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• 1. Badariah Asan, Noor
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Menouﬁa University, Menouf, Egypt. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Characterization of the Fat Channel for Intra-Body Communication at R-Band Frequencies2018In: Sensors, ISSN 1424-8220, E-ISSN 1424-8220, Vol. 18, no 9, article id 2752Article in journal (Refereed)

In this paper, we investigate the use of fat tissue as a communication channel between in-body, implanted devices at R-band frequencies (1.7–2.6 GHz). The proposed fat channel is based on an anatomical model of the human body. We propose a novel probe that is optimized to efficiently radiate the R-band frequencies into the fat tissue. We use our probe to evaluate the path loss of the fat channel by studying the channel transmission coefficient over the R-band frequencies. We conduct extensive simulation studies and validate our results by experimentation on phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, with good agreement between simulations and experiments. We demonstrate a performance comparison between the fat channel and similar waveguide structures. Our characterization of the fat channel reveals propagation path loss of ∼0.7 dB and ∼1.9 dB per cm for phantom and ex-vivo porcine tissue, respectively. These results demonstrate that fat tissue can be used as a communication channel for high data rate intra-body networks.

• 2.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Sound vibration damping optimization with application to the design of speakerphone casings2013In: : Paper id 5569, 2013Conference paper (Refereed)

We optimize the thickness distribution in a 1D beam model of an elastic plate, subject to forced vibration at one of its ends, in order to minimize the structural vibration in a given area of the plate. The optimization is carried out both in broadband and band-pass cases. Geometric constraints, weight constraints, and constraints on the static compliance are imposed in the optimization. A broadband optimization over 50 frequencies, evenly distributed in the 300–3400 Hz range, reduces the vibration by around 5–10 dB on average throughout the frequency range. When targeting only the higher end of the above frequency range, it is possible to achieve more dramatic results. Vibration reductions of 20 dB and more can be achieved in the 2300–2800 Hz region. In the latter case, the results suggest that a band-gap phenomenon occurs, similarly as for phononic band gap materials. To validate the results, the best-performing optimal shape for the clamped case was imported into a 3D computational structural model, and the resulting forced vibration response agreed well with the the beam-model computations. These results were first announced in a technical report by Lacis et al. [5].

• 3.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Acoustic shape optimization using cut finite elements2018In: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, ISSN 0029-5981, E-ISSN 1097-0207, Vol. 113, no 3, p. 432-449Article in journal (Refereed)

Fictitious domain methods are attractive for shape optimization applications, since they do not require deformed or regenerated meshes. A recently developed such method is the CutFEM approach, which allows crisp boundary representations and for which uniformly well-conditioned system matrices can be guaranteed. Here, we investigate the use of the CutFEM approach for acoustic shape optimization, using as test problem the design of an acoustic horn for favorable impedance-matching properties. The CutFEM approach is used to solve the Helmholtz equation, and the geometry of the horn is implicitly described by a level-set function. To promote smooth algorithmic updates of the geometry, we propose to use the nodal values of the Laplacian of the level-set function as design variables. This strategy also improves the algorithm's convergence rate, counteracts mesh dependence, and, in combination with Tikhonov regularization, controls small details in the optimized designs. An advantage with the proposed method is that the exact derivatives of the discrete objective function can be expressed as boundary integrals, as opposed to when using a traditional method that uses mesh deformations. The resulting horns possess excellent impedance-matching properties and exhibit surprising subwavelength structures, not previously seen, which are possible to capture due to the fixed mesh approach.

• 4.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
SHAPE OPTIMIZATION OF A COMPRESSION DRIVER PHASE PLUG2019In: SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, ISSN 1064-8275, E-ISSN 1095-7197, Vol. 41, no 1, p. B181-B204Article in journal (Refereed)

A compression driver is an electro-acoustic transducer with considerably higher efficiency than direct radiating loudspeakers, thanks to the increased radiation resistance caused by a large vibrating diaphragm placed in a compression chamber with small openings. The transition section between compression chamber and output waveguide, the phase plug, must be carefully designed to avoid irregularities in the output sound pressure level (SPL) as a function of frequency. Here we present a shape optimization method based on an implicit level-set description and adjoint sensitivity analysis, which enables a large number of design parameters and vast design freedom. The CutFEM approach, a fictitious domain finite element method, removes the need for mesh updates and makes the method robust and computationally inexpensive. Numerical experiments for a generic annular diaphragm compression driver are presented, with optimized designs showing only minor frequency irregularities. Two different objective functions are considered: one for maximum SPL and one where the SPL is fitted to that of a hypothetical ideal design; the latter approach is found to be more effective in reducing irregularities. Visco-thermal boundary-layer losses are included in a post-processing step, and, though the influence of losses is clearly noticeable, the overall performance is similar and the optimized designs still outperform the original design.

• 5.
Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Optimization of transmission spectra through periodic aperture arrays2011In: Optimization and Engineering, ISSN 1389-4420, E-ISSN 1573-2924, Vol. 12, no 4, p. 509-534Article in journal (Refereed)

We investigate the problem of designing periodic aperture arrays in a thin, perfect electric conductor, such that transmission energy of time-harmonic electromagnetic plane waves through the apertures attains a specified profile with respect to frequency. We first formulate a mathematical model for the electromagnetic transmission problem, and describe a regularized numerical discretization. We then formulate the design problem as a mathematical optimization in which an objective is minimized with respect to a discrete characteristic function describing aperture shape and topology. A level-set method combined with a filtering technique and a gradient-based minimization algorithm numerically solves the problem. Several numerical examples are presented which show that although it is possible to obtain improved transmission spectra, the problem is underposed and subject to numerical instability.

• 6.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Analysis of fictitious domain approximations of hard scatterers2015In: SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, ISSN 0036-1429, E-ISSN 1095-7170, Vol. 53, no 5, p. 2347-2362Article in journal (Refereed)

Consider the Helmholtz equation del center dot alpha del p+k(2 alpha)p = 0 in a domain that contains a so-called hard scatterer. The scatterer is represented by the value alpha = epsilon, for 0 < epsilon << 1, whereas alpha = 1 whenever the scatterer is absent. This scatterer model is often used for the purpose of design optimization and constitutes a fictitious domain approximation of a body characterized by homogeneous Neumann conditions on its boundary. However, such an approximation results in spurious resonances inside the scatterer at certain frequencies and causes, after discretization, ill-conditioned system matrices. Here, we present a stabilization strategy that removes these resonances. Furthermore, we prove that, in the limit epsilon -> 0, the stabilized problem provides linearly convergent approximations of the solution to the problem with an exactly modeled scatterer. Numerical experiments indicate that a finite element approximation of the stabilized problem is free from internal resonances, and they also suggest that the convergence rate is indeed linear with respect to epsilon.

• 7.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Menoufia University, 32952 Menouf, Egypt.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Compact Differential-Fed Planar Filtering Antennas2019In: Electronics, ISSN 2079-9292, Vol. 8, no 11, article id 1241Article in journal (Refereed)

This paper proposes novel low-profile differential-fed planar antennas with embedded sharp frequency selectively. The antennas are compact and easy to integrate with differential devices without matching baluns. The antenna design is formulated as a topology optimization problem, where requirements on impedance bandwidth, directivity, and filtering are used as the design objectives. The optimized antennas operate over the frequency band 6.0-8.5 GHz. The antennas have reflection coefficients below -15 dB, cross-polarization levels below -42 dB, a maximum gain of 6.0 +/- 0.5 dB, and a uniform directivity over more than 130 degrees beamwidth angle in the frequency band of interest. In addition, the antennas exhibit sharp roll-off between the operational band and frequencies around the 5.8 GHz WiFi band and the 10 GHz X-band. One antenna has been fabricated with a good match between simulation and measurement results.

• 8.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Uppsala University. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology optimization of planar antennas for wideband near-field coupling2015In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 0018-926X, E-ISSN 1558-2221, Vol. 63, no 9, p. 4208-4213Article in journal (Refereed)

We present an approach to design from scratch planar microwave antennas for the purpose of ultra-wideband (UWB) near-field sensing. Up to about 120 000 design variables associated with square grids on planar substrates are subject to design, and a numerical optimization algorithm decides, after around 200 iterations, for each edge in the grid whether it should consist of metal or a dielectric. The antenna layouts produced with this approach show UWB impedance matching properties and near-field coupling coefficients that are flat over a much wider frequency range than a standard UWB antenna. The properties of the optimized antennas are successfully cross-verified with a commercial software and, for one of the designs, also validated experimentally. We demonstrate that an antenna optimized in this way shows a high sensitivity when used for near-field detection of a phantom with dielectric properties representative of muscle tissue.

• 9.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Department of electronics and electrical communications, Menoufia University, Menouf, 32952, Egypt.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology Optimisation of Wideband Coaxial-to-Waveguide Transitions2017In: Scientific Reports, ISSN 2045-2322, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 45110Article in journal (Refereed)

To maximize the matching between a coaxial cable and rectangular waveguides, we present a computational topology optimisation approach that decides for each point in a given domain whether to hold a good conductor or a good dielectric. The conductivity is determined by a gradient-based optimisation method that relies on finite-difference time-domain solutions to the 3D Maxwell’s equations. Unlike previously reported results in the literature for this kind of problems, our design algorithm can efficiently handle tens of thousands of design variables that can allow novel conceptual waveguide designs. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach by presenting optimised transitions with reflection coefficients lower than −15dB over more than a 60% bandwidth, both for right-angle and end-launcher configurations. The performance of the proposed transitions is crossverified with a commercial software, and one design case is validated experimentally.

• 10.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Conductive material distribution optimization for ultrawideband antennas2013In: Proceedings 11th International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Waves: Waves 2013, Tunis: ENIT-LAMSIN , 2013, p. 171-172Conference paper (Refereed)

An Ultrawideband (UWB) planar monopole an-tenna is designed using the material distribution ap-proach to topology optimization. The design variablesare the local conductivity values in a 75 × 75 mm areawhere the radiating element can be located. Theantenna is optimized for maximum reception, in anattached coaxial cable, of incoming plane waves. Thewave propagation is modeled using the time domain3D Maxwell equations discretized using FDTD, andthe optimization is carried out using a gradient-basedoptimization method, in which the derivatives aresupplied through solving corresponding adjoint equa-tions. The outer dimensions of the optimized antennais 75 × 60 mm, and its reflection coefficient |S11 |,with respect to a feeding signal in the coaxial cable,stays below −10 dB throughout the frequency band1.2–9.7 GHz.

• 11.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Patch and ground plane design of microstrip antennas by material distribution topologly optimization2014In: Progress in Electromagnetics Research B, ISSN 1937-6472, E-ISSN 1937-6472, Vol. 59, p. 89-102Article in journal (Refereed)

We use a gradient-based material distribution approach to design conductive parts of microstrip antennas in an efficient way. The approach is based on solutions of the 3D Maxwell's equation computed by the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. Given a set of incoming waves, our objective is to maximize the received energy by determining the conductivity on each Yee-edge in the design domain. The objective function gradient is computed by the adjoint-field method. A microstrip antenna is designed to operate at 1.5 GHz with 0.3 GHz bandwidth. We present two design cases. In the first case, the radiating patch and the finite ground plane are designed in two separate phases, whereas in the second case, the radiating patch and the ground plane are simultaneously designed. We use more than 58,000 design variables and the algorithm converges in less than 150 iterations. The optimized designs have impedance bandwidths of 13% and 36% for the first and second design case, respectively.

• 12.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Time-Domain Sensitivity Analysis for Conductivity Distribution in Maxwell's Equations2015Report (Other academic)

We present expressions for the derivatives of the outgoing signal in coaxial cables with respect to the conductivity distribution in a specific domain. The derived expressions can be used with gradient-based optimization methods to design metallic electromagnetic devices, such as antennas and waveguides. We use the adjoint-field method to derive the expressions and the derivation is based on the 3D time-domain Maxwell's equations. We present two derivative expressions; one expression is derived in the continuous case and the second is derived based on the FDTD discretization of Maxwell's equations, including the uniaxial perfectly match layer (UPML) to simulate the radiation boundary condition. The derivatives are validated through a numerical example, where derivatives computed by the adjoint-field method are compared against derivatives computed with finite differences. Up to 7 digits precision matching is obtained.

• 13.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology optimization of metallic antennas2014In: IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, ISSN 0018-926X, E-ISSN 1558-2221, Vol. 62, no 5, p. 2488-2500Article in journal (Refereed)

We introduce an approach to carry out layout optimization of metallic antenna parts. An optimization technique first developed for the optimization of load-bearing elastic structures is adapted for the purpose of metallic antenna design. The local conductivity values in a given region are used as design variables and are iteratively updated by a gradient-based optimization algorithm. Given a set of time-domain signals from exterior sources, the design objective is here to maximize the energy received by the antenna and transmitted to a coaxial cable. The optimization proceeds through a sequence of coarsely-defined lossy designs with successively increasing details and less losses as the iterations proceed. The objective function gradient is derived based on the FDTD discretization of Maxwell's equations and is expressed in terms of field solutions of the original antenna problem and an adjoint field problem. The same FDTD code, but with different wave sources, is used for both the original antenna problem and the adjoint problem. For any number of design variables, the gradient is evaluated on the basis of only two FDTD simulations, one for the original antenna problem and another for the adjoint field problem. We demonstrate the capability of the method by optimizing the radiating patch of both UWB monopole and microstrip antennas. The UWB monopole is designed to radiate over a wide frequency band 1-10 GHz, while the microstrip patch is designed for single and dual frequency band operation. In these examples, there are more than 20,000 design variables, and the algorithm typically converges in less than 150 iterations. The optimization results show a promising use of the proposed approach as a general method for conceptual design of near-resonance metallic antennas.

• 14.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology optimization of UWB monopole antennas2013In: 7th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP2013), New York: IEEE conference proceedings, 2013, p. 1488-1492Conference paper (Refereed)

A Topology optimization technique is used for complete layout optimization of the radiating element of a planar monopole antenna. The design objective is to find a conductivity distribution that maximizes the energy received by the planar monopole over the frequency band 1-10 GHz. The finite difference time domain method (FDTD) is used for the numerical calculations, and an adjoint problem is derived to calculate the corresponding sensitivities. Numerical results show a promising use of topology optimization techniques for the systematic design of ultrawideband monopoles.

• 15.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Department of Electronics and Electrical Communications, Menoufia University, Menouf, Egypt.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology optimization of compact wideband coaxial-to-waveguide transitions with minimum-size control2018In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print), ISSN 1615-147X, E-ISSN 1615-1488, Vol. 57, no 4, p. 1765-1777Article in journal (Refereed)

This paper presents a density-based topology optimization approach to design compact wideband coaxial-to-waveguide transitions. The underlying optimization problem shows a strong self penalization towards binary solutions, which entails mesh-dependent designs that generally exhibit poor performance. To address the self penalization issue, we develop a filtering approach that consists of two phases. The first phase aims to relax the self penalization by using a sequence of linear filters. The second phase relies on nonlinear filters and aims to obtain binary solutions and to impose minimum-size control on the final design. We present results for optimizing compact transitions between a 50-Ohm coaxial cable and a standard WR90 waveguide operating in the X-band (8-12 GHz).

• 16.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
A holistic optimization framework for forest machine trail network design accounting for multiple objectives and machines2019In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, ISSN 0045-5067, E-ISSN 1208-6037, Vol. 49, no 2, p. 111-120Article in journal (Refereed)

Ground-based mechanized forestry requires the traversal of terrain by heavy machines. The routes they take are often called machine trails, and are created by removing trees from the trail and placing the logs outside it. Designing an optimal machine trail network is a complex locational problem that requires understanding how forestry machines can operate on the terrain as well as the trade-offs between various economic and ecological aspects. Machine trail designs are currently created manually based on intuitive decisions about the importance, correlations, and effects of many potentially conflicting aspects. Badly designed machine trail networks could result in costly operations and adverse environmental impacts. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop a holistic optimization framework for machine trail network design. Key economic and ecological objectives involved in designing machine trail networks for mechanized cut-to-length operations are presented, along with strategies for simultaneously addressing multiple objectives while accounting for the physical capabilities of forestry machines, the impact of slope, and operating costs. Ways of quantitatively formulating and combining these different aspects are demonstrated, together with examples showing how the optimal network design changes in response to various inputs.

• 17.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
A feasibility evaluation approach for time-evolving multi-item production-distribution networks2016In: Optimization Methods and Software, ISSN 1055-6788, E-ISSN 1029-4937, Vol. 31, no 3, p. 562-576Article in journal (Refereed)

Time-dependent multi-item problems arise frequently in management applications, communication systems, and production–distribution systems. Our problem belongs to the last category, where we wish to address the feasibility of such systems when all network parameters change over time and product. The objective is to determine whether it is possible to have a dynamic production–shipment circuit within a finite planning horizon. And, if there is no such a flow, the goal is to determine where and when the infeasibility occurs and the approximate magnitude of the infeasibility. This information may help the decision maker in their efforts to resolve the infeasibility of the system. The problem in the discrete-time settings is investigated and a hybrid of scaling approach and penalty function method together with network optimality condition is utilized to develop a network-based algorithm. This algorithm is analysed from theoretical and practical perspectives by means of instances corresponding to some electricity transmission-distribution networks and many random instances. Computational results illustrate the performance of the algorithm.

• 18.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Connectivity reliability in uncertain networks with stability analysis2016In: Expert systems with applications, ISSN 0957-4174, E-ISSN 1873-6793, Vol. 57, p. 337-344Article in journal (Refereed)

This paper treats the fundamental problems of reliability and stability analysis in uncertain networks. Here, we consider a collapsed, post-disaster, traffic network that is composed of nodes (centers) and arcs (links), where the uncertain operationality or reliability of links is evaluated by domain experts. To ensure the arrival of relief materials and rescue vehicles to the disaster areas in time, uncertainty theory, which neither requires any probability distribution nor fuzzy membership function, is employed to originally propose the problem of choosing the most reliable path (MRP). We then introduce the new problems of α-most reliable path (α-MRP), which aims to minimize the pessimistic risk value of a path under a given confidence level α, and very most reliable path (VMRP), where the objective is to maximize the confidence level of a path under a given threshold of pessimistic risk. Then, exploiting these concepts, we give the uncertainty distribution of the MRP in an uncertain traffic network. The objective of bothα-MRP and VMRP is to determine a path that comprises the least risky route for transportation from a designated source node to a designated sink node, but with different decision criteria. Furthermore, a methodology is proposed to tackle the stability analysis issue in the framework of uncertainty programming; specifically, we show how to compute the arcs’ tolerances. Finally, we provide illustrative examples that show how our approaches work in realistic situation.

• 19.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Nonlinear filters in topology optimization: existence of solutions and efficient implementation for minimal compliance problems2016Report (Other academic)

It is well known that material distribution topology optimization problems often are ill-posed if no restriction or regularization method is used. A drawback with the standard linear density filter is that the resulting designs have large areas of intermediate densities, so-called gray areas, especially when large filter radii are used. To produce final designs with less gray areas, several different methods have been proposed; for example, projecting the densities after the filtering or using a nonlinear filtering procedure. In a recent paper, we presented a framework that encompasses a vast majority of currently available density filters. In this paper, we show that all these nonlinear filters ensure existence of solutions to a continuous version of the minimal compliance problem. In addition, we provide a detailed description on how to efficiently compute sensitivities for the case when multiple of these nonlinear filters are applied in sequence. Finally, we present a numerical experiment that illustrates that these cascaded nonlinear filters can be used to obtain independent size control of both void and material regions in a large-scale setting.

• 20.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Nonlinear filters in topology optimization: existence of solutions and efficient implementation for minimum compliance problems2017In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print), ISSN 1615-147X, E-ISSN 1615-1488, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 1017-1028Article in journal (Refereed)

Material distribution topology optimization problems are generally ill-posed if no restriction or regularization method is used. To deal with these issues, filtering procedures are routinely applied. In a recent paper, we presented a framework that encompasses the vast majority of currently available density filters. In this paper, we show that these nonlinear filters ensure existence of solutions to a continuous version of the minimum compliance problem. In addition, we provide a detailed description on how to efficiently compute sensitivities for the case when multiple of these nonlinear filters are applied in sequence. Finally, we present large-scale numerical experiments illustrating some characteristics of these cascaded nonlinear filters.

• 21.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
On minimum length scale control in density based topology optimization2018In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print), ISSN 1615-147X, E-ISSN 1615-1488, Vol. 58, no 3, p. 1015-1032Article in journal (Refereed)

The archetypical topology optimization problem concerns designing the layout of material within a given region of space so that some performance measure is extremized. To improve manufacturability and reduce manufacturing costs, restrictions on the possible layouts may be imposed. Among such restrictions, constraining the minimum length scales of different regions of the design has a significant place. Within the density filter based topology optimization framework the most commonly used definition is that a region has a minimum length scale not less than D if any point within that region lies within a sphere with diameter D > 0 that is completely contained in the region. In this paper, we propose a variant of this minimum length scale definition for subsets of a convex (possibly bounded) domain We show that sets with positive minimum length scale are characterized as being morphologically open. As a corollary, we find that sets where both the interior and the exterior have positive minimum length scales are characterized as being simultaneously morphologically open and (essentially) morphologically closed. For binary designs in the discretized setting, the latter translates to that the opening of the design should equal the closing of the design. To demonstrate the capability of the developed theory, we devise a method that heuristically promotes designs that are binary and have positive minimum length scales (possibly measured in different norms) on both phases for minimum compliance problems. The obtained designs are almost binary and possess minimum length scales on both phases.

• 22.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
1D-model of the interaction between a stack of wood and an imposed electromagnetic wave2015Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)

We have developed and investigated a 1D-model for the interaction between a stack of wood and an impinging electromagnetic field. Maxwell's equations are used to model the electromagnetic interaction and each layer in a stack of boards has been modeled as a homogenous lossy dielectric slab. The main reason for developing this model has been to investigate the possibility of measuring the moisture content of wood inside a drying kiln using electromagnetic waves. Our investigations show that it is in principle possible to measure the moisture content, since the electromagnetic field is sensitive to changes in the moisture content of the wood. We also show that it might be possible to measure the average moisture content, without detailed knowledge of the distribution of moisture content between different boards.

• 23.
Lund University, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Numerical Analysis.
Lund University, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Numerical Analysis.
Laplace’s equation and the Dirichlet–Neumann map: a new mode for Mikhlin’s method2005In: Journal of Computational Physics, ISSN 0021-9991, E-ISSN 1090-2716, Vol. 202, no 2, p. 391-410Article in journal (Refereed)
• 24.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, High Performance Computing Center North (HPC2N).
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, High Performance Computing Center North (HPC2N). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, High Performance Computing Center North (HPC2N).
Fine-Grained Bulge-Chasing Kernels for Strongly Scalable Parallel QR Algorithms2014In: Parallel Computing, ISSN 0167-8191, E-ISSN 1872-7336, no 7, p. 271-288Article in journal (Refereed)

The bulge-chasing kernel in the small-bulge multi-shift QR algorithm for the non-symmetric dense eigenvalue problem becomes a sequential bottleneck when the QR algorithm is run in parallel on a multicore platform with shared memory. The duration of each kernel invocation is short, but the critical path of the QR algorithm contains a long sequence of calls to the bulge-chasing kernel. We study the problem of parallelizing the bulge-chasing kernel itself across a handful of processor cores in order to reduce the execution time of the critical path. We propose and evaluate a sequence of four algorithms with varying degrees of complexity and verify that a pipelined algorithm with a slowly shifting block column distribution of the Hessenberg matrix is superior. The load-balancing problem is non-trivial and computational experiments show that the load-balancing scheme has a large impact on the overall performance. We propose two heuristics for the load-balancing problem and also an effective optimization method based on local search. Numerical experiments show that speed-ups are obtained for problems as small as 40-by-40 on two different multicore architectures.

• 25.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Fixed-mesh curvature-parameterized shape optimization of an acoustic horn2012In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print), ISSN 1615-147X, E-ISSN 1615-1488, Vol. 46, no 5, p. 727-738Article in journal (Refereed)

We suggest a boundary shape optimization approach in which the optimization is carried out on the coefficients in a boundary parameterization based on a local, discrete curvature. A fixed mesh is used to numerically solve the governing equations, in which the geometry is represented through inhomogeneous coefficients, similarly as done in the material distribution approach to topology optimization. The method is applied to the optimization of an acoustic horn in two space dimensions. Numerical experiments show that this method can calculate the horn's transmission properties as accurately as a traditional, body-fitted approach. Moreover, the use of a fixed mesh allows the optimization to create shapes that would be difficult to handle with a traditional approach that uses deformations of a body-fitted mesh. The parameterization inherently promotes smooth designs without unduly restriction of the design flexibility. The optimized, smooth horns consistently show favorable transmission properties.

• 26.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Preventing resonances within approximated sound-hard material in acoustic design optimization2014In: 1st International Conference on Engineering and Applied Sciences Optimization, 2014Conference paper (Other academic)
• 27.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Autonomic resource management for optimized power and performance in multi-tenant clouds2016In: 2016 IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON AUTONOMIC COMPUTING (ICAC) / [ed] Samuel Kounev, Holger Giese, Jie Liu, LOS ALAMITOS: IEEE Computer Society, 2016, p. 85-94Conference paper (Refereed)

We present an autonomic resource management framework that takes advantage of both virtual machine resizing (CPU and memory) and physical CPU frequency scaling to reduce the power consumption of servers while meeting performance requirements of colocated applications. We design online performance and power model estimators that capture the complex relationships between applications' performance and server power (respectively), and resource utilization. Based on these models, we devise two optimization strategies to determine the most power efficient configuration. We also show that an operator can tune the tradeoff between power and performance. Our evaluation using a set of cloud benchmarks compares the proposed solution in power savings against the Linux ondemand and performance CPU governors. The results show that our solution achieves power savings between 12% to 20% compared to the baseline performance governor, while still meeting applications' performance goals.

• 28.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
ALPACA: Application Performance Aware Server Power Capping2018In: ICAC 2018: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC), Trento, Italy, September 3-7, 2018, IEEE Computer Society, 2018, p. 41-50Conference paper (Refereed)

Server power capping limits the power consumption of a server to not exceed a specific power budget. This allows data center operators to reduce the peak power consumption at the cost of performance degradation of hosted applications. Previous work on server power capping rarely considers Quality-of-Service (QoS) requirements of consolidated services when enforcing the power budget. In this paper, we introduce ALPACA, a framework to reduce QoS violations and overall application performance degradation for consolidated services. ALPACA reduces unnecessary high power consumption when there is no performance gain, and divides the power among the running services in a way that reduces the overall QoS degradation when the power is scarce. We evaluate ALPACA using four applications: MediaWiki, SysBench, Sock Shop, and CloudSuite’s Web Search benchmark. Our experiments show that ALPACA reduces the operational costs of QoS penalties and electricity by up to 40% compared to a non optimized system.

• 29.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Power Shepherd: Application Performance Aware Power Shifting2019In: the 11th IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing Technology and Science, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)

Constantly growing power consumption of data centers is a major concern from environmental and economical reasons. Current approaches to reduce negative consequences of high power consumption focus on limiting the peak power consumption. During high workload periods, power consumption of highly utilized servers is throttled to stay within the power budget. However, the peak power reduction affects performance of hosted applications and thus leads to Quality of Service violations. In this paper, we introduce Power Shepherd, a hierarchical system for application performance aware power shifting.

Power Shepherd reduces the data center operational costs by redistributing the available power among applications hosted in the cluster. This is achieved by, assigning server power budgets by the cluster controller, enforcing these power budgets using Running Average Power Limit (RAPL), and prioritizing applications within each server by adjusting the CPU scheduling configuration. We implement a prototype of the proposed solution and evaluate it in a real testbed equipped with power meters and using representative cloud applications. Our experiments show that Power Shepherd has potential to manage a cluster consisting of thousands of servers and limit the increase of operational costs by a significant amount when the cluster power budget is limited and the system is overutilized. Finally, we identify some outstanding challenges regarding model sensitivity and the fact that this approach in its current from is not beneficial to be usedin all situations, e.g., when the system is underutilized

• 30.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. 2College of Information and Computer Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Power Shepherd: Application Performance AwarePower ShiftingManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)

Constantly growing power consumption of data centers is a major concern from environmental and economical reasons. Current approaches to reduce the negative consequences of high power consumption focus on limiting the peak power consumption. During the high workload periods, power consumption of highly utilized servers is throttled in order to stay within the power budget. However, the peak power reduction affects performance of hosted applications and thus leads to Quality of Service violations. In this paper, we introduce Power Shepherd, a hierarchical system for application performance aware power shifting. Power Shepherd reduces the data center operational costs by redistributing the available power among applications hosted in the cluster. This is achieved by, assigning server power budgets by the cluster controller, enforcing these power budgets using Running Average Power Limit (RAPL), and prioritizing applications within each server by adjusting the CPU scheduling configuration. We implement a prototype of the proposed solution and evaluate it in a real testbed equipped with power meters and using representative cloud applications. Our experiments show that Power Shepherd has potential to manage a cluster consisting of thousands of servers and limit the increase of operational costs by a significant amount when the cluster power budget is limited and the system is overutilized. Finally, we identify some outstanding challenges regarding model sensitivity and the fact that this approach in its current form is not beneficial to be used in all situations, e.g., when the system is underutilized.

• 31.
Dalian University of Technology.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
On equal-width length-scale control in topology optimization2019In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print), ISSN 1615-147X, E-ISSN 1615-1488, Vol. 59, no 4, p. 1321-1334Article in journal (Refereed)

This paper deals with equal-width length-scale control in topology optimization. To realize this aim, we first review different notions of minimum and maximum length-scale control and highlight some perhaps counterintuitive consequences of the various definitions. Here, we implement equal-width control within the moving morphable components (MMC) framework by imposing the same upper and lower bounds on the width of the components. To avoid partially overlapping beams and nearly parallel beams, as well as beams crossing at small angles, we introduce penalty functions of the angle difference and the minimum distance between any two beams. A penalized optimization formulation of compliance minimization is established and studied in several numerical examples with different load cases and boundary conditions. The numerical results show that equal-width length-scale control can be obtained by using the proposed penalty function in combination with a continuation approach for the amount of penalization.

• 32.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing. D.A.S. Audio S.A., Valencia, Spain. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
An efficient loudspeaker horn designed by numerical optimization: an experimental study2010Report (Other academic)

Using rapid prototyping, we manufacture an acoustic horn designed by gradient-based shape optimization to have virtually perfect impedance-matching properties. The horn is 161.5 mm long, has a mouth diameter of 300 mm, and a throat diameter intended for a 1.5 inch driver. We optimize the horn with the aim of having perfect radiation efficiency at 31 frequencies in the range 1.6–9.05 kHz, while satisfying a convexity constraint on the flare. The acoustical properties, as needed by the optimization algorithm, are calculated through numerical solutions with the finite-element method of the axisymmetric Helmholtz equation. The prototype has been analyzed in an anechoic chamber. In the design frequency band, the acoustic input impedance agrees reasonably well with the ideal characteristic impedance of a waveguide with the same cross sectional area as the horn throat.

• 33. Roos, M. W.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Computational estimation of fluid mechanical benefits from a fluid deflector at the distal end of artificial vascular grafts2013In: Computers in Biology and Medicine, ISSN 0010-4825, E-ISSN 1879-0534, Vol. 43, no 2, p. 164-168Article in journal (Refereed)

Intimal hyperplasia at the distal anastomosis is considered to be an important determinant for arterial and arteriovenous graft failure. The connection between unhealthy hemodynamics and intimal hyperplasia motivates the use of computational fluid dynamics modeling to search for improved graft design. However, studies on the fluid mechanical impact on intimal hyperplasia at the suture line intrusion have previously been scanty. In the present work, we focus on intimal hyperplasia at the suture line and illustrate potential benefits from the introduction of a fluid deflector to shield the suture line from unhealthily high wall shear stress.

• 34. Saglietti, Clio
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology optimization of heat sinks in a square differentially heated cavity2018In: International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, ISSN 0142-727X, E-ISSN 1879-2278, Vol. 74, p. 36-52Article in journal (Refereed)

Innovative designs of heat sinks are generated in the present paper through numerical optimization, by applying a material distribution topology optimization approach. The potential of the method is demonstrated in a two-dimensional differentially heated cavity, in which the heat transfer is increased by means of introducing a solid structure that acts as a heat sink. We simulate the heat transfer in the whole system by performing direct numerical simulations of the conjugated problem, i.e. temperature diffusion and convection in the entire domain and momentum conservation in the fluid surrounding the solid. The flow is driven by the buoyancy force, under the Boussinesq approximation, and we describe the presence of solid material as the action of a Brinkman friction force in the Navier–Stokes equations. To obtain a design with a given length scale, we apply regularization techniques by filtering the material distribution. Two different types of filters are applied and compared for obtaining the most realistic solution. Given the large scale of the problem, the optimization is solved with a gradient based method that relies on adjoint sensitivity analysis. The results show the applicability of the method by presenting innovative geometries that are increasing the heat flux. Moreover, the effect of various factors is studied: We investigate the impact of boundary conditions, initial designs, and Rayleigh number. Complex tree-like structures are favored when a horizontal temperature gradient is imposed on the boundary and when we limit the amount of solid volume in the cavity. The choice of the initial design affects the final topology of the generated solid structures, but not their performance for the studied cases. Additionally, when the Rayleigh number increases, the topology of the heat exchanger is able to substantially enhance the convection contribution to the heat transfer.

• 35.
Institut für Mathematik , Universität Würzburg.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Large-Scale Three-Dimensional Acoustic Horn Optimization2016In: SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, ISSN 1064-8275, E-ISSN 1095-7197, Vol. 38, no 6, p. B917-B940Article in journal (Refereed)

We consider techniques that enable large-scale gradient-based shape optimization of wave-guiding devices in the context of three-dimensional time-domain simulations. The approach relies on a memory efficient boundary representation of the shape gradient together with primal and adjoint solvers semiautomatically generated by the FEniCS framework. The hyperbolic character of the governing linear wave equation, written as a first-order system, is exploited through systematic use of the characteristic decomposition both to define the objective function and to obtain stable numerical fluxes in the discontinuous Galerkin spatial discretization. The methodology is successfully used to optimize the shape of a midrange acoustic horn, described by 1,762 design variables, for maximum transmission efficiency, where the parallel computations involve a total of $3.5\times10^9$ unknowns.

• 36.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
DieHard: Reliable Scheduling to Survive Correlated failures in Cloud Data Centers2016In: 2016 16th IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (CCGrid), IEEE, 2016Conference paper (Refereed)

In large scale data centers, a single fault can lead to correlated failures of several physical machines and the tasks running on them, simultaneously. Such correlated failures can severely damage the reliability of a service or a job running on the failed hardware. This paper models the impact of stochastic and correlated failures on job reliability in a data center. We focus on correlated failures caused by power outages or failures of network components, on jobs running multiple replicas of identical tasks. We present a statistical reliability model and an approximation technique for computing a job’s reliability in the presence of correlated failures. In addition, we address the problem of scheduling a job with reliability constraints.We formulate the scheduling problem as an optimization problem, with the aim being to maintain the desired reliability with the minimum number of extra tasks to resist failures.We present a scheduling algorithm that approximates the minimum number of required tasks and a placement to achieve a desired job reliability. We study the efficiency of our algorithm using an analytical approach and by simulating a cluster with different failure sources and reliabilities. The results show that the algorithm can effectively approximate the minimum number of extra tasks required to achieve the job’s reliability.

• 37.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Continuous Datacenter Consolidation2014Report (Refereed)

Efficient mapping of Virtual Machines (VMs) onto physical servers is a key problem for cloud infrastructure providers as hardware utilization directly im- pacts revenue. Today, this mapping is commonly only performed when new VMs are created, but as VM workloads fluctuate and server availability varies, any ini- tial mapping is bound to become suboptimal over time. We introduce a set of heuristic methods for continuous optimization of the VM-to-server mapping based on combina- tions of fundamental management actions, namely suspending and resuming physical machines, migrating VMs, and suspending and resuming VMs. Using these methods cloud infrastructure providers can continuously optimize their server resources regard- less of the predictability of the workload. To verify that our approach is applicable in real-world scenarios, we build a proof-of-concept datacenter management system that implements the proposed algorithms. The feasibility of our approach is evaluated through a combination of simulations and real experiments where our system provi- sions a workload of benchmark applications. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithms are feasible, that the combined management approach achieves the best results, and that the VM suspend and resume mechanism has the largest impact.

• 38.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Continuous Datacenter Consolidation2015In: 2015 IEEE 7TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CLOUD COMPUTING TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE (CLOUDCOM), 2015, p. 387-396Conference paper (Refereed)

Efficient mapping of Virtual Machines (VMs) onto physical servers is a key problem for cloud infrastructure providers as hardware utilization directly impacts profit. Today, this mapping is commonly only performed when new VMs are created, but as VM workloads fluctuate and server availability varies, any initial mapping is bound to become suboptimal over time. We introduce a set of heuristic methods for continuous optimization of the VM-to-server mapping based on combinations of fundamental management actions, namely suspending and resuming physical machines, migrating VMs, and suspending and resuming VMs. By using these methods, cloud infrastructure providers can continuously optimize their server resources regardless of the predictability of the workload. To verify that our approach is applicable in real-world scenarios, we build a proof-of-concept datacenter management system that implements the proposed algorithms. The feasibility of our approach is evaluated through a combination of simulations and real experiments where our system provisions a workload of benchmark applications. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithms are feasible, that the combined management approach achieves the best results, and that the VM suspend and resume mechanism has the largest impact on provider profit.

• 39.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
PerfGreen: Performance and Energy Aware Resource Provisioning for Heterogeneous Clouds2018In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing (ICAC), 2018, p. 81-90Conference paper (Refereed)

Improving energy efficiency in a cloud environment is challenging because of poor energy proportionality, low resource utilization, interference as well as workload, application, and hardware dynamism. In this paper we present PerfGreen, a dynamic auto-tuning resource management system for improving energy efficiency with minimal performance impact in heterogeneous clouds. PerfGreen achieves this through a combination of admission control, scheduling, and online resource allocation methods with performance isolation and application priority techniques. Scheduling in PerfGreen is energy aware and power management capabilities such as CPU frequency adaptation and hard CPU power limiting are exploited. CPU scaling is combined with performance isolation techniques, including CPU pinning and quota enforcement, for prioritized virtual machines to improve energy efficiency. An evaluation based on our prototype implementation shows that PerfGreen with its energy-aware scheduler and resource allocator on average reduces energy usage by 53%, improves performance per watt by 64%, and server density by 25% while keeping performance deviations to a minimum.

• 40.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
A combined frequency scaling and application elasticity approach for energy-efficient cloud computing2014In: Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems, ISSN 2210-5379, E-ISSN 2210-5387, Vol. 4, no 4, p. 205-214Article in journal (Refereed)

Energy management has become increasingly necessary in large-scale cloud data centers to address high operational costs and carbon footprints to the environment. In this work, we combine three management techniques that can be used to control cloud data centers in an energy-efficient manner: changing the number of virtual machines, the number of cores, and scaling the CPU frequencies. We present a feedback controller that determines an optimal configuration to minimize energy consumption while meeting performance objectives. The controller can be configured to accomplish these goals in a stable manner, without causing large oscillations in the resource allocations. To meet the needs of individual applications under different workload conditions, the controller parameters are automatically adjusted at runtime based on a system model that is learned online. The potential of the proposed approach is evaluated in a video encoding scenario. The results show that our combined approach achieves up to 34% energy savings compared to the constituent approaches—core change, virtual machine change, and CPU frequency change policies, while meeting the performance target.

• 41. Tärneberg, William
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Dynamic application placement in the Mobile Cloud Network2017In: Future generations computer systems, ISSN 0167-739X, E-ISSN 1872-7115, Vol. 70, p. 163-177Article in journal (Refereed)

To meet the challenges of consistent performance, low communication latency, and a high degree of user mobility, cloud and Telecom infrastructure vendors and operators foresee a Mobile Cloud Network that incorporates public cloud infrastructures with cloud augmented Telecom nodes in forthcoming mobile access networks. A Mobile Cloud Network is composed of distributed cost- and capacityheterogeneous resources that host applications that in turn are subject to a spatially and quantitatively rapidly changing demand. Such an infrastructure requires a holistic management approach that ensures that the resident applications’ performance requirements are met while sustainably supported by the underlying infrastructure. The contribution of this paper is three-fold. Firstly, this paper contributes with a model that captures the cost- and capacity-heterogeneity of a Mobile Cloud Network infrastructure. The model bridges the Mobile Edge Computing and Distributed Cloud paradigms by modelling multiple tiers of resources across the network and serves not just mobile devices but any client beyond and within the network. A set of resource management challenges is presented based on this model. Secondly, an algorithm that holistically and optimally solves these challenges is proposed. The algorithm is formulated as an application placement method that incorporates aspects of network link capacity, desired user latency and user mobility, as well as data centre resource utilisation and server provisioning costs. Thirdly, to address scalability, a tractable locally optimal algorithm is presented. The evaluation demonstrates that the placement algorithm significantly improves latency, resource utilisation skewness while minimising the operational cost of the system. Additionally, the proposed model and evaluation method demonstrate the viability of dynamic resource management of the Mobile Cloud Network and the need for accommodating rapidly mobile demand in a holistic manner.

• 42.
Department of Information Technology, Uppsala University.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Optimization of a variable mouth acoustic horn2011In: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering, ISSN 0029-5981, E-ISSN 1097-0207, Vol. 85, no 5, p. 591-606Article in journal (Refereed)

By using boundary shape optimization on the end part of a semi-infinite waveguide for acoustic waves, we design transmission-efficient interfacial devices without imposing an upper bound on the mouth diameter. The boundary element method solves the Helmholtz equation modeling the exterior wave propagation problem. A gradient-based optimization algorithm solves the resulting least-squares problem and the adjoint method provides the necessary gradients. The results demonstrate that there appears to be a natural limit on the optimal mouth diameter.

• 43.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Analysis and design of acoustic transition sections for impedance matching and mode conversion2014In: Structural and multidisciplinary optimization (Print), ISSN 1615-147X, E-ISSN 1615-1488, Vol. 50, no 3, p. 395-408Article in journal (Refereed)

This work considers the problem of designing passive transition sections to provide impedance matching and mode conversion for acoustic wave propagation. The base configuration consists of two waveguides connected by a transition section. The objective is to find a placement of material inside this section to make it function as an impedance matcher or a mode converter with minimal losses. A finite element approximation of the Helmholtz equation in a truncated domain together with Dirichlet-to-Neumann type non-reflecting boundary conditions models the wave propagation. Material distribution techniques solve the resulting topology optimization problem and the resulting interfacial devices show good transmission properties.

• 44.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
Microwave tomographic imaging as a sequence of topology optimization problems2010In: Optimization and Engineering, ISSN 1389-4420, E-ISSN 1573-2924, Vol. 11, no 4, p. 597-610Article in journal (Refereed)
• 45.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
On the far-field properties of an acoustic horn2006Report (Other academic)
• 46.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Topology Optimization of an Acoustic Horn2006In: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, ISSN 0045-7825, E-ISSN 1879-2138, Vol. 196, p. 420-436Article in journal (Refereed)
• 47.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
High contrast microwave tomography using topology optimization techniques2007In: Proceedings of Waves 2007: The 8th International Conference on Mathematical and Numerical Aspects of Waves / [ed] N. Biggs et al., Reading, U.K.: University of Reading , 2007, p. 448-450Conference paper (Refereed)
• 48.
Uppsala University,Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
High contrast microwave tomography using topology optimization techniques2010In: Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics, ISSN 0377-0427, E-ISSN 1879-1778, Vol. 234, no 6, p. 1773-1780Article in journal (Refereed)

Microwave tomography for medical applications leads to a difficult reconstruction problem for the dielectric properties of biological tissue due to strongly diffracting waves in combination with large dielectric contrasts. We apply the material distribution technique used for topology optimization of elastic structures in order to solve the nonlinear least-squares problem underlying the reconstruction problem. Using simulated numerical data with an approximate signal-to-noise ratio of 40 dB and geometrical a priori information on the unknown objects, we obtain good estimates of the dielectric properties corresponding to biological objects.

• 49.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Megapixel topology optimization on a graphics processing unit2009In: SIAM Review, ISSN 0036-1445, E-ISSN 1095-7200, Vol. 51, no 4, p. 707-721Article in journal (Refereed)

We show how the computational power and programmability of modern graphics processing units (GPUs) can be used to efficiently solve large-scale pixel-based material distribution problems using a gradient-based optimality criterion method. To illustrate the principle, a so-called topology optimization problem that results in a constrained nonlinear programming problem with over 4 million decision variables is solved on a commodity GPU.

• 50.
Uppsala University, Department of Information Technology, Division of Scientific Computing.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Microwave tomography using topology optimization techniques2008In: SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, ISSN 1064-8275, E-ISSN 1095-7197, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 1613-1633Article in journal (Refereed)

Microwave tomography is a technique in which microwaves illuminate a specimen, and measurements of the scattered electrical field are used to determine and depict the specimen's dielectric and conductive properties. This article presents a new method to perform the reconstruction. The reconstruction method is illustrated by assuming time harmonic scattering in two space dimensions in a setup tailored for medical applications. We prove that the resulting constrained nonlinear least-squares problem admits a solution. The governing Helmholtz equation is discretized by using the finite-element method, and the dielectric properties are allowed to attain different values at each element within a given region. The reconstruction algorithm uses methodologies borrowed from topology optimization of linearly elastic structures. Numerical examples illustrate the reconstruction method in a parameter range typical for human tissue and for the challenging case where the size of the object is in the same order as the wavelength. A reasonable estimate of the dielectric properties is obtained by using one observation per 20 unknowns when the permittivity is allowed to vary continuously within a given interval. Using a priori information that the permittivity attains only certain values results in a good estimate and a sharp image. As opposed to topology optimization for structures, there is no indication of mesh dependency and checkerboarding when forcing the permittivity to attain discrete values.

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