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  • 1.
    Allard, Ingrid
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    A methodology to investigate the building energy performance gap2015Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    In order to evaluate compliance with requirements on building energy performance, it is necessary to find strategies to process discrepancies from the results of forward simulations in the design stage and of measurements in the operated stage. The gap between designed performance and measured performance is referred to as the “performance gap”. It can be divided into a procurement gap (between intended design and verified performance) and an operational gap (between verified performance and non-normalized measurements).  

    In this work we introduced a methodology for performance gap analysis, based on separating the procurement- and operational gap. An important component to do this is calibrations of calculations using measured data. The suggested methodology allows for more detailed verifications of building energy performance and can be used to study how indicators reflect the performance gap. The proposed methodology is tested using data from a well-documented and measured operated single family building, in sub-arctic climate in Sweden.

    The indicators studied in the verification were carefully analyzed. The methodology was found reliable based on the obtained results and a sensitivity analysis. An overall observation is that the applicability of the methodology depends on the accuracy of the hybrid method. The accuracy of the performance gap analysis per definition depends on the available information of the operated building, and consequently to access to extensive measured data.

  • 2.
    Andersson, Staffan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Predictions of energy demand in buildings using neural network techniques on performance data1996In: Proceedings of the 4th fourth symposium on building physics in the nordic countries, 1996, p. 51-58Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 3.
    Andersson, Staffan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Sjögren, Jan-Ulric
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Building performance based on measured data2011In: World Renewable Energy Congress – Sweden, 8–13 May, 2011, Linköping, Sweden: Energy End-Use Efficiency Issues / [ed] Moshfegh, Bahram, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press , 2011, p. 899-906Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With increasing liability for builders, the need for evaluation methods that focuses on the building’s performance and thus excludes the impact from residents’ behavior increases. This is not only of interest for new buildings but also when retrofitting existing buildings in order to reduce energy end-use.

    The investigation in this paper is based on extensive measurements on two fairly representative type of buildings, a single family building in Ekerö, Stockholm built 2000 and two apartment buildings in Umeå (1964) in order to extract key energy performance parameters such as the building’s heat loss coefficient, heat transfer via the ground and heat gained from the sun and used electricity.

    With access to pre-processed daily data from a 2-month periods, located close to the winter solstice, a robust estimate of the heat loss coefficient was obtained based on a regression analysis. For the single family building the variation was within 1% and for the two heavier apartment buildings an average variation of 2%, with a maximum of 4%, between different analyzed periods close to the winter solstice.

    The gained heating from the used electricity in terms of a gain factor could not be unambiguously extracted and therefore could only a range for the heat transfer via ground be estimated. The estimated range for the transfer via ground for the two apartment buildings were in very good agreement with those calculated according to EN ISO 13 370 and corresponded to almost 10% of the heating demand at the design temperature. For the single family building with an insulated slab and parts of the walls below ground level, the calculations gave slightly higher transfer than what was obtained from the regression analysis. For the estimated gained solar radiation no comparison has been possible to make, but the estimated gain exhibited an expected correlation with the global solar radiation data that was available for the two apartment buildings.

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  • 4.
    Andersson, Staffan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Sjögren, Jan-Ulric
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Prestanda- och betendeuppföljning av byggnaders energianvändning: etapp12010Report (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Brembilla, Christian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Renman, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Soleimani-Mohseni, Mohsen
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    The impact of control strategies on space heating system efficiency in low-energy buildings2019In: Building Services Engineering Research & Technology, ISSN 0143-6244, E-ISSN 1477-0849, Vol. 40, no 6, p. 714-731Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this study efficiency factors measures the thermal energy performance for space heating. This study deals with the influence of control strategies on the effriciency factors of space heating and its distribution system. An adaptive control is developed and applied to two types of heating curves (linear and non-linear) for a low-energy building equipped with renewable energy sources. The building is modelled with a hybrid approach (law driven + data driven model). The design of the floor heating is calibrated and validated by assessing the uncertainty bands for low temperatures and mass flow rate. advantages and disavantages of linear and non-linear heating curves are highlighted to illustrate their impact on space heating thermodynamic behaviour and on the efficiency factors of the space heating system.

    Practical application: The study reveals that applying commercial building energy simulation software  is worthwhile to determine reliable performance predictions. Oversimplified building models, in particular when considering building thermal mass, are not capable of simulating the thermodynamic response of a building subjected to different control strategies. The application of different heating cuirves (linear and non-linear) to massless building models leaves the amount of mass flow rate delivered to the space heating unchanged when the building is subjected to sharp variations of the outdoor temperature.

  • 6.
    Brembilla, Christian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Vuolle, Mika
    EQUA simualtion.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Practical support for evaluating efficiency factors of a space heating system in cold climates: modelling and simulation of hydronic panel radiator with different location of connection pipes2017In: Energy Efficiency, ISSN 1570-646X, E-ISSN 1570-6478, Vol. 10, no 5, p. 1253-1267Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Plenty of technical norms, included in the EPBD umbrella, assess the performance of buildings or its sub-systems in terms of efficiency. In particular, EN 15316 and its sub-sections, determine the system energy requirements and the system efficiencies of space heating system. This paper focuses on the estimation of efficiencies for emission of hydronic radiators. The assessment of efficiencies for emission occurs by evaluating the amount of heat emitted  from the heat emitter and the extra thermal losses towards building envelope. The heat emitted from radiators varies during the heating up/cooling down phases. A factor that influences the heat emitted during these phases is the location of connection pipes of the radiator. Connection pipes can be located on opposite side or at the same side of the radiator. To better estimate the heat emitted from radiators a transient model with multiple storage elements is used in a building simulation model. Sensitivity analysis encompasses all  the possible variations on extra thermal losses due to the building location in different climates, the heaviness of active thermal mass and the type of radiator local control. The final outcome of this paper is a practical support where the designer can easily assess the efficiencies for emission of hydronic radiators  for Swedish buildings. As main result, (i) the efficiency for control of space heating system is higher in Northern climates than in Southern climates, (ii) heavy active thermal masses allow higher efficiencies for emission than light active thermal masses, (iii) connection pipes located on the same side of the radiator enable higher efficiencies for emission than pipes located on opposite side.

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  • 7.
    Brembilla, Christian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Predictions' robustness of one-dimensional model of hydronic floor heating: novel validation methodology using a thermostatic booth simulator and uncertainty analysis2018In: Journal of Building Physics, ISSN 1744-2591, E-ISSN 1744-2583, Vol. 41, no 5, p. 418-444Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hydronic floor heating models provide predictions in estimating heat transfer rates and floor surface temperature. Information on the model performance and range of validity of its results are often lacking in literature. Researchers have to know the accuracy and robustness of the model outcomes for performing energy and climate comfort calculations. This article proposes a novel validation methodology based on the uncertainty analysis of input data/parameters of one-dimensional model of hydronic floor heating tested in a thermostatic booth simulator and compared with experimental measurements. The main results are: (1) prediction accuracy between 0.4% and 2.9% for Tf and between 0.7% and 7.8% for qup when the serpentine has tube spacing (p) of 0.30 m, (2) prediction accuracy between 0.5% and 1.4% for Tf and between 8.7% and 12.9% for qup with p = 0.15m and (3) Tfld mostly affects predictions with oscillations between 6.2% and 2.2% for qup. This model provides robust and reliable predictions exclusively for qup when p = 0.30m.

  • 8.
    Brembilla, Christian
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Soleimani-Mohseni, Mohsen
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Paradoxes in understanding the Efficiency Factors of Space Heating2019In: Energy Efficiency, ISSN 1570-646X, E-ISSN 1570-6478, Vol. 12, no 3, p. 777-786Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Efficiency factors are here defined as the thermal energy performance indicators of the space heating. Until recently, the efficiency factors were assumed as one value for space heating located in any climate. This study addresses the problem of how the outdoor climate affects the efficiency factors of a space heating equipped with 1D model of hydronic floor heating. The findings show how the efficiency factors, computed with two numerical methods, are correlated with the solar radiation. This study highlights the paradoxes in understanding the results of efficiency factors analysis. This work suggests how to interpret and use the efficiency factors as a benchmark performance indicator.

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  • 9.
    Fick, Jerker
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chemistry.
    Pommer, Linda
    Åstrand, Anders
    Östin, Ronny
    Nilsson, Calle
    Andersson, Barbro
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Chemistry.
    Ozonolysis of monoterpenes in mechanical ventilation systems2005In: ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT, Vol. 39, no 34, p. 6315-25Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this investigation the ozonolysis of of three monoterpenes (alpha-pinene, Delta(3)-carene and limonene) was studied was studied in authentic mechanical ventilation systems, that included either a cross flow or a rotary heat exchanger. The effects of varying three experimental parameters were investigated: the level of ozone (25 and 75 ppb), the reaction time (25 and 75s), and the surface area in the ventilation duct (14.8 and 29.5 m(2)). The initial concentration of each of the monoterpenes was 20 ppb in every experiment, and 1-16% of the alpha-pinene, < 0.5-13% of the Delta(3)-carene, and < 0.5-16% of the limonene reacted. The effects of humidity (g m(-3)) and temperature of the outdoor and supply air, and water losses in the ventilation duct, were also evaluated. Experiments were based on a chemometric statistical design. Comparison of the results to theoretically calculated values showed that theoretical calculations underestimated the amounts that reacted in the ventilation systems by factors of 2-13, depending on the monoterpene and experimental settings.

  • 10.
    Lundin, Mikael
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Development and validation of a method aimed at estimating building performance parameters2004In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 36, no 9, p. 905-914Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper presents a method for estimating the total heat loss coefficient, the total heat capacity and the gain factor based on measured data for the internal-external temperature difference, the domestic load and the supplied heat. Knowledge of these performance parameters is essential for a reliable energy demand forecast, close guidance and the accurate analysis of efficiency actions in buildings. The method was validated on measurements from a test cell. The values obtained for the performance parameters were in good agreement with a lumped capacitance analysis of the heating and cooling of the test cell. The deviation in the total heat loss coefficient, expressed in terms of the root mean square error, was between 2.5 and 9.4%. The values obtained for the total heat capacity were on average 9.8% higher than the reference value and for the gain factor the average deviation was 12.5%. The method shows promising signs of becoming a robust and accurate tool for extracting both the magnitude and the variation of the performance parameters, based on easily accessible data.

  • 11.
    Lundin, Mikael
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Further validation of a method aimed to estimate building performance parameters2005In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 37, no 8, p. 867-871Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A further validation of an earlier developed neural network method for estimating the total heat loss coefficient (K-tot), the total heat capacity (C-tot) and the gain factor (alpha) based on measured diumal data of internal-external temperature difference, supplied heat for heating and "free heat" is presented. The validation was performed in laboratory scale, using a test cell, for three different cases of ventilation, without (constant)-, natural-, and forced ventilation. Earlier measurements from a building was also used in order to simulate a realistic energy use pattern and a rather stochastic behavior of alpha, which also was transformed to represent existing and future buildings in terms of the composition of their energy use. For all three types of ventilation and different types of buildings, the method was capable of estimating the three different performance parameters and their different dependencies. For K-tot, the RMSE was between 3 and 20% and for alpha, the deviation was between 9 and 19%.

  • 12.
    Ohlsson, Anders K. E.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Accurate and robust measurement of the external convective heat transfer coefficient based on error analysis2016In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 117, p. 83-90Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Accurate measurement of the convective heat transfer coefficient hc at external surfaces, e.g. at building facades and roofs, is of fundamental importance for heat transfer studies of the built environment. There are two basic methods for measurement of hc, the Loveday and Ito methods, which use one and two heated sensor units, respectively. To guide in selection of method and operating conditions, and in design of the sensor, we performed an error analysis. This included estimation of systematic errors, comparison between methods, and to established Nusselt number correlations, sensitivity analysis, and an evaluation of the measurement uncertainty. The main conclusion was that both methods, at forced convection, yielded measurement uncertainties at the 4 % level, provided that the Ito method was operated under the new condition, where one of its sensors remained unheated. However, at natural convection conditions, the Ito method cannot be operated with one of its sensors unheated, since hc is then zero at that sensor surface, which violates the method assumption that hc is the same at both sensors. Sensitivity analysis showed that systematic errors will be reduced by decreasing the sensor surface emissivity. The major source of measurement uncertainty was the conductive heat flux estimate.

  • 13.
    Ohlsson, K.E. Anders
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Sol-air thermometer measurement of heat transfer coefficient at building outdoor surface2018In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 132, p. 357-362Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Heat flow measurement with a heat flow meter is a standardized method (ISO 9869-1) to estimate thermal transmittance (U-value) of a building element. The heat flow meter is a thin plate mounted on top of the surface of the element, and measures the heat flux q through the plate. The measured q is the product of the difference in temperatures between exterior and interior environment, and the U-value. The heat transferred from the element is based on the radiant and the convective heat transfer.

    ISO 9869-1 specifies that the environment temperature Te “is a notional temperature" and it "cannot be measured directly” (section A.3.1). The air temperature Ta is proposed as a reasonable approximation for the indoor environment, while overcast conditions and absence of significant solar radiation are specified conditions for replacing Te with Ta for the exterior environment.

    The sol-air thermometer (SAT) measures the sol-air temperature Tsa, i.e. the equivalent temperature of the convective and the radiative environment. In the absence of solar radiation, Te = Tsa. SAT is a sensor consisting of a thin flat solid plate, of high thermal conductivity. The front side of the sensor is exposed to the environment, whose Tsa is to be measured, and the backside is thermally insulated. The temperature of the SAT-plate equals Tsa.

    In this work we propose introduction of the measured Te in the existing standard (ISO 9869-1). The method for measurement of Tsa, using the SAT, has been demonstrated experimentally for different periods, without solar radiation present and under stable climatic conditions.

  • 14.
    Ohlsson, K.E. Anders
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Sol-air thermometer measurement of heat transfer coefficient at building outdoor surface2018In: Cold Climate HVAC 2018: Sustainable Buildings in Cold Climates, Springer, 2018, p. 329-338Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There exists a building energy performance gap between theoretical simulations and the actual energy usage as measured. One potential reason for this gap might be a mismatch between predicted and measured values of the heat flux q through the building envelope. There is therefore a need to develop accurate and more cost-efficient methods for measurement of q. The standard ISO 9869-1 states that, at the outdoor surface, q = ho(Ts − Tenv), where ho is the overall heat transfer coefficient, including both convective and radiative components, Tenv is the environmental temperature, and Ts is the temperature of the building surface. It has previously been shown that the sol-air thermometer (SAT) could be used for convenient measurement of Tenv under dark conditions. In the present work, two SAT units, one heated and the other unheated, were employed for accurate outdoor measurements of ho in cold winter climate. Validation was performed by comparison of results from the new method against measurements, where previously established methodology was used. With current operating conditions, the measurement uncertainty was estimated to be 3.0 and 4.4%, for ho equal to 13 and 29 Wm−2K−1, respectively. The new SAT steady-state method is more cost-effective compared to previous methodology, in that the former involves fewer input quantities (surface emissivity and infrared radiation temperature are unnecessary) to be measured, while giving the same ho results, without any sacrifice in accuracy. SAT methodology thus enables measurement of both Tenv and ho, which characterizes the building thermal environment, and supports estimation of q.

  • 15.
    Ohlsson, K.E. Anders
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Step-transient method for measurement of the heat transfer coefficient at surfaces exposed to simulated building outdoor environments using the sol-air thermometer2018In: Journal of Building Physics, ISSN 1744-2591, E-ISSN 1744-2583, Vol. 42, no 3, p. 373-387Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 16.
    Ohlsson, K.E. Anders
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Staffan, Grundberg
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Dynamic model for measurement of convective heat transfer coefficient at external building surfaces2016In: Journal of Building Engineering, ISSN 2352-7102, Vol. 7, p. 239-245Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Uncertainties in current empirical models for the convective heat transfer coefficient (CHTC) have large impact on the accuracy of building energy simulations (BES). These models are often based on measurements of the CHTC, using a heated gradient sensor, where steady-state convective air flow is assumed. If this requirement is not fulfilled there will be a dynamic measurement error. The objectives were to construct a validated dynamic model for the heated gradient sensor, and to use this model to improve accuracy by suggesting changes in sensor design and operating procedure. The linear thermal network model included three state-space variables, selected as the temperatures of the three layers of the heated gradient sensor. Predictions of the major time constant and temperature time evolution were in acceptable agreement with experimental results obtained from step-response experiments. Model simulations and experiments showed that the sensor time constant increases with decreasing CHTC value, which means that the sensor response time is at maximum under free convection conditions. Under free convection, the surface heat transfer resistance is at maximum, which cause enhanced heat loss through the sensor insulation layer. Guidelines are given for selection of sampling frequency, and for evaluation of dynamic measurement errors.

  • 17.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    A method for predicting the annual building heating demand based on limited performance data1998In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 101-108Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, we present an investigation of the possibility to use a neural network combined with a quasi-physical description in order to predict the annual supplied space heating demand (P) for a number of small single family buildings located in the North of Sweden. As a quasi-physical description for P, we used measured diurnal performance data from a similar building or simulated data from a steady state energy simulation software. We show that the required supplied space heating demand may be predicted with an average accuracy of 5%. The predictions were based on access to measured diurnal data of indoor and outdoor temperatures and the supplied heating demand from a limited time period, ranging from 10 to 35 days. The prediction accuracy was found to be almost independent of what time of the year the measurements were obtained from, except for periods when the supplied heating demand was very small. For models based on measurements from May and fo some buildings from April and September, the prediction was less accurate.

  • 18.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Energy load predictions for buildings based on a total demand perspective1998In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 28, no 1, p. 109-116Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The outline of this work was to develop models for single family buildings, based on a total energy demand perspective, i.e., building-climate-inhabitants. The building-climate part was included by using a commercial dynamic energy simulation software. Whereas the influence from the inhabitants was implemented in terms of a predicted load for domestic equipment and hot water preparation, based on a reference building. The estimations were processed with neural network techniques. All models were based on access to measured diurnal data from a limited time period, ranging from 10 to 35 days. The annual energy predictions were found to be improved, compared to models based on only a building-climate perspective, when the domestic load was included. For periods with a small heating demand, i.e., May-September, the average accuracy was 7% and 4% for the heating and total energy load, respectively, whereas for the rest of the year the accuracy was on average 3% for both heating and total energy load.

  • 19.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Using CO2 concentrations to predict energy consumption in homes1998In: Proceedings of the 1998 ACEEE Summer study of energy efficiency in buildings, 1998, p. 211-222Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Ohlsson, K. E. Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Measurement of the environmental temperature using the sol-air thermometer2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 132, p. 357-362Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Heat flow measurement with a heat flow meter is a standardized method (ISO 9869-1) to estimate thermal transmittance (U-value) of a building element. The heat flow meter is a thin plate mounted on top of the surface of the element, and measures the heat flux q through the plate. The measured q is the product of the difference in temperatures between exterior and interior environment, and the U-value. The heat transferred from the element is based on the radiant and the convective heat transfer.

    ISO 9869-1 specifies that the environment temperature Te “is a notional temperature" and it "cannot be measured directly” (section A.3.1). The air temperature Ta is proposed as a reasonable approximation for the indoor environment, while overcast conditions and absence of significant solar radiation are specified conditions for replacing Te with Ta for the exterior environment.

    The sol-air thermometer (SAT) measures the sol-air temperature Tsa, i.e. the equivalent temperature of the convective and the radiative environment. In the absence of solar radiation, Te = Tsa. SAT is a sensor consisting of a thin flat solid plate, of high thermal conductivity. The front side of the sensor is exposed to the environment, whose Tsa is to be measured, and the backside is thermally insulated. The temperature of the SAT-plate equals Tsa.

    In this work we propose introduction of the measured Te in the existing standard (ISO 9869-1). The method for measurement of Tsa, using the SAT, has been demonstrated experimentally for different periods, without solar radiation present and under stable climatic conditions.

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  • 21.
    Puttige, Anjan Rao
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    A Novel Analytical-ANN Hybrid Model for Borehole Heat Exchanger2020In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 13, no 23, article id 6213Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Optimizing the operation of ground source heat pumps requires simulation of both short-term and long-term response of the borehole heat exchanger. However, the current physical and neural network based models are not suited to handle the large range of time scales, especially for large borehole fields. In this study, we present a hybrid model for long-term simulation of BHE with high resolution in time. The model uses an analytical model with low time resolution to guide an artificial neural network model with high time resolution. We trained, tuned, and tested the hybrid model using measured data from a ground source heat pump in real operation. The performance of the hybrid model is compared with an analytical model, a calibrated analytical model, and three different types of neural network models. The hybrid model has a relative RMSE of 6% for the testing period compared to 22%, 14%, and 12% respectively for the analytical model, the calibrated analytical model, and the best of the three investigated neural network models. The hybrid model also has a reasonable computational time and was also found to be robust with regard to the model parameters used by the analytical model.

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  • 22.
    Puttige, Anjan Rao
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Application of Regression and ANN Models for Heat Pumps with Field Measurements2021In: Energies, E-ISSN 1996-1073, Vol. 14, no 6, article id 1750Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Developing accurate models is necessary to optimize the operation of heating systems. A large number of field measurements from monitored heat pumps have made it possible to evaluate different heat pump models and improve their accuracy. This study used measured data from a heating system consisting of three heat pumps to compare five regression and two artificial neural network (ANN) models. The models’ performance was compared to determine which model was suitable during the design and operation stage by calibrating them using data provided by the manufacturer and the measured data. A method to refine the ANN model was also presented. The results indicate that simple regression models are more suitable when only manufacturers’ data are available, while ANN models are more suited to utilize a large amount of measured data. The method to refine the ANN model is effective at increasing the accuracy of the model. The refined models have a relative root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 5%

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  • 23.
    Puttige, Anjan Rao
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Improvement of borehole heat exchanger model performance by calibration using measured data2020In: Journal of Building Performance Simulation, Taylor & Francis, ISSN 1940-1493, E-ISSN 1940-1507, Vol. 13, no 4, p. 430-442Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Planning the operation of large ground source heat pump (GSHP) systems requires accurate models of borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) that are not computationally intensive. In this paper, we propose parameter estimation using measured data as a method to improve the analytical models of BHE. The method was applied to a GSHP system operating for over 3 years. The deviation between modelled and measured load of the BHE reduced from 22% to 14%. Influence of the calibration data set was tested by changing time resolution and season of the calibration data. We concluded that the time resolution must be high enough to differentiate among the effects of different parameters and that different model parameters must be used for injection and extraction (seasons). The method was also applied to a GSHP that has been monitored for 10 years, which showed that accuracy of the model can be improved by annual updates of parameters.

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  • 24.
    Puttige, Anjan Rao
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Method to estimate the ground loads for missing periods in a monitored GSHP2019In: EUROPEAN GEOTHERMAL CONGRESS 2019: THE HAGUE, 11-14 JUNE 2019, 2019Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Monitoring a ground source heat pump can provide important insights into its working, but to study the behaviour of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) we require monitored data for the whole period of operation. In practice, the monitored data often has periods of missing data. We propose a method to estimate the load during the periods of missing data based on the fluid temperature after that period. The method determined the missing load with negligible error, for the case of a BHE that behaves exactly like the model describing it. A sensitivity analysis showed that the estimated load is highly sensitive to errors in measured load and fluid temperature. The method was applied to a real monitored BHE, the magnitude of estimated loads were unreasonably high, but the overall deviation between the measured and simulated values of fluid temperature decreased. Therefore, the high magnitude of missing load compensates for the lack of agreement between the model and the measured data.

  • 25.
    Puttige, Anjan Rao
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Method to estimate the ground loads for missing periods in a monitored GSHP2019In: European Geothermal Congress 2019, 2019Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Monitoring a ground source heat pump can provide important insights into its working, but to study the behaviour of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) we require monitored data for the whole period of operation. In practice, the monitored data often has periods of missing data. We propose a method to estimate the load during the periods of missing data based on the fluid temperature after that period. The method determined the missing load with negligible error, for the case of a BHE that behaves exactly like the model describing it. A sensitivity analysis showed that the estimated load is highly sensitive to errors in measured load and fluid temperature. The method was applied to a real monitored BHE, the magnitude of estimated loads were unreasonably high, but the overall deviation between the measured and simulated values of fluid temperature decreased. Therefore, the high magnitude of missing load compensates for the lack of agreement between the model and the measured data.

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  • 26.
    Puttige, Anjan Rao
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics. Umeå University.
    Andersson, Staffan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Olofsson, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Modeling and optimization of hybrid ground source heat pump with district heating and cooling2022In: Energy and Buildings, ISSN 0378-7788, E-ISSN 1872-6178, Vol. 264, article id 112065Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Hybrid heating systems with ground source heat pumps (GSHP) and district heating and cooling offer flexibility in operation to both building owners and energy providers. The flexibility can be used to make the heating system more economical and environmentally friendly. However, due to the lack of suitable models that can accurately predict the long-term performance of the GSHP, there is uncertainty in their performance and concerns about the long-term stability of the ground temperature, which has limited the utilization of such hybrid heating systems. This work presents a hybrid model of a GSHP system that uses analytical and artificial neural network models to accurately represent a GSHP system's long-term behavior. A method to improve the operation of a hybrid GSHP is also presented. The method was applied to hospital buildings in northern Sweden. It was shown that in the improved case, the cost of providing heating to the building can be reduced by 64 t€, and the CO2 emissions can be reduced by 92 tons while maintaining a stable ground temperature.

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  • 27.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Energieffektivt byggande i kallt klimat2012In: Bygg och Teknik, ISSN 0281-658X, E-ISSN 2002-8350, Vol. 104, no 8, p. 39-42Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 28.
    Östin, Ronny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Evaluation of a Single Family Low Energy Building in Cold Climate2017In: Energy Procedia, ISSN 1876-6102, Vol. 132, p. 9-14Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Verification of energy performance and indoor climate by detailed field measurements in buildings is of great importance and promotes an assurance in the process of constructing low energy buildings and enables to utilize the full potential of energy efficiency measures.

    In the present work a single family building with a heated living space area of 175 m2 has been monitored. The heating system has a wood pellet stove for space heating (SH) and domestic hot water (DHW) and on the roof there are solar collectors in a southerly direction contributing to SH and DHW. SH is distributed by the ventilation system and an under floor heating system which is connected to a heat storage water tank. The incoming outdoor air is pre-heated in an earth-to-air heat exchanger and the building has a measured specific energy usage of 54 kWh/m2year which is far lower than today’s regulation at 130 kWh/m2year in the actual climate zone. The low energy use in the building are due to thick thermal insulation (average Um = 0.18 W/°C m2), an air tight envelope (q50 = 0.165 l/sm2), heat recovery of exhaust air (average 74 % efficiency) and free heat from the ground pre-heating of supply air which is above 2°C even for outdoor temperatures down to -27°C. An essential factor was the low rate of air changes during the heating season about 40 % of the regulated requirement. Measurements of indoor air quality like carbon dioxide occasionally indicated insufficient ventilation.

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  • 29.
    Östin, Ronny
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Eklund, Erik
    Johansson, Christer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Energieffektivt byggande i kallt klimat2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The project Energy efficient construction in cold climate is a study of six newly produced low energy buildings in the region of Umeå. Four buildings are houses and two residential buildings which are located from Sikeå up north to Nordmaling down south.

    The buildings have been equipped with wireless logger system for collecting data of energy performance for the entire building and for individual components of the energy system. Loggers for relative humidity and temperature have been placed in ventilation and the buildings construction shell. The later of the position of loggers have been placed in different depths of the constructions isolating shell.

    The purpose of this study is to investigate these buildings energy performance and what risks constructing energy efficient buildings in cold climate due to humidity. The relative humidity and temperature sensors located in the construction shell show no signs of risk for rotting and mold. Moisture migration is a slow process and to be certain longer measurements are required.

    With the method called energy signature the measured energy usage have been normal corrected by year and the average U-value calculated. Expected energy usage and average U-value is compared to our measured data in this report.

    Two buildings in the study are equipped with a buried pipe for supply air which is 36m and 10 m long. The longest (36m) shows a big increase of air temperature (from -25°C outside to +°2 at the inlet connecting to the heat exchanger). This by means no extra heat is required for the inlet air to reach comfortable temperature.

    The measurement of energy displays that constructing buildings with lower energy use then the Swedish Boverkets requirements are confirmed. The houses shows a specific energy usage as Boverkets definition (energy for heating and for domestic hot water per heated surface area) from 59.7 to 91.8 kWh/m2, year and the residential buildings from 68 to 75.5 kWh/m2, year which are lower than today regulations at 130 kWh/m2, year and 95 kWh/m2, year for electric heated.

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  • 30.
    Östin, Ronny
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Nair, Gireesh
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Energy performance and lessons learned from detailed measurement of a passive house preschool in cold climate2019In: Is efficient sufficient?: eceee 2019 Summer Study on energy efficiency: Abstracts, European Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ECEEE), 2019, p. 1433-1442Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Public passive house buildings are rare in high northern latitudes. This study reports on extensive measurements and evaluations of the most northerly (640 N) built passive house preschool in Sweden. The two storied preschool, built in 2014, has a total heated floor area of 1407 m2. The building was certified according to the international passive house standard. The building has several smart solutions such as demand controlled ventilation of individual rooms and automatic solar shading system.

    Energy measurements conducted during 2017-2018 showed that the preschool annually uses 44.4 kWhm-2, which is approximately 25 % lower than the passive house requirement for energy demand. However, the annual specific space heating requirement of 15 kWhm-2 and the peak heat power demand of 10 Wm-2 were not fulfilled. This non-compliance was mainly due to excessive ventilation during the heating season which was found to have 2.7 times higher air changes than the requirement in the Swedish building code. Furthermore, the building was found to be over heated from the sun during several occasions in a year. For example, excessive indoor air temperatures in the range 28 – 31°C were found during summer.

    The study revealed that the default winter operation by turning off the ventilation system during nights and weekends is continued in other seasons as well. This practice was not a “smart” approach for the air handling units as it was found to be one of the reasons for high indoor temperatures during non-winter months. Also, a mismatch between the operation of the automatic shading device and the ventilation control units was noted.

    The investigation shows that smart technical solutions in buildings may not be able to deliver its’ promised results if such systems are not monitored, adjusted and carefully evaluated. The paper identifies areas that need attention to ensure that a public building built to passive house standard actually deliver the energy efficiency it promises.

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