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  • 1.
    Carlén, Niclas
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Forsman, August
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Jesper, Svensson
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Sandberg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    IoT Enabled Process Innovation: Exploring Sensor-Based Digital Service Design Through an Information Requirements Framework2019In: Internet of Things: Information Processing in an Increasingly Connected World / [ed] Strous, Leon, Cerf, Vinton G., Springer, 2019, Vol. 548, p. 105-120Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Through digitisation of physical artefacts and environments, the Internet of Things carries vast potential for process innovation. However, navigation of the quickly evolving technological landscape and identification of emerging opportunities for value creation remains challenging. To this end, we combine existing frameworks on information requirements, IT capability, and business value of IT. We evaluate the usability of these frameworks for IoT enabled innovation in our analysis of two sensor-based process innovation projects. We investigate the fit between process characteristics and technological functionality, and the implications of this alignment. Our analysis demonstrates that the framework provides a practically useful and theoretically coherent conceptual device for analyzing process characteristics and digital options to innovate processes. Furthermore, we find that IoT sensors are well suited to address connectivity and uncertainty requirements. However, in order to leverage them to address high equivocality requirements designers need deep contextual understanding to align IoT capability with information requirements.

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  • 2.
    Lundberg, Oscar
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Nylén, Daniel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Sandberg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Unpacking construction site digitalization: the role of incongruence and inconsistency in technological frames2022In: Construction Management and Economics, ISSN 0144-6193, E-ISSN 1466-433X, Vol. 40, no 11-12, p. 987-1002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Construction site operations often involve multiple actors with substantial variations in assumptions, expectations, and knowledge about technology. This could impair digitalization, which involves development of socio-cognitive environments that foster use of digital technology in new organizational procedures. Nevertheless, construction industry digitalization research has mainly addressed firm-level transformation of engineering phases and focused on technology, largely ignoring challenges arising from cognitive differences among actors at construction sites. Thus, we report a case study of attempts to spark construction site digitalization through a shared information management system (IMS). Applying technology frame of reference theory, we demonstrate how differences within groups among actors’ frames (inconsistency) shape group-level frame misalignment (incongruence) and thus digitalization outcomes. The IMS was implemented successfully at the focal firm’s headquarter and regional office levels. However, substantial construction site-level frame inconsistency led to misaligned group-level expectations and generated a fragmented socio-cognitive environment that hindered strategic digitalization. In conclusion, socio-cognitive environments at industry, construction site, and group levels recursively shape individual frames, and harmonization of frames is important to realize construction digitalization.

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  • 3.
    Lundberg, Oscar
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Sandberg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Nylén, Daniel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Cycles of innovation and alignment in digital transformation: investigating the dynamics of resource recombination in a construction firm2020In: Proceedings of the 53rd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, HICSS 2020, IEEE Computer Society, 2020, p. 4346-4355, article id 0430Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The generative nature of digital technology implies that during digital transformation (DT), organizations traverse multiple cycles of innovation and resource alignment. Still, extant research mainly chronicles DT as linear and contained phenomenon occurring in response to a dramatic environmental change event. How new resources align with previous ones into novel combinations, the work that supports continuous organizational capability building, and the temporal relationships between cycles of change in DT has received scant attention. Drawing on dynamic capability theory, we analyze innovation and resource alignment cycles driving DT at Lundqvist Trävaru AB, a small Swedish construction firm. Our study has at least two contributions. First, the analysis reveals three types of dynamic capabilities that shape resource generation and alignment in DT. Second, we provide a process model outlining the innovation and alignment cycles that fuel DT as they scale in the focal firm.

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  • 4.
    Ofe, Hosea A.
    et al.
    Department of Engineering Systems and Services (ESS), Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
    Sandberg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    The emergence of digital ecosystem governance: an investigation of responses to disrupted resource control in the Swedish public transport sector2023In: Information Systems Journal, ISSN 1350-1917, E-ISSN 1365-2575, Vol. 33, no 2, p. 350-384Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Digital ecosystem governance entails the management of complex, dynamic power relationships. As entrant platform providers seek to cultivate an ecosystem, they must carefully navigate these power relationships when dealing with governance tensions. Providers generally seek to leverage the ecosystem's generative potential by facilitating a variety of interactions and distributing design rights. Simultaneously, they need to ensure stability and order by imposing rules that resolve contentious matters and restrict system participants' degrees of freedom. This study explores how and why providers can induce ecosystem actors to engage in collaborative negotiation regarding such governance tensions through a case study of the introduction of an open data platform in the Swedish public transport sector. Our analysis offers three main contributions. First, it provides an empirical demonstration that entrepreneurial threats, as well as opportunities, can trigger platform launches and drive collaborative negotiation of digital ecosystem governance. Second, it extends conceptualizations of boundary resources beyond the current focus on transactional elements by demonstrating the role of interactive boundary resources in the negotiation of governance grounded in both social and systemic power relationships.Third, it shows how positive reinforcement can complement punitive measures to increase acceptance of design rules.

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  • 5.
    Rudmark, Daniel
    et al.
    RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Sandberg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Watson, Richard T.
    University of Georgia, USA.
    Lessons from the regulation of E-scooters through the MDS standard: policy lessons for connected vehicles2023In: Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii international conference on system sciences / [ed] Tung X. Bui, IEEE, 2023, p. 1479-1488Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Connected vehicles generate new data streams that present promising opportunities for policymakers to monitor and learn from events and behavior. To explore what we can learn from how public entities leverage ubiquitous data streams for policy development and enforcement, we draw on a case study of the standard Mobility Data Specification (MDS) and its use by cities to regulate E-scooter operators. Our findings suggest that (1) the richness of real-time data changes the speed of policy revision, (2) data access enables moving some micro-decisions to the edge, and (3) policy will be formulated as fixed or flexible with different amendment rules.

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  • 6.
    Sandberg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Digital Capability: Investigating Coevolution of IT and Business Strategies2014Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This dissertation investigates the role of information technology (IT) in organizational strategy. Specifically, it examines how organizations can persist in turbulent competitive landscapes characterized by IT innovations. Underlying premises for this dissertation are that: (1) ubiquitous IT implies constant disruptions from digital innovation, (2) IT and practice are becoming fused, and (3) organizational strategies are dynamically linked with practice, i.e. they are reciprocally related through what organizations do rather than have. To investigate such IT strategizing processes, I outline a conceptual framework for analyzing how organizations can generate digital capability, i.e. a collection of routines for strategizing by leveraging digital assets to create differential value. Digital assets here refer to the complement of available resources and competencies for IT design and implementation. Based on the notion of dynamic capability and evolutionary theory, this framework emphasizes the importance of sensing, seizing and transforming abilities for generating digital capability.

    As organizational practices are becoming fused with IT scholars have argued that attempting to disentangle them analytically is futile. In a similar vein, organizational strategy is increasingly reliant on available IT resources for both formulation and execution. In the IS field it is widely acknowledged that IT has both enabling and inhibiting consequences for organizations. Drawing on the resource-based view of the firm and theory on organizational capabilities, the notion of IT capability has been widely used as a conceptual tool for analyzing these dual strategic effects of IT. Considering the explosive advances in computing, network and interaction that have resulted in IT being ubiquitous and deeply embedded in contemporary practices, recent research argues for the need to move beyond the functional view of technology implicit in the IT capability notion. A key aspect to address for such broadening of the perspective is the coevolution of IT and business practices, i.e. who (or what) leads, who or what follows, and whether such a causal distinction is meaningful.

    Grounded in the outlined conceptual framework, this dissertation examines how organizations can build digital capability to both enable large variation and complexity of feasible competitive actions, and reduce inhibiting effects of IT. The empirical investigation is situated in three distinct domains: boundary spanning IT innovation, transformation of existing IT resources, and hybridization of technology through digitalization of production equipment. These investigations are presented in five research papers.

    The dissertation contribute to knowledge of IT strategy by: (1) explicating the construct of digital capability, (2) providing a framework for coevolutionary strategizing processes, (3) presenting an empirical illustration of the coevolution of IT and business strategies, and (4) offer specific insights on design and orchestration of processes for digital capability generation.

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    Digital Capability
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    Spikblad Digital Capability
  • 7.
    Sandberg, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Holmström, Jonny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Lyytinen, Kalle
    Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA.
    Digital transformation of ABB through platforms: the emergence of hybrid architecture in process automation2019In: Digitalization cases: how organizations rethink their business for the digital age / [ed] Nils Urbach; Maximilian Röglinger, Cham: Springer, 2019, p. 273-291Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    (a) Situation faced: ABB faced four decades of successive digitization of core technology in the process automation business, i.e., platform technology for process control. The infusion of digital technology into the physical production environment generated recurrent disruptions of the business model calling for drastic adjustments that lead to an emergent transformation process. Digitization of ABB’s business scaled and traversed multiple social and technical settings whereby the platform evolved from product-focused into sustaining a digital ecosystem comprising a complex system of actors and value generation processes.

    (b) Action taken: Successive digitization with four distinct strategic foci; (1) replacement of analogue equipment for digitally enabled efficiency in restricted and well defined products and processes, (2) internal integration of information systems for efficiency in maintenance and engineering, (3) open and semi-open boundary resources for improved data integration and information services with critical partners, and (4) orchestration and adaptation of externally induced technical innovation on the platform to enable data-driven operations.

    (c) Results achieved: ABB transformed their operations and successfully adapted to digital disruption by adopting new business models. The company managed the threat of digital disruption by newcomers and incumbents in the software industry, despite the constant dissolution of product boundaries and the risk of unbundling of value creation. ABB is now a global leader in the process automation industry, and the digital agenda and capabilities have been integrated into the mission and business model.

    (d) Lessons learned: (1) Physical and digital architecture enables different dynamics (episodic change vs. emergence), hybrid architecture is subject to clashes between these logics. (2) Digitalization is cumulative and emergent. In this case, it happened across four phases categorized by shifts in functional levels, decision rights, combinatorial options, boundary configurations and value propositions. (3) Since digitalization inverts the organization’s strategic emphasis, collaboration across boundaries becomes a pivotal capability to succeed. (4) Through new functionality and more sophisticated responses, digitalization increases organizational capacity to deal with complexity, but also triggers new types of stimuli. (5) When faced with significant tensions, signals from management generate amplifying deviation loops with unexpected consequences (butterfly effect).

  • 8.
    Sandberg, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Holmström, Jonny
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Lyytinen, Kalle
    Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University.
    Digitization and Phase Transitions in Platform Organizing Logics: Evidence from the Process Automation Industry2020In: Management Information Systems Quarterly, ISSN 0276-7783, E-ISSN 2162-9730, Vol. 44, no 1, p. 129-153Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper draws on complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory to explore the transformation of an analog automation product platform as it was infused with extensive and deepening digital capacities over a 40-year period. Our case demonstrates how the deepening digitization of components and functions drives complexity by connecting the platform to multiple social and technical settings and producing new interactions and information exchanges. The increased connectivity and dynamism invited unexpected and significant architectural and organizational shifts that moved the platform toward an ecosystem-centered organizing logic. CAS theory and its notion of constrained generating procedures (CGPs) are used to analyze how new connections and interactions produced a multilevel and nonlinear change in the platform organization. We offer two main contributions. First, we provide a novel empirical analysis of how product platform digitization leads to phase transitions and show the mediating role of three mechanisms in this process treated as CGPs: interaction rules, design control, and stimuli-response variety. Second, we demonstrate the multilevel and recursive nature of digitally driven growth in physical product platforms.

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  • 9.
    Sandberg, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Jonny, Holmström
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Lyytinen, Kalle
    Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University.
    Platform Change: Theorizing the Evolution of Hybrid Product Platforms in Process AutomationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
  • 10.
    Sandberg, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Jonny, Holmström
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Mathiassen, Lars
    Center for Process Innovation, Computer Information Systems, Georgia State University.
    Levén, Per
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    A platform for open IT innovation: Knowledge brokering in academiaindustry collaborationManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    While extant research on open innovation and knowledge brokering has shown that boundary-spanning innovation hold great promise, less attention has been paid to how such efforts are established and managed in the context of academia-industry collaboration for IT innovation. The paper thus aims to provide insights into design and orchestration of boundary-spanning IT innovation efforts involving academia and industry. We report experiences from a longitudinal case study of the design and orchestration of a platform for collaboration in a large-scale regional IT innovation program – ProcessIT Innovations – with particular emphasis on the management challenges involved in facilitating interactions between IT providers, IT user organizations and IT researchers. Combining insights from the case study and innovation theory, we contribute to the literature on boundary spanning IT innovation by pointing to the influence of knowledge brokering capabilities in generating innovation dynamics, identifying configurations options in terms of innovation modes, and, providing an empirical illustration of the role of network diversity and size in implementing such configurations.

  • 11.
    Sandberg, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Jonny, Holmström
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Napier, Nannette
    School of Science and Technology, Georgia Gwinnett College,.
    Levén, Per
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Balancing diversity in innovation networks: Trading zones in university-industry R&D collaboration2015In: European Journal of Innovation Management, ISSN 1460-1060, E-ISSN 1758-7115, Vol. 18, no 1, p. 44-69Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose

    – Although the potential of innovation networks that involve both university and industry actors is great variances in cultures, goals and knowledge poses significant challenges. To better understand management of such innovation networks, the authors investigate different strategies for balancing diversity. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

    Design/methodology/approach– In this multiple case study, the authors draw on network and trading zone theory to examine the strategies of four research centers that govern university-industry innovation networks.

    Findings

    – The authors provide empirically grounded descriptions of strategies for balancing diversity in innovation processes, extend previous theorizations by suggesting two types of trading zones (transformative and performative), and identify four strategy configuration dimensions (means of knowledge trade, tie configuration, knowledge mobility mechanisms and types of trust).

    Research limitations/implications

    – Further research is needed on transferability of results when, e.g. cultural collaboration and communication patterns change, and performance implications of different configurations. The research provides conceptual tools for future research on the impact of different diversity strategies.

    Practical implications

    – The findings point to the importance of identifying desired types of innovation outcomes and designing the appropriate level of diversity. To implement the selected strategy, managers need to configure communication channels and strength of relationships, establish associated capacity for knowledge transfer and build appropriate levels of trust.

    Originality/value

    – While extant research has provided a solid understanding of benefits from diversity in boundary spanning innovation processes, this paper outlines strategies for managing associated challenges.

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  • 12.
    Sandberg, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Informatics.
    Mathiassen, Lars
    Center for Process Innovation, Computer Information Systems Georgia State University.
    Napier, Nannette
    School of Science and Technology Georgia Gwinnett College.
    Digital Options Theory for IT Capability Investment2014In: Journal of the Association for Information Systems, E-ISSN 1536-9323, Vol. 15, no 7, p. 422-453Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    While research has shown that investments in IT capability may translate into improved firm performance, how and why they do is still a source of debate. Drawing on financial options thinking, recent research suggests that managers can support appropriate investment decisions by examining digital options. However, current research has not effectively translated the financial options construct into the IT domain, making it difficult to rigorously examine digital options. To address this void, we revisit general options theory and review current notions of digital options. To support understanding, we extend current theorizing by offering a rigorous conceptual foundation that defines the digital option life cycle and relationships to neighboring constructs. To support practice, we present principles for examining digital options for a specific business process. To illustrate the detailed workings of the theory, we examine a production planning process within the dairy industry to arrive at a set of desirable and feasible IT capability investments. The proposed theory supports managerial practice by offering a rigorous and actionable foundation for digital options thinking. It also sets an agenda for academic research by articulating theory-based constructs and principles that are subject to further empirical and theoretical investigation.

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