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  • 1.
    Derlén, Mattias
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Lindholm, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Markus, Naarttijärvi
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Konstitutionell rätt2016 (ed. 1)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I en tid då skyddet för grundläggande rättigheter och värnet mot otillbörlig maktutövning blir allt mer aktuellt är den konstitutionella rättens betydelse för rättssystemet och rättsstaten påtaglig. De gränser som den konstitutionella rätten ställer upp för utövandet av offentlig makt ökar således i betydelse, men samtidigt blir det konstitutionellrättsliga läget allt mer komplext, inte minst på grund av europarättens inflytande.Konstitutionell rätt behandlar den konstitutionella rättens tre centrala teman:Maktdelning och andra förutsättningar för utövande av offentlig makt, skyddet för grundläggande rättigheter samt rättsligt genomdrivande av konstitutionellrättsliga normer. Utifrån dessa tre teman behandlar författarna konstitutionella bestämmelser med ursprung i svensk nationell rätt, EU-rätten och Europakonventionen om mänskliga rättigheter.Boken är anpassad för att kunna användas som lärobok på juristutbildningen, men riktar sig också till en bredare publik. Konstitutionell rätt är relevant läsning för såväl erfarna jurister som läsare som är intresserade av konstitutionella frågor mer allmänt.

  • 2.
    Derlén, Mattias
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Lindholm, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Konstitutionell rätt2020 (ed. 2)Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    I turbulenta tider, då grundläggande rättigheter och begränsningar för maktutövning utmanas, ökar betydelsen av de gränser som den konstitutionella rätten ställer upp för utövandet av offentlig makt. Samtidigt blir det konstitutionellrättsliga läget allt mer komplext, inte minst på grund av europarättens inflytande.

    Konstitutionell rätt behandlar den konstitutionella rättens tre centrala teman: maktdelning och andra förutsättningar för utövande av offentlig makt, skyddet för grundläggande rättigheter samt rättsligt genomdrivande av konstitutionellrättsliga normer. Utifrån dessa tre teman behandlar författarna konstitutionella bestämmelser med ursprung i svensk nationell rätt, EU-rätten och Europakonventionen om mänskliga rättigheter.

    Boken är anpassad för att kunna användas som lärobok på juristutbildningen, men riktar sig också till en bredare publik. Konstitutionell rätt är relevant läsning för såväl erfarna jurister som läsare som är intresserade av konstitutionella frågor mer allmänt. Denna andra upplaga är påtagligt omarbetad och utvidgad.

  • 3.
    Enarsson, Therese
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Enqvist, Lena
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Approaching the human in the loop: legal perspectives on hybrid human/algorithmic decision-making in three contexts2022In: Information & communications technology law, ISSN 1360-0834, E-ISSN 1469-8404, Vol. 31, no 1, p. 123-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Public and private organizations are increasingly implementing various algorithmic decision-making systems. Through legal and practical incentives, humans will often need to be kept in the loop of such decision-making to maintain human agency and accountability, provide legal safeguards, or perform quality control. Introducing such human oversight results in various forms of semi-automated, or hybrid decision-making – where algorithmic and human agents interact. Building on previous research we illustrate the legal dependencies forming an impetus for hybrid decision-making in the policing, social welfare, and online moderation contexts. We highlight the further need to situate hybrid decision-making in a wider legal environment of data protection, constitutional and administrative legal principles, as well as the need for contextual analysis of such principles. Finally, we outline a research agenda to capture contextual legal dependencies of hybrid decision-making, pointing to the need to go beyond legal doctrinal studies by adopting socio-technical perspectives and empirical studies.

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  • 4.
    Enarsson, Therese
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Is it all part of the game?: Victim differentiation and the normative protection of victims of online antagonism under the European Convention on Human Rights2016In: International Review of Victimology, ISSN 0269-7580, E-ISSN 2047-9433, Vol. 22, no 2, p. 123-138Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article analyses the issue of online antagonism (defined as antagonistic harassment, defamation, insults and threats online) and the positive obligations of states to counter such antagonism under the European Convention on Human Rights, from a legal and victimological perspective. The article illustrates how the necessary balancing between positive obligations to protect privacy under article 8, and the protection of freedom of speech under article 10, will result in different levels of protection depending on the victim and the type of victimisation in question. This may affect the possibilities for individual victims to gain legal redress, specifically access to the criminal justice system. By comparisons to the current Swedish legislative context, the article highlights some avenues for legislatures to enhance protection for certain groups without interfering with article 10. It also concludes that a failure to protect victims of online antagonism through criminal law may ipso facto weaken the foundations of public discourse that article 10 is supposed to protect, which should be taken into account in a balancing of the rights in question. 

  • 5.
    Enarsson, Therese
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Näthat och det positiva ansvaret under Europakonventionen: viktimologiska hänsyn och normativa utgångspunkter2015In: Europarättslig tidskrift, ISSN 1403-8722, E-ISSN 2002-3561, no 3, p. 556-576Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 6.
    Enqvist, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Administrative Independence Under EU Law: Stuck Between a Rock and Costanzo?2021In: European Public Law, ISSN 1354-3725, E-ISSN 1875-8207, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 707-732Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    EU law places a number of requirements on administrative authorities that puts them in potentially invidious positions; while EU law today does not require institutionally independent administrative authorities or provide protection for the independence of authorities beyond the field of data protection, it does require administrative authorities to act independently through the loyal and effective enforcement of EU law. This requirement of acting independently without institutional independence raises certain implications for the role of administrative authorities acting within the hierarchical administrative orders of Member States. Using the case of Sweden – a Member State where administrative authorities enjoy significant constitutionally protected independence in the application of law and decision of cases – this article argues that the effect of EU law obligations of effectiveness and loyalty is a weakening of the hierarchical influence of the government over its own authorities, with a resulting shift of influence towards the legal arena through the provision of politically expedient interpretations of EU law. The invidious position of administrative authorities within the scope of EU law is likely to make them vulnerable to such influence, which may ultimately interfere with the effective administration of EU law.

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  • 7.
    Enqvist, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Discretion, Automation, and Proportionality2023In: The Rule of Law and Automated Decision-Making: Exploring Fundamentals of Algorithmic Governance / [ed] Markku Suksi, Cham: Springer, 2023, p. 147-178Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This contribution examines the relationship between automation, discretion, and proportionality. It argues that automation efforts in public administration need to be further discussed and analyzed in relation to requirements of proportionality flowing from both national and European law, as the principle carries important implications for both the implementation of automated systems and the responsibilities of decision-makers within those systems. The different facets of proportionality flowing from, inter alia, constitutional, and human rights law, administrative law, and data protection law are explored, with four distinct stages of proportionality analysis identified: legislative, system, decision, and ex post proportionality. These stages all carry different implications for discretion and the prospects of automation. Through the requirements in these different stages, the authors conclude that proportionality ought to act as another driver of keeping human oversight of automated systems. This human oversight will however, in relation to proportionality, require further contextual awareness and control of correct output proportionality, a role which may be significantly more demanding than a more limited oversight implied by current legal discussions on "humans in the loop".

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  • 8.
    Enqvist, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Rättsstatliga principer och beslutsprocesser i en (alltmer) digitaliserad och automatiserad förvaltning2022In: Rättsstaten i den svenska förvaltningen: en forskningsantologi, Stockholm: Statskontoret , 2022, p. 217-249Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Författarna beskriver utmaningar med att använda AI samt att digitalisera och automatisera beslutsfattande. Rättsstatliga principer som legalitet, proportionalitet och likabehandling riskerar att inte uppfyllas i såväl utformningen av systemen som i tillämpning och uppföljning av beslut som fattas maskinellt. Exempel från svenska myndigheters användning av digitala beslutsstöd visar att brister kan få långtgående konsekvenser.

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  • 9.
    Enqvist, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    The Obligation and Sensitivity of Administrative Independence under EU law: Time for an updated Toolbox?2022Other (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    To efficiently ensure that EU law will have an impact on the national level, the EU is dependent on the loyal cooperation of national administrative authorities, which has been described as a distributed administration. To further this, the CJEU has developed certain responsibilities flowing from EU law ensuring that national administrative authorities will give full effect to EU law within their respective areas of responsibility. This includes a responsibility that in many states would be otherwise reserved for courts – namely, to disapply national legislation when it conflicts with requirements under EU law. In this post, which is based on our recently published article ‘Administrative independence under EU law: Stuck between a rock and Costanzo?’ in European Public Law, we will illustrate how this may create a tension between the hierarchical structure of Member State administrations on the one hand, and the mandates and responsibilities provided to administrative authorities on the other. It may force a subordinate administrative authority to override their own government. Similar to courts, national administrative authorities thus have the invidious position of serving two masters at once, while not enjoying the same structural or legal independence towards the national government.

  • 10.
    Enqvist, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Tillit, självständighet och glastak i akademin: statligt universitetsanställdas etos i en linjestyrd myndighet2020In: Vänbok till Ulf Israelsson / [ed] Mattias Derlén, Lena Landström, Nina Nilsson Rådeström, Umeå: Juridiska institutionen, Umeå universitet , 2020, p. 75-90Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 11.
    Landström, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Eklund, Niklas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Legal limits to prioritisation in policing: challenging the impact of centralisation2020In: Policing & society, ISSN 1043-9463, E-ISSN 1477-2728, Vol. 30, no 9, p. 1061-1080Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article illustrates, through a combination of administrative and legal perspectives, how ambitions to centralise prioritisation decisions within a police organisation can be limited by the legal rules relating to crime investigations and public order policing. As a case study, we use the centralisation of the Swedish Police, a reform intending to reduce the previously far-reaching operational independence of regional police authorities in favour of a centralised and uniform single authority. Through this case study, we analyse the interaction between the legal and institutional frameworks of policing and prosecution, including positive obligations enshrined in the European Convention on Human Rights. We conclude that legal responsibilities affecting the Swedish Police may significantly limit the possibility for managers and officers to de-prioritise many cases and public order concerns, which, in turn, may limit the ability to divert resources to other—centrally prioritised—tasks. Failure to account for such limits may cause reform ambitions to collide with legal responsibilities in day-to-day operative policing. The results indicate that research into organisational reform and police prioritisation may benefit from a more systemic analysis of the legal and institutional factors limiting institutional discretion.

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  • 12.
    Landström, Lena
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Gränser för polisiär innovation - rättssäkerhet, enhetlighet och demokratisk legitimitet2020In: Nordisk Tidsskrift for Kriminalvidenskab, ISSN 0029-1528, no 3, p. 268-286Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The literature on policing asserts that there has been a remarkable emphasis oninnovation in police work over the last decades. During the same time, police organizationsin several countries have been centralized to promote increased unityand response to political steering and method development. In Sweden, the policereform was motivated by a perceived correlation between uniformity in workingmethods and organizational effectiveness. From a legal perspective, innovationin police methods involves inherent questions of rule of law – ensuring legality,compatibility with human rights, and predictability for citizens. This also carriesimplications for democratic legitimacy, since the police have far-reaching powerto interfere with citizens’ spheres of interest. This article discusses issues of innovationwithin the Swedish police from a rule of law and democracy perspective.Innovation in police work is discussed on a system level through a study of thelegal framework and institutional conditions introduced with the creation of thenew police organization. Results are presented from an interview study with policemanagers on different levels within the new organization. The results suggestthat innovation in police work develops largely organically at different levels andunits within the police organization and then spread as “best practices” whichthe new Police Authority is seen as organizationally able to pick up and disseminate.Secondly, police openness to new evidence-based methods from outside theorganization is increasing. Thirdly, there is a tension between the increased abilityto create uniformity in methods and the need to adjust these methods to localconditions. Lastly, some uncertainties regarding legal accountability seem to existas new methods are developed and implemented.

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  • 13.
    Lindholm, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    När rätten sätter gränser: Integriteten och dopingkampen2011In: Svensk Idrottsforskning: Organ för Centrum för Idrottsforskning, ISSN 1103-4629, no 1, p. 62-65Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [sv]

    I syfte att mer effektivt bekämpa doping övervägs allt mer integri- tetskränkande åtgärder. Det finns dock rättsliga regler som skyddar  idrottsutövarnas integritet och som begränsar dopingkontrollernas  genomförande. I dagsläget är det främst regler till skydd för konsu- menter som aktualiseras men även integritetsskyddet i regerings- formen och Europakonventionen kan sätta stopp för vissa nu disku- terade förändringar.

  • 14.
    Lindholm, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Personlig integritet och idrottslig dopingkontroll2010In: Retfærd. Nordisk Juridisk Tidsskrift, ISSN 0105-1121, Vol. 33, no 4, p. 77-100Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    I syfte att mer effektivt bekämpa doping vidtas och övervägs allt mer långtgående åtgärder. I denna utveckling ägnas relativt lite uppmärksamhet åt idrottsutövarnas rätt till integritet. Det övergripande syftet med artikeln är att utreda när dopingkontroller kan utgöra en otillåten kränkning av idrottsutövarnas rätt till integritet. De rättsliga regelkomplex som studeras i artikeln är det offentligrättsliga integritetsskyddet, olika civilrättsliga regler samt Europakonventionen. I artikeln konstateras att dopingkontroller såsom de för närvarande utförs och organiseras främst kan angripas på civilrättslig grund men att en ökad statlig inblanding tillsammans med mer integritetskränkande kontrollåtgärder kan kränka grundläggande rättigheter såsom de skyddas i regeringsformen och Europakonventionen.

     

  • 15.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    AI and sensitive personal data under the law enforcement directive: between operational efficiency and legal necessity2023In: YSEC yearbook of socio-economic constitutions, Springer Nature, 2023Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In constitutional theory, the requirement of necessity is an integral part of a wider proportionality assessment in the limitation of constitutional rights. It fulfils a function of sorting out measures that restrict rights beyond what is required to fulfil the intended purpose. Within data protection, the requirement varies in strictness and interpretation—from ‘ordinary’ necessity to ‘strict necessity’. Recently, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has introduced what appears to be an even stricter requirement of ‘absolute necessity’ relating to the processing of biometric information under the EU Law Enforcement Directive (LED). In practice, however, the implications of those respective levels of strictness tends to vary, from a strict ‘least restrictive means’ test, to an analysis of whether a measure is necessary for a more effective or a more efficient fulfilment of the intended purpose. In this contribution the principle of necessity as applied by the ECJ is analysed as it pertains to the LED and the Charter, more specifically in the context of implementing AI supported analysis of biometric data. The gradual development of the interpretation of necessity is traced in the data protection case law of the ECJ. The study shows the increased emphasis placed on proportionality over time, highlighting both strengths and potential weaknesses of the requirement in relation to the use of AI supported decision-making in the law enforcement context.

  • 16.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Balancing data protection and privacy: The case of information security sensor systems2018In: The Computer Law and Security Review, ISSN 0267-3649, Vol. 34, no 5, p. 1019-1038Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article analyses government deployment of information security sensor systems from primarily a European human rights perspective. Sensor systems are designed to detect attacks against information networks by analysing network traffic and comparing this traffic to known attack-vectors, suspicious traffic profiles or content, while also recording attacks and providing information for the prevention of future attacks. The article examines how these sensor systems may be one way of ensuring the necessary protection of personal data stored in government IT-systems, helping governments fulfil positive obligations with regards to data protection under the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (The Charter), as well as data protection and IT-security requirements established in EU-secondary law. It concludes that the implementation of sensor systems illustrates the need to balance data protection against the negative privacy obligations of the state under the ECHR and the Charter and the accompanying need to ensure that surveillance of communications and associated metadata reach established principles of legality and proportionality. The article highlights the difficulty in balancing these positive and negative obligations, makes recommendations on the scope of such sensor systems and the legal safeguards surrounding them to ensure compliance with European human rights law and concludes that there is a risk of privatised policymaking in this field barring further guidance in EU-secondary law or case law.

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  • 17.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Den ofrivillige lagstiftaren: om rättslig reglering av underrättelseverksamhet2011In: Förrättsligande: Rapport från 2011 års forskningsinternat / [ed] Görel Granström, Umeå, 2011, p. 87-100Conference paper (Other academic)
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  • 18.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Exploring critical dichotomies of AI and the rule of law2023In: Handbook of critical studies of artificial intelligence / [ed] Simon Lindgren, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023, p. 749-762Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Rule of Law is a foundational value of the modern democratic state. It contains within its most influential conceptualizations key legal principles to reduce arbitrariness in the exercise of power, and in doing so promoting legal certainty and individual autonomy, while protecting against despotism. A growing body of research points to the potential for AI to undermine Rule of Law values, especially when implemented in the exercise of public power. This contribution attempts to approach these concerns through four critical dichotomies. These dichotomies are intended to assist in underpinning a theoretical foundation for a critical analysis of AI, assisting in structuring previously diverse explorations into Rule of Law concerns along more fundamental analytical lines.

  • 19.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Function creep, altered affordances, and safeguard rollbacks: The many ways to slip on a slippery slope2022Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 20.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    För din och andras säkerhet: Konstitutionella proportionalitetskrav och Säkerhetspolisens preventiva tvångsmedel2013Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This doctoral thesis analyzes the balancing and proportionality analyses performed by Swedish legislators over time in the creation of legislation allowing for the interception of communica- tions data and metadata by the Swedish Security Service for intelligence purposes. By examining the concept of proportionality within the field of constitutional law, a framework for performing proportionality tests is identified. This framework is used as a contrast against the actual proportionality analyses performed by legislators in preparatory works, and to analyze three components of the legislators’ policy choices: the legislators’ view of national security, the legislators’ view of privacy; and the effect of technological development on the former two components. These components are analyzed through a study of preparatory works from a historical comparative perspective, allowing for the study of shifts in policy outcomes over time.

    The study shows that legislators’ views on national security have shifted during the last 50 years. as could be expected the focus has shifted towards a more preventive approach. Following this development however the study further identifies a shift in the legislators’ views on privacy. Whereas the importance of privacy from a societal perspective seemed pivotal in the ’pre-preventive era’ of communications interception, the view in the last 15 years has gradually shifted towards a view of privacy as an almost exclusively individual interest, resulting in a weakened status of the right to privacy against competing national security interests. Finally, the importance of technological developments within this field can hardly be overestimated. The range of permitted forms of communications interceptions has closely followed what has been technologically possible, and economically feasible to intercept.

    Intelligence gathering has increasingly become a legal sphere of its own, where most forms of metadata can be collected without the involvement of the judiciary, and where evidentiary requirements have been lowered to facilitate the use of interception in preventive intelligence gathering. Overall the thesis concludes that these factors have enabled a different outcome of the legislators’ proportionality analyses, where previous ideals have been supplanted by the preventive paradigm.

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  • 21.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Kvalitativ legalitet: ett demokratiskt perspektiv2018In: Tidsskrift for rettsvitenskap, ISSN 0040-7143, E-ISSN 1504-3096, Vol. 131, no 2–3, p. 206-234Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Legalitet är ett grundläggande rättsligt värde. Inom vissa kontexter har dess uttryck i form av legalitetsprincipen ansetts innefatta vissa kvalitetsmått i fråga om exempelvis tillgänglighet, klarhet, förutsebarhet och begränsat godtycke. Det har traditionellt argumenterats för att denna kvalitativa legalitet fyller en funktion främst ur perspektivet individens rättssäkerhet, inomrättsliga kvalitetsmått eller rättslig rationalitet. Utifrån exempel på den kvalitativa legalitetens uttolkning i Europadomstolens praxis, analyseras i denna artikel den roll kvalitativ legalitet spelar i att underbygga rättens demokratiska legitimitet utifrån en teoretisk bakgrund av demokratiskt samtycke och delägarskap. Artikeln artikulerar sambanden mellan rättslig och demokratisk legitimitet och visar hur den kvalitativa legaliteten fyller en viktig funktion i att upprätthålla en rimlig koppling mellan den demokratiska processen och rättens effekter samt en begränsad och förutsebar överlåtelse av makt mellan den lagstiftande och exekutiva makten. Dessa funktioner understryker betydelsen av att i möjligaste mån upprätthålla kvalitativ legalitet bortom den rättighetsbegränsande kontexten.

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  • 22.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Legality and Democratic Deliberation in Black Box Policing2019In: Technology and Regulation, ISSN 2666-139X, p. 35-48Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The injection of emerging technologies into policing implies that policing mandates in law may become mediated and applied through opaque machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, or surveillance tools – contributing to a form of ‘black box policing’ challenging foreseeability and clarity and expanding discretionary legal spaces. In this paper, this issue is explored from a constitutional and rule of law perspective, using the requirements of qualitative legality elaborated by the European Court of Human Rights and the implicit democratic values that they serve. Placing this concept of legality into a wider theoretical framework allows legality to be translated into a context of emerging technology to maintain the connections between rule of law, democracy, and individual autonomy.

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  • 23.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Rapporteringskrav vid incidenter i myndigheters informationssystem: i spänningsfältet mellan krisberedskap och rättighetsskydd2019In: Juridisk Tidskrift, ISSN 1100-7761, E-ISSN 2002-3545, no 2, p. 405-431Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Ett antal uppmärksammade incidenter som undergrävt säkerheten i statliga myndigheters informationssystem har under de senare åren illustrerat betydelsen av ett systematiskt informationssäkerhetsarbete. Brister i detta avseende kan påverka såväl viktiga samhällsfunktioner som skyddet för medborgarnas personuppgifter. Ett centralt fokus de senaste åren har därför varit att ge ansvariga myndigheter och tillsynsorgan information om inträffade incidenter och risker i myndigheternas informationssystem. Det finns idag ett antal olika system som ställer krav på obligatorisk rapportering av IT-incidenter och personuppgiftsincidenter. Vilket system som aktualiseras beror på i vilken typ av informationssystem incidenten ägt rum och vilka effekter incidenten kan ha. I denna artikel analyseras fyra centrala sådana system: För det första skyldigheten att rapportera incidenter för informationssystem som faller under säkerhetsskyddslagen, för det andra kravet på statliga myndigheter att rapportera allvarliga incidenter i deras informationssystem utifrån krisberedskapsförordningen, för det tredje det nyligen införda kravet på it-incidentrapportering för leverantörer av samhällsviktiga tjänster, samt för det fjärde kravet på rapportering av personuppgiftsincidenter enligt EU:s allmänna dataskyddsförordning. I artikeln beskrivs och analyseras förhållandet mellan dessa regelverk för att utreda ansvarsförhållanden, rättsliga förutsättningar för informationssäkerhet samt eventuella målkonflikter i och mellan systemen för incidentrapportering.

  • 24.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Rättsstatlighet och algoritmiska svarta lådor2017In: Jubileumsskrift till Juridiska institutionen 40 år / [ed] Örjan Edström, Johan Lindholm & Ruth Mannelqvist, Umeå: Juridiska institutionen, Umeå universitet , 2017, p. 245-259Chapter in book (Other academic)
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  • 25.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Situating the Rule of Law in the Context of Automated Decision-Making2023In: The Rule of Law and Automated Decision-Making: Exploring Fundamentals of Algorithmic Governance / [ed] Markku Suksi, Springer, 2023, p. 15-31Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This contribution situates the rule of law in the context of automated decision-making by using leading rule of law theories to distill some key underlying values of the rule of law which carry particular significance for automated decision-making; dignity, autonomy, and democracy. While disagreement may exist surrounding specific components of the rule of law, general agreement seems to exist surrounding these core values underpinning the concept. By adopting these underlying values of the rule of law, issues with automation, such as the foreseeability of law, access to justice, or non-discrimination, can also be conceptualized as tensions between achieving automation and maintaining respect for human dignity, autonomy of the individual, and a connection to democratic processes. These tensions are finally explained and illustrated through the analogy of normative refraction occurring as automated decision-making requires legal intent to be mediated not only by the language of the law, but through additional refractive layers of code and data. While existing rule of law principles are adapted for managing the refraction added by the language of law, new approaches may be needed to manage the challenges emerging from the additional layers of code and data.

  • 26.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Swedish police implementation of IMSI-catchers in a European law perspective2016In: Computer Law & Security Review, ISSN 0267-3649, Vol. 32, no 6, p. 852-867Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this article the qualitative requirements of legality under the European Convention on Human Rights are analyzed as they apply to the use of ‘IMSI-catchers’ – a technical device to track the location and use of cell phones. The implementation of IMSI-catchers in the Swedish police is used as a case study and litmus test to illustrate how domestic law may interact with the requirements under convention law in this area. The article shows that the Swedish implementation of IMSI-catchers in substantive law has lagged behind the actual use of the measure in police work through references to the domestic legal principle that ‘the ether is free’ that serve to preclude legal protection of confidentiality of radio communications. The application of this principle highlights deficiencies in the conformity of Swedish law with both the EU ePrivacy directive and the requirements of legality under the European Convention.

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  • 27.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    The 'Ketchup Effect': The development of public Surveillance in Sweden following 9/112021Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 28.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Övervakning av metadata som spelplan för rättsliga principkonflikter2016In: Övervakning och integritet: teknik, skydd och aktörer i det nya kontrollandskapet / [ed] Wilhelm Agrell & Tobbe Petterson, Stockholm: Carlsson Bokförlag, 2016, p. 55-87Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 29.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Bergling, Per
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Wimelius, Malin E.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Engberg, Jan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Wennerström, Erik O.
    Krisen, myndigheterna och lagen: Krishantering i rättens gränsland2015Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Vid kriser som Estoniakatastrofen, tsunamin eller skogsbranden i Västmanland måste myndigheter kunna agera snabbt och effektivt tillsammans. Men detta måste ske utan att lagar överträds och utan att principerna för rättsstaten bryts, något som kan vara utmanande. Dessutom bygger vår krisberedskap i stort på principer och målsättningar som saknar ett bestämt juridiskt innehåll, till exempel ansvars- och närhetsprincipen, och på förhoppningar om att myndigheter och andra offentliga och privata aktörer övat samverkan och förmår komma överens.I denna bok utreds de rättsliga förutsättningarna för krishantering. Därtill ställs frågan hur detta sätt att reglera och styra agerandet i krissituationer faktiskt upplevs av de aktörer som är berörda. Förstår de vad som förväntas, tycker de att detta är genomförbart och uppfattar de var de rättsliga gränserna går?I boken diskuteras också om denna regleringsform gett upphov till oväntade gränsdragningsproblem och principiella konflikter i styrningen, och hur dessa i så fall förhåller sig till etablerade rättsstatliga principer om bland annat klarhet, koherens, rimlighet och kongruens.

  • 30.
    Saati, Abrak
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Wimelius, Malin E
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Naarttijärvi, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Law.
    Svensk polis i utlandstjänst: om erfarenheter av att arbeta i internationella missioner och att återvända hem2016Report (Other academic)
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