved hand function and tremor in the treated hand at 25 %, whereas cZi DBS achieved an improvement of 57%. Although cZi was more efficient than Vim DBS, also in the patients with late failure of Vim DBS, they still exhibited a considerable residual tremor on cZi DBS. CONCLUSIONS: The effect on tremor was, in this small sample population, improved by implanting an electrode in the cZi. The effect was modest in those patients suffering a deterioration years after the initial operation.

  • 2.
    Blomstedt, Patric
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Sailer, Alexandra
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Hariz, Marwan I
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Dittmar and the history of stereotaxy: or rats, rabbits, and references2007In: Neurosurgery, ISSN 0148-396X, E-ISSN 1524-4040, Vol. 60, no 1, p. 198-201Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The renaissance of stereotactic functional neurosurgery has resulted in increased interest in its origins. Twenty articles concerning this field trace the history back to a paper published in 1873 by Dittmar: “Über die Lage des sogenannten Gefaesszentrums in der Medulla oblongata” [On the location of the so-called vasomotor center in the medulla oblongata]. Few facts are presented. But, taken together, the impression given by the secondary sources is that Dittmar, in 1873, presented a guiding device for localization of intracranial structures for the positioning of electrodes/blades in the medulla oblongata in rats. Of the publications that cite Dittmar's original article as their only quoted source, half did not specify the inserted object and the animal of the experiment. The remaining articles reported either that the introduced object was an electrode or that the experiments were performed on rats. Dittmar's original article, however, did not report use of his apparatus for insertion of electrodes, nor did he use rats. All experiments were performed by making incisions in the medulla oblongata in rabbits. Dittmar's apparatus was constructed to allow more precision when performing incisions in the medulla oblongata than could be obtained performing incisions freehand. The incision point was chosen and the blade introduced with direct visual guidance. This has been described as “spatial localization of intracranial structures,” “a special targeting instrument,” or simply, “a guiding device.” In our opinion, it can most properly be classified as a supportive arm.

  • 3.
    Bobinski, Lukas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Dynamics of brain tissue changes induced by traumatic brain injury assessed with the Marshall, Morris-Marshall, and the Rotterdam classifications and its impact on outcome in a prostacyclin placebo-controlled study2012In: Acta Neurochirurgica, ISSN 0001-6268, E-ISSN 0942-0940, Vol. 154, no 6, p. 1069-1079Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present study evaluates the types and dynamics of intracranial pathological changes in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) who participated in a prospective, randomized, double-blinded study of add-on treatment with prostacyclin. Further, the changes of brain CT scan and their correlation to Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS), maximal intracranial pressure (ICPmax), minimal cerebral perfusion pressure (CPPmin), and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3, 6, and 12 months were studied. Forty-eight subjects with severe traumatic brain injury were treated according to an ICP-targeted therapy protocol based on the Lund concept with the addition of prostacyclin or placebo. The first available CT scans (CTi) and follow-up scans nearest to 24 h (CT24) were evaluated using the Marshall, Rotterdam, and Morris-Marshall classifications. There was a significant correlation of the initial Marshall, Rotterdam, Morris-Marshall classifications and GOS at 3 and 12 months. The CT24 Marshall classification did not significantly correlate to GOS while the Rotterdam and the Morris-Marshall classification did. The CTi Rotterdam classification predicted outcome evaluated as GOS at 3 and 12 months. Prostacyclin treatment did not influence the dynamic of tissue changes. The Rotterdam classification seems to be appropriate for describing the evolution of the injuries on the CT scans and contributes in predicting of outcome in patients treated with an ICP-targeted therapy. The Morris-Marshall classification can also be used for prognostication of outcome but it describes only the impact of traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (tSAH).

  • 4.
    Bobinski, Lukas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Rotterdam score, ICP, CPP, S-100B, NSE and their association with Decompressive Craniectomy in severe Traumatic Brain InjuryManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Brorsson, Camilla
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Rodling-Wahlström, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Severe traumatic brain injury: consequences of early adverse events2011In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-5172, E-ISSN 1399-6576, Vol. 55, no 8, p. 944-951Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Several factors associated with an unfavourable outcome after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) have been described: prolonged pre-hospital time, secondary referral to a level 1 trauma centre, the occurrence of secondary insults such as hypoxia, hypotension or low end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO(2)). To determine whether adverse events were linked to outcome, patients with severe TBI were studied before arrival at a level 1 trauma centre.

    Methods: Prospective, observational study design. Patients with severe TBI (n = 48), admitted to Umea University Hospital between January 2002 to December 2005 were included. All medical records from the site of the accident to arrival at the level 1 trauma centre were collected and evaluated.

    Results: A pre-hospital time of >60 min, secondary referral to a level 1 trauma centre, documented hypoxia (oxygen saturation <95%), hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), hyperventilation (ETCO(2) <4.5 kPa) or tachycardia (heart rate >100 beats/min) at any time before arrival at a level 1 trauma centre were not significantly related to an unfavourable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1-3).

    Conclusion: Early adverse events before arrival at a level 1 trauma centre were without significance for outcome after severe TBI in the trauma system studied.

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  • 6. Grenander, A.
    et al.
    Bredbacka, S.
    Rydvall, A.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Aroch, R.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Edner, G.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, M.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Antithrombin treatment in patients with traumatic brain injury: a pilot study2001In: J Neurosurg Anesthesiol, Vol. 13, no 1, p. 49-56Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study will determine if early administration of antithrombin concentrate to patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) can inhibit or significantly shorten the time of coagulopathy. The progress of brain injury monitored by computed tomographic scan (CT) was also assessed, as was the time needed for intensive care and outcome related to Glasgow outcome scale (GOS). Twenty-eight patients with isolated brain trauma verified with CT were included in either of two parallel groups. The Glasgow coma score (GCS) was mean 7.5, and median 7.0; signifying a moderate to severe traumatic brain injury but with a mortality of only 3.5%. The patients randomized to antithrombin treatment received a total of 100 U/kg BW during 24 hours. To measure hypercoagulability, soluble fibrin (SF), D-dimer (D-d), and thrombin-antithrombin complex (TAT) were assessed together with antithrombin (AT) and routine coagulation tests. Before treatment, SF, D-d, and TAT were markedly increased in both groups. Soluble fibrin and D-dimer (measured after treatment began) appeared to decrease faster in the AT group, and there was a statistically significant difference between the groups at 36 hours for SF and at 36 hours, 48 hours, and at Day 3 for D-d. Thrombin-antithrombin complex levels were very high in both groups but, surprisingly, showed no significant difference between the groups. The authors conclude that antithrombin concentrate administered to patients with severe TBI resulted in a marginal reduction of hypercoagulation. We could not detect any obvious influence by antithrombin on brain injury progress, on CT, or on outcome or time needed for intensive care.

  • 7. Hung, Noelyn
    et al.
    Chen, Yu-Jen
    Taha, Ahmad
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Boet, Ronald
    Wiles, Anna
    Warr, Tracy
    Shaw, Alisha
    Eiholzer, Ramona
    Baguley, Bruce C.
    Eccles, Michael R.
    Braithwaite, Antony W.
    MacFarlane, Martin
    Royds, Janice A.
    Slatter, Tania
    Increased paired box transcription factor 8 has a survival function in Glioma2014In: BMC Cancer, ISSN 1471-2407, E-ISSN 1471-2407, Vol. 14, p. 159-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background:

    The molecular basis to overcome therapeutic resistance to treat glioblastoma remains unclear. The anti-apoptotic b cell lymphoma 2 (BCL2) gene is associated with treatment resistance, and is transactivated by the paired box transcription factor 8 (PAX8). In earlier studies, we demonstrated that increased PAX8 expression in glioma cell lines was associated with the expression of telomerase. In this current study, we more extensively explored a role for PAX8 in gliomagenesis.

    Methods:

    PAX8 expression was measured in 156 gliomas including telomerase-negative tumours, those with the alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT) mechanism or with a non-defined telomere maintenance mechanism (NDTMM), using immunohistochemistry and quantitative PCR. We also tested the affect of PAX8 knockdown using siRNA in cell lines on cell survival and BCL2 expression.

    Results:

    Seventy-two percent of glioblastomas were PAX8-positive (80% telomerase, 73% NDTMM, and 44% ALT). The majority of the low-grade gliomas and normal brain cells were PAX8-negative. The suppression of PAX8 was associated with a reduction in both cell growth and BCL2, suggesting that a reduction in PAX8 expression would sensitise tumours to cell death.

    Conclusions:

    PAX8 is increased in the majority of glioblastomas and promoted cell survival. Because PAX8 is absent in normal brain tissue, it may be a promising therapeutic target pathway for treating aggressive gliomas.

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    Increased paired box transcription factor 8 has a survival function in Glioma
  • 8.
    Hägglund, Linda
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Section of Neurosurgery, Örebro University Hospital and Department for Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Neurosciences.
    Correlation of Cerebral and Subcutaneous Glycerol in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury and Association with Tissue Damage2022In: Neurocritical Care, ISSN 1541-6933, E-ISSN 1556-0961, Vol. 36, p. 993-1001Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: This study is a substudy of a prospective consecutive double-blinded randomized study on the effect of prostacyclin in severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). The aims of the present study were to investigate whether there was a correlation between brain and subcutaneous glycerol levels and whether the ratio of interstitial glycerol in the brain and subcutaneous tissue (glycerolbrain/sc) was associated with tissue damage in the brain, measured by using the Rotterdam score, S-100B, neuron-specific enolase (NSE), the Injury Severity Score (ISS), the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score (APACHE II), and trauma type. A potential association with clinical outcome was explored.

    Methods: Patients with sTBI aged 15–70 years presenting with a Glasgow Coma Scale Score ≤ 8 were included. Brain and subcutaneous adipose tissue glycerol levels were measured through microdialysis in 48 patients, of whom 42 had complete data for analysis. Brain tissue damage was also evaluated by using the Rotterdam classification of brain computed tomography scans and the biochemical biomarkers S-100B and NSE.

    Results: In 60% of the patients, a positive relationship in glycerolbrain/sc was observed. Patients with a positive correlation of glycerolbrain/sc had slightly higher brain glycerol levels compared with the group with a negative correlation. There was no significant association between the computed tomography Rotterdam score and glycerolbrain/sc. S-100B and NSE were associated with the profile of glycerolbrain/sc. Our results cannot be explained by the general severity of the trauma as measured by using the Injury Severity Score or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation Score.

    Conclusions: We have shown that peripheral glycerol may flux into the brain. This effect is associated with worse brain tissue damage. This flux complicates the interpretation of brain interstitial glycerol levels. We remind the clinicians that a damaged blood–brain barrier, as seen in sTBI, may alter the concentrations of various substances, including glycerol in the brain. Awareness of this is important in the interpretation of the data bedside as well in research.

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  • 9. Kahlow, H.
    et al.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Surgical and hardware complications to vagal nerve stimulation for drug resistant epilepsy. A longitudinal single centre study of 143 patients2012In: Epilepsia, ISSN 0013-9580, E-ISSN 1528-1167, Vol. 53, no s5, p. 33-33Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Kahlow, Hannes
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Complications of vagal nerve stimulation for drug-resistant epilepsy: A single center longitudinal study of 143 patients2013In: Seizure, ISSN 1059-1311, E-ISSN 1532-2688, Vol. 22, no 10, p. 827-833Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: To longitudinally study surgical and hardware complications to vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) treatment in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Methods: In a longitudinal retrospective study, we analyzed surgical and hardware complications in 143 patients (81 men and 62 women) who between 1994 and 2010 underwent implantation of a VHS-device for drug-resistant epilepsy. The mean follow-up time was 62 +/- 46 months and the total number of patient years 738. Results: 251 procedures were performed on 143 patients. 16.8% of the patients were afflicted by complications related to surgery and 16.8% suffered from hardware malfunctions. Surgical complications were: superficial infection in 3.5%, deep infection needing explantation in 3.5%, vocal cord palsy in 5.6%, which persisted in at least 0.7% for over one year, and other complications in 5.6%. Hardware-related complications were: lead fracture in 11.9% of patients, disconnection in 2.8%, spontaneous turn-off in 1.4% and stimulator malfunction in 1.4%. We noted a tendency to different survival times between the two most commonly used lead models as well as a tendency to increased infection rate with increasing number of stimulator replacements. Conclusion: In this series we report on surgical and hardware complications from our 16 years of experience with VNS treatment. Infection following insertion of the VNS device and vocal cord palsy due to damage to the vagus nerve are the most serious complications related to the surgery. Avoiding unnecessary reoperations in order to reduce the appearances of these complications are of great importance. It is therefore essential to minimize technical malfunctions that will lead to additional surgery. Further studies are needed to evaluate the possible superiority of the modified leads.

  • 11.
    Koskinen, L. O.
    et al.
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Rodling-Wahlstrom, Maria
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University Hospital, Umeå, Sweden.
    Prostacyclin treatment normalises the MCA flow velocity in nimodipine-resistant cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage: a pilot study2009In: Acta Neurochirurgica, ISSN 0001-6268, E-ISSN 0942-0940, Vol. 151, no 6, p. 595-599Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Cerebral vasospasm triggered by subarachnoid haemorrhage is one of the major causes of post-haemorrhage morbidity and mortality. Several treatment modalities have been proposed, and none of them are fully effective.

    METHODS: In this study we treated five patients with prostacyclin suffering vasospasm after a ruptured aneurysm not responding to high i.v. doses of nimodipine. All patients were severely ill, unconscious and in need of intensive care.

    FINDINGS: A low dose of prostacyclin i.v. infusion for 72 h reversed the vasospasm as measured by transcranial Doppler technique. The mean MCA blood flow velocity decreased from 199 +/- 31 cm/s to 92 +/- 6 cm/s within 72 h after the start of the prostacyclin infusion.

    CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that low-dose prostacyclin treatment, an old treatment strategy, can be a treatment option in patients with vasospasm not responding to ordinary measures.

  • 12.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Eklund, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Sundström, Nina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Prostacyclin Influences the Pressure Reactivity in Patients with Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Treated with an ICP-Targeted Therapy2015In: Neurocritical Care, ISSN 1541-6933, E-ISSN 1556-0961, Vol. 22, no 1, p. 26-33Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This prospective consecutive double-blinded randomized study investigated the effect of prostacyclin on pressure reactivity (PR) in severe traumatic brain injured patients. Other aims were to describe PR over time and its relation to outcome. Blunt head trauma patients, Glasgow coma scale a parts per thousand currency sign8, age 15-70 years were included and randomized to prostacyclin treatment (n = 23) or placebo (n = 25). Outcome was assessed using the extended Glasgow outcome scale (GOSE) at 3 months. PR was calculated as the regression coefficient between the hourly mean values of ICP versus MAP. Pressure active/stable was defined as PR a parts per thousand currency sign0. Mean PR over 96 h (PRtot) was 0.077 +/- A 0.168, in the prostacyclin group 0.030 +/- A 0.153 and in the placebo group 0.120 +/- A 0.173 (p < 0.02). There was a larger portion of pressure-active/stable patients in the prostacyclin group than in the placebo group (p < 0.05). Intra-individual changes over time were common. PRtot correlated negatively with GOSE score (p < 0.04). PRtot was 0.117 +/- A 0.182 in the unfavorable (GOSE 1-4) and 0.029 +/- A 0.140 in the favorable outcome group (GOSE 5-8). Area under the curve for prediction of death (ROC) was 0.742 and for favorable outcome 0.628. Prostacyclin influenced the PR in a direction of increased pressure stability and a lower PRtot was associated with improved outcome. The individual PR varied substantially over time. The predictive value of PRtot for outcome was not solid enough to be used in the clinical situation.

  • 13.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Grayson, David
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    The complications and the position of the Codman MicroSensor (TM) ICP device: an analysis of 549 patients and 650 Sensors2013In: Acta Neurochirurgica, ISSN 0001-6268, E-ISSN 0942-0940, Vol. 155, no 11, p. 2141-2148Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Complications of and insertion depth of the Codman MicroSensor ICP monitoring device (CMS) is not well studied. To study complications and the insertion depth of the CMS in a clinical setting. We identified all patients who had their intracranial pressure (ICP) monitored using a CMS device between 2002 and 2010. The medical records and post implantation computed tomography (CT) scans were analyzed for occurrence of infection, hemorrhage and insertion depth. In all, 549 patients were monitored using 650 CMS. Mean monitoring time was 7.0 +/- 4.9 days. The mean implantation depth was 21.3 +/- 11.1 mm (0-88 mm). In 27 of the patients, a haematoma was identified; 26 of these were less than 1 ml, and one was 8 ml. No clinically significant bleeding was found. There was no statistically significant increase in the number of hemorrhages in presumed coagulopathic patients. The infection rate was 0.6 % and the calculated infection rate per 1,000 catheter days was 0.8. The risk for hemorrhagic and infectious complications when using the CMS for ICP monitoring is low. The depth of insertion varies considerably and should be taken into account if patients are treated with head elevation, since the pressure is measured at the tip of the sensor. To meet the need for ICP monitoring, an intraparenchymal ICP monitoring device should be preferred to the use of an external ventricular drainage (EVD).

  • 14.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Intracranial pressure monitoring using the Codman MicroSensor2010In: Neurosurgery, ISSN 0148-396X, E-ISSN 1524-4040, Vol. 67, no 1, p. 221-Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Sundström, Nina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Hägglund, Linda
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Eklund, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience. Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Section for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Department for Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden. .
    Prostacyclin Affects the Relation Between Brain Interstitial Glycerol and Cerebrovascular Pressure Reactivity in Severe Traumatic Brain Injury2019In: Neurocritical Care, ISSN 1541-6933, E-ISSN 1556-0961, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 494-500Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Cerebral injury may alter the autoregulation of cerebral blood flow. One index for describing cerebrovascular state is the pressure reactivity (PR). Little is known of whether PR is associated with measures of brain metabolism and indicators of ischemia and cell damage. The aim of this investigation was to explore whether increased interstitial levels of glycerol, a marker of cell membrane damage, are associated with PR, and if prostacyclin, a membrane stabilizer and regulator of the microcirculation, may affect this association in a beneficial way.

    Materials and Methods: Patients suffering severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) were treated according to an intracranial pressure (ICP)-targeted therapy based on the Lund concept and randomized to an add-on treatment with prostacyclin or placebo. Inclusion criteria were verified blunt head trauma, Glasgow Coma Score <= 8, age 15-70 years, and a first measured cerebral perfusion pressure of >= 10 mmHg. Multimodal monitoring was applied. A brain microdialysis catheter was placed on the worst affected side, close to the penumbra zone. Mean (glycerol(mean)) and maximal glycerol (glycerol(max)) during the 96-h sampling period were calculated. The mean PR was calculated as the ICP/mean arterial pressure (MAP) regression coefficient based on hourly mean ICP and MAP during the first 96 h.

    Results: Of the 48 included patients, 45 had valid glycerol and PR measurements available. PR was higher in the placebo group as compared to the prostacyclin group (p = 0.0164). There was a positive correlation between PR and the glycerol(mean) (rho = 0.503, p = 0.01) and glycerol(max) (rho = 0.490, p = 0.015) levels in the placebo group only.

    Conclusions: PR is correlated to the glycerol level in patients suffering from sTBI, a relationship that is not seen in the group treated with prostacyclin. Glycerol has been associated with membrane degradation and may support glycerol as a biomarker for vascular endothelial breakdown. Such a breakdown may impair the regulation of cerebrovascular PR.

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  • 16.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, University of Örebro, Sweden.
    Grande, P. O.
    Department of Clinical Science in Lund, Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Lund University, Sweden.
    Severe traumatic brain injury management and clinical outcome using the Lund concept2014In: Neuroscience, ISSN 0306-4522, E-ISSN 1873-7544, Vol. 283, p. 245-255Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This review covers the main principles of the Lund concept for treatment of severe traumatic brain injury. This is followed by a description of results of clinical studies in which this therapy or a modified version of the therapy has been used. Unlike other guidelines, which are based on meta-analytical approaches, important components of the Lund concept are based on physiological mechanisms for regulation of brain volume and brain perfusion and to reduce transcapillary plasma leakage and the need for plasma volume expanders. There have been nine non-randomized and two randomized outcome studies with the Lund concept or modified versions of the concept. The non-randomized studies indicated that the Lund concept is beneficial for outcome. The two randomized studies were small but showed better outcome in the groups of patients treated according to the modified principles of the Lund concept than in the groups given a more conventional treatment. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Brain compensation. For good?. (C) 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 17.
    Kralova, Ivana
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Winsö, Ola
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage is associated with subnormal blood creatinine levels2010In: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, ISSN 0036-5513, E-ISSN 1502-7686, Vol. 70, no 6, p. 438-446Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that patients with non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) have statistically significant subnormal creatinine levels and that the creatinine levels are associated with severity of disease.

    MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study over 2 years (2005-2006) in which the SAH patients were divided into patients with severe symptoms and patients with mild/moderate symptoms, and were compared to patients with; traumatic brain injury, trauma without brain injury and patients undergoing elective knee surgery. Blood creatinine levels (day 1-3, and day 7) were recorded.

    RESULTS: Compared to a normal distribution, SAH patients had statistically significant subnormal creatinine levels day one through seven. SAH patients with severe symptoms had statistically significant subnormal creatinine levels already on day one, in contrast to patients with mild/moderate symptoms. Women with severe symptoms had statistically significant subnormal creatinine levels throughout the study period in contrast to men with severe symptoms who had a normal distribution of creatinine at admission. Women with mild/moderate symptoms had a normal distribution of creatinine only at admission in contrast to men who had a normal distribution of creatinine throughout the study period. Male patients with traumatic brain injury, all trauma patients without brain injury and all patients undergoing elective knee surgery had a normal distribution of creatinine on all studied days.

    CONCLUSIONS: SAH is associated with subnormal serum creatinine levels. This finding is more pronounced in patients with severe symptoms and in women.

  • 18.
    Lindgren, Cecilia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Nordh, Erik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Frequency of non-convulsive Seizures and non-convulsive status Epilepticus in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage patients in need of controlled ventilation and sedation2012In: Neurocritical Care, ISSN 1541-6933, E-ISSN 1556-0961, Vol. 17, no 3, p. 367-373Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: Non-convulsive seizures (NCSZ) can be more prevalent than previously recognized among comatose neuro-intensive care patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of NCSZ and non-convulsive status epilepticus (NCSE) in sedated and ventilated subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) patients.

    METHODS: Retrospective study at a university hospital neuro-intensive care unit, from January 2008 until June 2010. Patients were treated according to a local protocol, and were initially sedated with midazolam or propofol or combinations of these sedative agents. Thiopental was added for treatment of intracranial hypertension. No wake-up tests were performed. Using NicoletOne((R)) equipment (VIASYS Healthcare Inc., USA), continuous EEG recordings based on four electrodes and a reference electrode was inspected at full length both in a two electrode bipolar and a four-channel referential montage.

    RESULTS: Approximately 5,500 h of continuous EEG were registered in 28 SAH patients (33 % of the patients eligible for inclusion). The median Glasgow Coma scale was 8 (range 3-14) and the median Hunt and Hess score was 4 (range 1-4). During EEG registration, no clinical seizures were observed. In none of the patients inter ictal epileptiform activity was seen. EEG seizures were recorded only in 2/28 (7 %) patients. One of the patients experienced 4 min of an NCSZ and one had a 5 h episode of an NCSE.

    CONCLUSION: Continuous EEG monitoring is important in detecting NCSZ in sedated patients. Continuous sedation, without wake-up tests, was associated with a low frequency of subclinical seizures in SAH patients in need of controlled ventilation.

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  • 19.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience. Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, Section for Neurosurgery, Faculty of Health and Medicine, University Hospital Orebro, SE 70185, Orebro, Sweden.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Comment on: Early CSF and serum S 100B concentrations for outcome prediction in traumatic brain injury and subarachoid haemorrhage2016In: Clinical neurology and neurosurgery (Dutch-Flemish ed. Print), ISSN 0303-8467, E-ISSN 1872-6968, Vol. 150, p. 197-198Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and methods

    In the letter the authors discuss the findings in Kellerman and co-worker’s paper: Early CSF and Serum S 100B Concentrations for Outcome Prediction in Traumatic Brain Injury and Subarachoid Haemorrhage published in this journal. Among the findings reported in this paper is that an initial S 100B value of more than 0.7 μg/l would strongly indicate a very poor prognosis. This finding is discussed.

    Conclusion

    That a use of S 100B as a prognostic tool for clinical decision making is very doubtful and should most probably be refrained from.

  • 20.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    The IMPACT prognosis calculator used in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated with an ICP-targeted therapy2012In: Acta Neurochirurgica, ISSN 0001-6268, E-ISSN 0942-0940, Vol. 154, no 9, p. 1567-1573Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The prognosis of severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) is important. The International Mission on Prognosis in Traumatic Brain Injury (IMPACT) study group has developed a prediction calculator for the outcome of patients with sTBI, and this has been made available on the World Wide Web. We have studied the use of the IMPACT calculator on sTBI patients treated with an ICP-targeted therapy based on the Lund concept. The individual clinical data of patients in a prospective sTBI protocol-driven trial of the treatment of sTBI using the Lund concept were entered into the prognosis calculator, and the individual prognosis for each patient was calculated and compared with the actual outcome at 6 months. The use of the IMPACT calculator led to an overestimation of mortality and of an unfavourable outcome. Compared with the IMPACT database, the absolute risk reduction (ARR) for mortality was 13.6 %. There is a statistically significant probability for the prediction of mortality and unfavourable outcome. A ROC curve analysis shows an area under the curve (AUC) in the Core model for mortality of 0.744 and of unfavourable outcome of 0.731, in the Extended model of 0.751 and 0.721 respectively, and in the Lab model of 0.779 and 0.810 respectively. The IMPACT prognosis calculator should be used with caution for the prediction of outcome for an individual patient with sTBI treated with an ICP-targeted therapy based on the Lund concept. We conclude that we have to initiate treatment in all patients with blunt sTBI and an initial ICP > 10 mmHg. It seems that the outcome in sTBI patients treated in this fashion is better than would have been expected from the IMPACT prognosis.

  • 21.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Olivecrona, Zandra
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Use of the CRASH study prognosis calculator in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated with an intracranial pressure-targeted therapy2013In: Journal of clinical neuroscience, ISSN 0967-5868, E-ISSN 1532-2653, Vol. 20, no 7, p. 996-1001Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Based on the Corticosteroid Randomisation after Significant Head Injury (CRASH) trial database, a prognosis calculator has been developed for the prediction of outcome in an individual patient with a head injury. In 47 patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) prospectively treated using an intracranial pressure (ICP) targeted therapy, the individual prognosis for mortality at 14 days and unfavourable outcome at 6 months was calculated and compared with the actual outcome. An overestimation of the risk of mortality and unfavourable outcome was found. The mean risk for mortality and unfavourable outcome were estimated to be 44.6 +/- 32.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 35.1-54.2%) and 69.3 +/- 23.7% (95% CI, 62.3-76.2%). The actual outcome was 4.3% and 42.6% respectively. The absolute risk reduction (ARR) for mortality was 33.1% and for unfavourable outcome 29.8%. A logistic fit for outcome at 6 months shows a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01). A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis shows an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.691. The CRASH prognosis calculator overestimates the risk of mortality and unfavourable outcome in patients with sTBI treated with an ICP-targeted therapy based on the Lund concept. We do not advocate the use of the calculator for treatment decisions in individual patients. We further conclude that patients with blunt sTBI admitted within 8 hours of trauma should be treated regardless of their clinical status as long as the initial cerebral perfusion pressure is > 10 mmHg.

  • 22.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Effective ICP reduction by decompressive craniectomy in patients with severe traumatic brain injury treated by an ICP-targeted therapy2007In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 24, no 6, p. 927-935Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the major causes of death in younger age groups. In Umea, Sweden, an intracranial pressure (ICP) targeted therapy protocol, the Lund concept, has been used in treatment of severe TBI since 1994. Decompressive craniectomy is used as a protocol-guided treatment step. The primary aim of the investigation was to study the effect of craniectomy on ICP changes over time in patients with severe TBI treated by an ICP-targeted protocol. In this retrospective study, all patients treated for severe TBI during 1998-2001 who fulfilled the following inclusion criteria were studied: GCS <or= 8 at intubation and sedation, first recorded cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of >10 mm Hg, arrival within 24 h of trauma, and need of intensive care for >72 h. Craniectomy was performed when the ICP could not be controlled by evacuation of hematomas, sedation, ventriculostomy, or low-dose pentothal infusion. Ninety-three patients met the inclusion criteria. Mean age was 37.6 years. Twenty-one patients underwent craniectomy as a treatment step. We found a significant reduction of the ICP directly after craniectomy, from 36.4 mm Hg (range, 18-80 mm Hg) to 12.6 mm Hg (range, 2-51 mm Hg). During the following 72 h, we observed an increase in ICP during the first 8-12 h after craniectomy, reaching approximately 20 mm Hg, and later levelling out at approximately 25 mm Hg. The reduction of ICP was statistically significant during the 72 h. The outcome as measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) did not significantly differ between the craniectomized group (DC) and the non-craniectomized group (NDC). The outcome was favorable (GOS 5-4) in 71% in the craniectomized group, and in 61% in the non-craniectomized group. Craniectomy is a useful tool in achieving a significant reduction of ICP overtime in TBI patients with progressive intracranial hypertension refractory to medical therapy. The procedure seems to have a satisfactory effect on the outcome, as demonstrated by a high rate of favorable outcome and low mortality in the craniectomized group, which did not significantly differ compared with the non-craniectomized group.

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  • 23.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Prostacyclin treatment in severe traumatic brain injury: a microdialysis and outcome study2009In: Journal of Neurotrauma, ISSN 0897-7151, E-ISSN 1557-9042, Vol. 26, no 8, p. 1251-1262Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a potent vasodilator, inhibitor of leukocyte adhesion, and platelet aggregation. In trauma the balance between PGI2 and thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is shifted towards TXA2. External provided PGI2 would, from a theoretical and experimental point of view, improve the microcirculation in injured brain tissue. This study is a prospective consecutive double blinded randomised study on the effect of PGI2 versus placebo in severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI). All patients with sTBI were eligible. Inclusion criteria: verified sTBI, Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) at intubation and sedation ≤8, age 15 - 70 years, a first recorded cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) of ≥ 10mmHg, and arrival within 24h of trauma. All subjects received an intra-cranial pressure (ICP) measuring device, bilateral intracerebral microdialysis catheters, and a microdialysis catheter in the abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue. Subjects were treated according to an ICP targeted therapy based on the Lund concept. 48 patients, mean age of 35.5 years, and a median GCS 6 (3-8) were included. We found no significant effect of epoprostenol on either the lactate pyruvate ratio (L/P) at 24 hours or the brain glucose levels. There was no significant difference in clinical outcome between the two groups. The median Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months was 4, and mortality was 12.5%. The favourable outcome (GOS 4-5) was 52%. The initial L/P did not prognosticate for outcome. Thus our results indicate that there is no effect of PGI2 at a dose of 0.5 ng/kg/min on brain L/P, brain glucose levels or outcome at 3 months. The treatment seemed to yield a high number of favourable outcome and low mortality

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  • 24.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Rodling-Wahlstrom, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Prostacyclin treatment and clinical outcome in severe traumatic brain injury patients managed with an ICP-targeted therapy: A prospective study2012In: Brain Injury, ISSN 0269-9052, E-ISSN 1362-301X, Vol. 26, no 1, p. 67-75Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: To prospectively assess clinical outcome in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) managed according to an ICP-targeted programme as well as additional treatment with prostacyclin.

    Materials and methods: Inclusion criteria were GCS <= 8, age 15-70 years, first recorded cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)>10mmHg. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, breastfeeding or penetrating brain injury. The patients were treated using the same ICP-guided protocol, with one group randomized to receive prostacyclin in a low dose (0.5 ng kg(-1) min(-1)). The clinical outcome was prospectively assessed at 3, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months using structured interviews.

    Results: Forty-eight patients were included, mean age 35.5 years, median GCS 6 (3-8), 69% were multi-traumatized. Mortality at 3 months was 12.5%. Median Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at all follow-up points was 4. Favourable outcome (GOS 4-5) at 3 months was 52%, at 24 months 64%. Favourable outcome increased over time. There was a statistically significant association between GOS, GCS at admission and age. Higher ICP(max) was associated with worse outcome.

    Conclusion: With this treatment protocol, a low number of deaths and a high number of favourable outcomes in sTBI were observed. Prostacyclin in this low dose does not seem to improve the outcome. ICP(max) is a positive predictor of worse outcome. Higher GCS at admission and lower age are correlated to better outcome.

  • 25.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rodling-Wahlström, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    S-100B and neuron specific enolase are poor outcome predictors in severe traumatic brain injury treated by an intracranial pressure targeted therapy2009In: Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, ISSN 0022-3050, E-ISSN 1468-330X, Vol. 80, no 11, p. 1241-1247Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE: To prospectively study S-100B and neuron specific enolase (NSE) levels in subjects treated for severe head injury (sTBI), and investigate the prognostic value of these biomarkers. METHODS: Subjects included in a prospective double blind randomised study for sTBI. Inclusion criteria: Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) 10 mm Hg and arrival <24 h after trauma. Subjects were treated with an intracranial pressure (ICP) targeted therapy. Blood samples for S-100B and NSE were drawn immediately after arrival and every 12 h for 5 days. Outcome was evaluated as Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) by independent staff at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: 48 subjects, mean age 35.5 years, and median GCS 6 were included. The first blood sample was drawn at 15.6 (1.4) h after injury. Initial concentration of S-100B was 1.04 (0.21) microg/l and for NSE 18.94 (2.32) microg/l. The biomarkers were significantly higher in subjects with GCS 3 and in those who died compared with those with GCS 4-8 and GOS 2-5, respectively. Receiver operated characteristic curve analyses of the initial S-100B and NSE levels to GOS dichotomised as unfavourable (GOS 1-3) and favourable (GOS 4-5) showed a weak correlation: AUC 0.585 and 0.555, respectively. Using the dichotomisation dead (GOS 1)/alive (GOS 2-5), the AUC values were 0.687 and 0.734, respectively. Furthermore, a correlation was found between the biomarkers themselves and the biomarkers and ICP. CONCLUSION: At 3 and 12 months after trauma, no differences in prognostic values between the markers were apparent nor was there any clinical significant value of the markers as predictors of clinical outcome.

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  • 26.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Rodling-Wahsltröm, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    S-100B and NSE are poor outcome predictors in severe traumatic brain injury treated by an ICP targeted therapyManuscript (Other academic)
  • 27.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Wildemyr, Zandra
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    The apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele and outcome in severe traumatic brain injury treated by an intracranial pressure-targeted therapy2010In: Journal of Neurosurgery, ISSN 0022-3085, E-ISSN 1933-0693, Vol. 112, no 5, p. 1113-1119Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The presence of epsilon4 is not associated with long-term clinical outcome in patients with severe TBI treated with an ICP targeted therapy, based on the Lund concept.

  • 28.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Zetterlund, Bo
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neurophysiology.
    Rodling-Wahlström, Marie
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Absence of electroencephalographic seizure activity in patients treated for head injury with an ICP targeted therapy2009In: Journal of Neurosurgery, ISSN 0022-3085, E-ISSN 1933-0693, Vol. 110, no 2, p. 300-305Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECT: The authors prospectively studied the occurrence of clinical and nonclinical electroencephalographically verified seizures during treatment with an intracranial pressure (ICP)-targeted protocol in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: All patients treated for TBI at the Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Umea, Sweden, were eligible for the study. The inclusion was consecutive and based on the availability of the electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring equipment. Patients were included irrespective of pupil size, pupil reaction, or level of consciousness as long as their first measured cerebral perfusion pressure was > 10 mm Hg. The patients were treated in a protocol-guided manner with an ICP-targeted treatment based on the Lund concept. The patients were continuously sedated with midazolam, fentanyl, propofol, or thiopental, or combinations thereof. Five-lead continuous EEG monitoring was performed with the electrodes at F3, F4, P3, P4, and a midline reference. Sensitivity was set at 100 muV per cm and filter settings 0.5-70 Hz. Amplitude-integrated EEG recording and relative band power trends were displayed. The trends were analyzed offline by trained clinical neurophysiologists. RESULTS: Forty-seven patients (mean age 40 years) were studied. Their median Glasgow Coma Scale score at the time of sedation and intubation was 6 (range 3-15). In 8.5% of the patients clinical seizures were observed before sedation and intubation. Continuous EEG monitoring was performed for a total of 7334 hours. During this time neither EEG nor clinical seizures were observed. CONCLUSIONS: Our protocol-guided ICP targeted treatment seems to protect patients with severe TBI from clinical and subclinical seizures and thus reduces the risk of secondary brain injury.

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  • 29.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Ahlm, Clas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases.
    Bengtsson, Anders
    The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Hultin, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Effects of prostacyclin on the early inflammatory response in patients with traumatic brain injury: a randomised clinical study2014In: SpringerPlus, E-ISSN 2193-1801, Vol. 3, article id 98Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: A prospective, randomised, double-blinded, clinical trial was performed at a level 1 trauma centre to determine if a prostacyclin analogue, epoprostenol (Flolan®), could attenuate systemic inflammatory response in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI).

    SUBJECTS: 46 patients with severe TBI, randomised to epoprostenol (n = 23) or placebo (n = 23).

    TREATMENT: Epoprostenol, 0.5 ng · kg(-1) · min(-1), or placebo (saline) was given intravenously for 72 hours and then tapered off over the next 24 hours.

    METHODS: Interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1), C-reactive protein (CRP), and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels were measured over five days. Measurements were made at 24 h intervals ≤24 h after TBI to 97-120 h after TBI.

    RESULTS: A significantly lower CRP level was detected in the epoprostenol group compared to the placebo group within 73-96 h (p = 0.04) and within 97-120 h (p = 0.008) after trauma. IL-6 within 73-96 h after TBI was significantly lower in the epoprostenol group compared to the placebo group (p = 0.04). ADMA was significantly increased within 49-72 h and remained elevated, but there was no effect of epoprostenol on ADMA levels. No significant differences between the epoprostenol and placebo groups were detected for IL-8 or sICAM-1.

    CONCLUSIONS: Administration of the prostacyclin analogue epoprostenol significantly decreased CRP and, to some extent, IL-6 levels in patients with severe TBI compared to placebo. These findings indicate an interesting option for treatment of TBI and warrants future larger studies.

    TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT01363583.

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  • 30.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Ahlm, Clas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Infectious Diseases.
    Bengtsson, Anders
    Institute of Clinical Sciences, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Prostacyclin modulates the systemic inflammatory response in traumatic brain injury: a randomised clinical studyManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose: Systemic inflammatory response is common in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), and may contribute to a less favourable outcome. The aim was to evaluate the effect of prostacyclin on systemic inflammation.

    Methods: This study is part of a prospective, randomised, clinical trial on the effect of prosta­cyclin (epoprostenol, Flolan®) in patients with severe TBI. Epoprostenol/placebo was given during 72 hours and then de-escalated. Interleukin-6, interleukin-8, soluble intracellular adhesion molecules-1 (sICAM-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were sampled daily.

    Results: 46 patients were included and randomised to 23 of each group (epopros­tenol/placebo). Interleukin-6 was statistically lower within 96 hours (p = 0.04), and CRP within 96 and 120 hours (p = 0.04 and p = 0.008 respectively) after trauma in the epoprostenol group compared to the placebo group. No significant differences were detected between the groups in the levels of interleukin-8 and sICAM-1 or in outcome.

    Conclusions: Administration of the prostacyclin analogue epoprostenol, compared to placebo significantly decreased interleukin-6 and CRP levels in patients with severe TBI. The beneficial effect of this decrease is further to investigate.

  • 31.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Hultin, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Subarachnoid haemorrhage induces a long-lasting increase of asymmetric dimethylarginine, ADMA, in serumManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and Purpose: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) is an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), inhibiting nitric oxide (NO) production and thus induces vasoconstriction and endothelial dysfunction. ADMA might therefore be involved in the cerebral vasospasm and cardiovascular complications observed after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The aim of this study was to evaluate whether ADMA was increased in subjects during the acute phase (first week) and non-acute phase (three months later) after SAH.

    Methods: Prospective clinical study of 20 subjects with SAH. ADMA in serum (ADMA/s) at admission was compared to sex and age matched controls. ADMA/s and ADMA in cerebrospinal fluid (ADMA/csf, from subjects with ventriculostomy) were determined by HPLC-based separation and detection.

    Results: There was no significant difference in ADMA/s the day after SAH (day 2) between SAH subjects and controls (0.22±0.10 vs. 0.25±0.12 µmol/L). ADMA/s increased by 68% during the first week after SAH (day 2; 0.22±0.10 vs. day 7; 0.37±0.34 µmol/L, p<0.05) and remained elevated at a three-month follow-up (0.36±0.10 µmol/L). ADMA/csf was significantly lower than ADMA/s throughout the study period.

    Conclusion; ADMA/s in SAH subjects increased significantly during the first week after SAH and remained elevated at a three-month follow-up. This might indicate that reduction of the available NO is involved in long-term effects after SAH.

  • 32.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Clinical Neuroscience.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Hultin, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Subarachnoid haemorrhage induces an inflammatory response followed by a delayed persisting increase in asymmetric dimethylarginine2012In: Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation, ISSN 0036-5513, E-ISSN 1502-7686, Vol. 72, no 6, p. 484-489Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Object: Subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) is associated with an inflammatory systemic response and cardiovascular complications. Asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase, mediates vasoconstriction and might contribute to cerebral vasoconstriction and cardiovascular complications after SAH. ADMA is also involved in inflammation and induces endo­thelial dysfunction.

    The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and how CRP (marker for systemic inflammation) and ADMA increased in patients during the acute phase (first week) after SAH. The ADMA level was also assessed in the patients in a non-acute phase (three months), and in healthy controls.

    Methods: Prospective study of 20 patients with aneurysmal SAH. ADMA and CRP were followed daily during the first week after SAH and a follow up sample for ADMA was obtained three months later. A single blood sample for ADMA was collected from age and sex matched healthy controls (n=40, 2 for each case).

    Results: CRP increased significantly from day 2; 16  (Confidence interval (CI) 10-23) mg/L to day 4; 84 (CI 47-120) mg/L, (p<0.01). ADMA increased significantly from day 2; 0.22 (CI 0.17-0.27) µmol/L, to day 7; 0.37 (CI 0.21-0.54) µmol/L, p<0.01. ADMA remained elevated at a three-month follow-up 0.36 (CI 0.31-0.42) µmol/L.

    ADMA in the first sample from the patients (day 1-3); 0.25 (CI 0.19-0.30) µmol/L, was not different from ADMA in matched healthy controls; 0.25 (CI 0.20-0.31), p>0.05.

    Conclusion: After SAH, CRP and ADMA in serum increased significantly during the first week and ADMA remained elevated three months later.

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  • 33.
    Rodling Wahlström, Marie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Nyström, Fredrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Fluid therapy and the use of albumin in the treatment of severe traumatic brain injury2009In: Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-5172, E-ISSN 1399-6576, Vol. 53, p. 18-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Evidence-based guidelines for severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) do not include strategies for fluid administration. The protocol used in this study includes albumin administration to maintain normal colloid osmotic pressure and advocates a neutral to slightly negative fluid balance. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of organ failure and the mortality in patients with severe TBI treated by a protocol that includes defined strategies for fluid therapy.

    Methods: Ninety-three patients with severe TBI and Glasgow Coma Score ≤ 8 were included during 1998–2001. Medical records of the first 10 days were retrieved. Organ dysfunction was evaluated with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score. Mortality was assessed after 10 and 28 days, 6 and 18 months.

    Results: The total fluid balance was positive on days 1–3, and negative on days 4–10. The crystalloid balance was negative from day 2. The mean serum albumin was 38 ± 6 g/l. Colloids constituted 40–60% of the total fluids given per day. Furosemide was administered to 94% of all patients. Severe organ failure defined as SOFA ≥ 3 was evident only for respiratory failure, which was observed in 29%. None developed renal failure. After 28 days, mortality was 11% and, after 18 months, it was 14%.

    Conclusions: A protocol including albumin administration in combination with a neutral to a slightly negative fluid balance was associated with low mortality in patients with severe TBI in spite of a relatively high frequency (29%) of respiratory failure, assessed with the SOFA score.

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  • 34.
    Wahlström, Marie Rodling
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Anaesthesiology.
    Olivecrona, Magnus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Koskinen, Lars-Owe D
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Neurosurgery.
    Rydenhag, Bertil
    Department of Neurosurgery, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Naredi, Silvana
    Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Severe traumatic brain injury in pediatric patients: treatment and outcome using an intracranial pressure targeted therapy–the Lund concept2005In: Intensive Care Medicine, ISSN 0342-4642, E-ISSN 1432-1238, Vol. 31, no 6, p. 832-839Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective: This study evaluated the outcome of treatment according to the Lund concept in children with severe traumatic brain injury and investigated whether the preset goals of the protocol were achieved.

    Design and setting: A two-center retrospective study in neurointensive care units at university hospitals.

    Patients: Forty-one children with severe traumatic brain injury from blunt trauma and arriving at hospital within 24 h after injury. Median age was 8.8 years (range 3 months–14.2 years), Glasgow Coma Scale 7 (3–8), and Injury Severity Score 25 (16–75). All children had pathological findings on initial computed tomography. All developed intracranial hypertension, and survivors required intensive care longer than 72 h.

    Interventions: Treatment according to the principles of the Lund concept.

    Measurements and results: Neurosurgery was required in 46% of the children. Survival rate was 93% and favorable outcome (Glasgow Outcome Score 4 or 5) was 80% at long-term follow-up (median 12 months postinjury, range 2.5–26). The preset physiological and biochemical goals were achieved in over 90% of observations.

    Conclusions: Treating pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury, according to the Lund concept, results in a favorable outcome when the protocol is followed.

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    FULLTEXT01
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