Umeå University's logo

umu.sePublications
Change search
Refine search result
12345 1 - 50 of 203
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Rows per page
  • 5
  • 10
  • 20
  • 50
  • 100
  • 250
Sort
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
  • Standard (Relevance)
  • Author A-Ö
  • Author Ö-A
  • Title A-Ö
  • Title Ö-A
  • Publication type A-Ö
  • Publication type Ö-A
  • Issued (Oldest first)
  • Issued (Newest first)
  • Created (Oldest first)
  • Created (Newest first)
  • Last updated (Oldest first)
  • Last updated (Newest first)
  • Disputation date (earliest first)
  • Disputation date (latest first)
Select
The maximal number of hits you can export is 250. When you want to export more records please use the Create feeds function.
  • 1.
    Aasa, Ulrika
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Paulin, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Correspondence between physical self-concept and participation in, and fitness change after, bi-weekly body conditioning classes in sedentary women2017In: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, ISSN 1064-8011, E-ISSN 1533-4287, Vol. 31, no 2, p. 451-461Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aims of the study were (1) to investigate the effects of participation in low impact body conditioning classes on physical fitness in sedentary women at different ages and (2) to examine the correspondence between physical self-concept and participation in, and fitness change after, the participation. Ninety-two sedentary women (mean age 44.2 years) participated in 11-weeks of bi-weekly classes that included cardiovascular, strength, core, endurance and mobility exercises, all performed in synchrony with music. Cardiorespiratory fitness, maximal lifting strength, mobility and balance tests were performed pre- and post the exercise period and the short-form Physical Self-Description Questionnaire (PSDQ-S) was completed. Zero-order Spearman correlation analyses showed that women who rated the PSDQ-S dimension Sport competence higher participated in a larger number of sessions (rs=0.24, p=0.040). At post-tests, all participants had increased their balance, the participants aged 20-34 years had increased their lifting strength, and the participants aged 35-65 years had increased their cardiorespiratory fitness and mobility. Most PSDQ-S dimensions did not affect performance change, but the perception of being physically active was related to increased cardiovascular fitness. We conclude that women with a sedentary lifestyle who wish to increase their physical capacity benefit from music exercise and that inquiries about perceived sport competence and physical activity can improve recommendations made by strength and conditioning professionals.

  • 2. af Wåhlberg, A. E.
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Aasa, Ulrika
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation.
    Yu, Jeong Jin
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Meta-Analytic Analysis of Invariance Across Samples: Introducing a Method That Does Not Require Raw Data2021In: Basic and Applied Social Psychology, ISSN 0197-3533, E-ISSN 1532-4834, Vol. 43, no 1, p. 68-80Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Invariance of surveys across different groups means that the respondents interpret the items in the same way, as reflected in similar factor loadings, for example. Invariance can be assessed using various statistical procedures, such as Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis. However, these analyses require access to raw data. Here, we introduce a meta-analytic method that requires only the factor correlation matrices of samples as input. It compares the structures of intercorrelations of factors by correlating these values across two samples, yielding a value of overall similarity for how the factors intercorrelate in different samples. This method was tested in three different ways. We conclude that the method yields useful results and can assess invariance when raw data are not available.

  • 3.
    Al-Mahdawi, Abdullah Mohammad
    et al.
    University of Tabuk, College of Education and Arts, Department of Education and Psychology, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
    Dutton, Edward
    Asbiro University, Poland.
    Osman, Habab Abdelhiy Mohammad
    University of Tabuk, College of Education and Arts, Department of Education and Psychology, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah
    King Saud University, Department of Special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Mohammad, Najmai Ali
    University of Tabuk, College of Education and Arts, Department of Education and Psychology, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
    Khair, Sarah
    Clinical Psychologist, United Arab Emirates.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sex differences in malevolent creativity among Sudanese students2022In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 196, article id 111724Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Malevolent creativity refers to employing creative processes for one's own selfish gain, often combined with detrimental effects on others. Sex differences in malevolent or negative creativity are to be expected due to the established finding that males are higher in the Dark Triad traits. However, the only previous study of this issue, using a sample of Indian students, did not find a sex difference. Here, we administered the Malevolent Creativity Behaviour Scale (MCBS) to a sample of 1619 Sudanese students, and found a small sex difference in that females rated themselves higher. Reasons for the finding are explored, including possible problems with the MCBS instrument.

  • 4. Appelgren, Alva
    et al.
    Osika, Walter
    Theorell, Töres
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Horwitz, Eva
    Tuning in on motivation: Differences between non-musicians, amateurs, and professional musicians2019In: Psychology of Music, ISSN 0305-7356, E-ISSN 1741-3087, Vol. 47, no 6, p. 864-873Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The drive to learn and engage in music varies among individuals. Global motivation to do something can be intrinsic, for example, the joy and satisfaction in an activity. But motivation behind our action can also be extrinsic, such as the desire for fame, status or increased financial resources. The type of motivation probably influences to what degree individuals engage in musical activities. In this study, we examined the associations between the level of musical engagement and self-rated global motivation, factoring in age and sex, in a sample of 5,435 individuals. Musical engagement ranged from no music activity to amateurs and professional musicians. We found that intrinsic motivation increases with level of music activity and that motivation differs depending on sex, with females scoring higher on intrinsic motivation than males. Such differences may be considered in adjusting the forms of support offered to young musicians in music education. The phenomenon of motivation is complex, and we have highlighted areas that require further investigation, but this study has elucidated some differences in motivation types found in men and women, and between non-musicians, amateurs and professional musicians.

  • 5. Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah Attallah
    et al.
    Dutton, Edward
    Ashaer, Khalil Yousif Ali
    Essa, Yossry Ahmed Sayed
    Blahmar, Tahani Abdulrahman Muhammad
    Hakami, Sultan Mohammed
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Understanding the Simber Effect: why is the age-dependent increase in children's cognitive ability smaller in Arab countries than in Britain?2018In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 122, p. 38-42Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research indicates that the typical increase in IQ during childhood is greater in European countries than in Arab countries. A systematic literature review of age-dependent IQ in Arab countries is conducted, yielding relevant studies for 12 countries that fulfil the inclusion criteria. In almost all of these studies, Arab children exhibit an age-dependent IQ decline relative to Caucasian children, from 5 to about 12 years of age in particular. We term this phenomenon the Simber Effect. We propose two non-exclusive explanations. (1) The Flynn Effect is less intense in Arab countries because of localised differences, including poorer education quality and greater religiosity. (2) Those from Arab countries follow a faster Life History Strategy than Europeans, for environmental and possibly genetic reasons. Either way, the Simber Effect may amount to a Wilson Effect, meaning that the impact of genetic IQ increases with age.

  • 6.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh Attallah
    et al.
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Dutton, Edward
    Asbiro University, Lodz, Poland.
    Ali, Hatim Abdelrahman Warrag
    University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Almoghyrah, Homoud Abdullah Saad
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Al-Mutairy, Sultan Howedey Sultan
    King Saud University, College of Education, Department of Educational Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Essa, Yossry Ahmed Sayed
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    alruwaitea, Abdulelah Abdullah Saleh
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Aljbr, Abdulrahman Saad Rashd
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
    Decreases in divergent thinking across age groups from 2005 to 2018 amongst school children in Sudan2022In: Acta Psychologica, ISSN 0001-6918, E-ISSN 1873-6297, Vol. 231, article id 103797Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Performances on tests of creativity have been found to be in decline in the USA. Here, we explore scores on divergent thinking tests in private schools in Khartoum State in Sudan by comparing a 2005 and a 2018 administration of the Torrance Standardized Circles test to 8- to 12-year-olds of both sexes. We find a decline across the period in all three dimensions of the test (Fluency, Flexibility and Originality), as well as in the overall index of divergent thinking. In line with much previous research, females consistently outperform males. Examining previous studies that report Negative Flynn Effects on IQ in Arab countries, we conclude that our results most likely reflect highly localized and exclusively environmental causes, and caution against assuming that the same processes that underlie Negative Flynn Effects in the West, whether on IQ or any trait correlated with it, also underlie it in the Arab World.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 7.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Fararh
    et al.
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Saudi Arabia.
    Ziada, Khaled Elsayed
    Faculty of Arts, Menofia University, Egypt.
    Abdelrasheed, Nasser Siad Gomaa
    College of Arts and Applied Sciences, Department of Education, Dhofar University, Oman.
    Dutton, Edward
    Asbiro University, Poland.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Almalki, Nabil Sharaf
    King Saud University, Department of special Education, College of Education, Saudi Arabia.
    Ihsan, Zohra
    Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, United Kingdom.
    Furnham, Adrian
    Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, 26 Bedford Way, London, United Kingdom; Norwegian Business School (BI), Nydalveien, Oslo, Norway.
    Essa, Yossry Ahmed Sayed
    Arish University, Department of Special Education, College of Education, Egypt.
    Sex and national differences in internet addiction in Egypt and Saudi Arabia2023In: Acta Psychologica, ISSN 0001-6918, E-ISSN 1873-6297, Vol. 240, article id 104043Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Understanding individual differences in psychology, and how they relate to specific addictions, may allow society to better identify those at most risk and even enact policies to ameliorate them. Internet addiction is a growing health concern, a research focus of which is to understand individual differences and the psychology of those most susceptible to developing it. Western countries are strongly overrepresented in this regard.

    Method: Here, sex and national differences in internet addiction are measured, using Young's ‘Internet Addiction Test,’ in two non-Western countries, Egypt and Saudi Arabia. >800 students aged 18 and 35 years (M = 20.65, SD = 1.48) completed a multidimensional internet addiction instrument. The instrument measures traits such as Withdrawal and Social Problems, Time Management and Performance and Reality Substitute.

    Results: Analyses revealed that males scored higher than females and Saudis higher than Egyptians on nearly all scales, including the total score. Factor analysis of the 20-item instrument revealed three factors, all exhibiting sex and culture differences.

    Conclusions: These findings add to the body of evidence that males are higher than females in problematic internet use, as they are in addictive behaviors in general. Our findings may also imply that restrictions on male-female interaction, which are more pronounced in Saudi Arabia, may elevate the prevalence of internet addiction. The internet is also easier and cheaper to access in Saudi Arabia than in Egypt.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8. Bååth, R.
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The subjective difficulty of tapping to a slow beat2012In: Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition and the 8th Triennial Conference of the European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music: July 23-28, 2012, Thessaloniki, Greece / [ed] Cambouroploulos, E.; Tsougras, C.;Mavromatis, P; Pastiadis, K., 2012, p. 82-85Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 9. Bååth, Rasmus
    et al.
    Strandberg, T.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Measuring the rhythmic properties of eye movements2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 10.
    Coyle, Thomas R.
    et al.
    Department of Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX, United States.
    Woodley of Menie, Michael A.
    Independent Researcher, London, United Kingdom.
    Peñaherrera-Aguirre, Mateo
    Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, AZ, Tucson, United States.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Sarraf, Matthew A.
    Independent Researcher, MA, Boston, United States.
    The heritability of ability tilts2023In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 213, article id 112187Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tilts arise from within-subject differences in performance between two distinct cognitive ability measures (e.g., verbal minus quantitative). These are independent of general cognitive ability (GCA) and are likely a function of differential investment of time and other resources into the cultivation of one ability, at the expense of another. There is some debate about the meaning and measurement of tilts among psychometricians, but a body of research is emerging demonstrating that these are predictive of real-world outcomes independent of GCA. An open question concerns the heritability of tilts. Since nearly all phenotypic individual differences are heritable, tilts, if substantive, should not be an exception. It was found that tilts are modestly heritable (after controlling for participant age and residual correlations with GCA) in three samples (US children, Georgia Twin Study; Swedish adults, Swedish Twin Registry; US adults, MIDUS II). AE models better fit the tilt data in all but one case (Verbal - Reasoning, in the GTS, where an ACE model better fit the data). Comparatively large (non-shared) environmentalities were noted in all cases, potentially consistent with models predicting a role for niche-picking and experience-producing-drive dynamics in generating tilts. A Wilson-like effect was observed when the tilt heritabilities in the GTS were compared with their equivalent parameters in the other two (older) samples. The finding that tilts exhibit non-zero heritability in different age ranges and in two countries strengthens their external validity, and weakens claims that they are measurement artifacts, as predisposing genetic and environmental factors are part of their nomological network.

  • 11. Dahl, Sofia
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Keeping the tempo and perceiving the beat2006Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 12. Dahl, Sofia
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Psychology.
    Keeping the tempo and perceiving the beat2006In: 9th International Conference on Music Perception and Cognition: Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, August 22-26 2006, 2006Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 13. Davies, Matthew
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Silva, Pedro
    Gouyon, Pabien
    The Effect of Microtiming Deviations on the Perception of Groove in Short Rhythms2013In: Music perception, ISSN 0730-7829, E-ISSN 1533-8312, Vol. 30, no 5, p. 497-510Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    GROOVE IS A SENSATION OF MOVEMENT OR WANTing to move when we listen to certain types of music; it is central to the appreciation of many styles such as Jazz, Funk, Latin, and many more. To better understand the mechanisms that lead to the sensation of groove, we explore the relationship between groove and systematic microtiming deviations. Manifested as small, intentional deviations in timing, systematic microtiming is widely considered within the music community to be a critical component of music performances that groove. To investigate the effect of microtiming on the perception of groove we synthesized typical rhythm patterns for Jazz, Funk, and Samba with idiomatic microtiming deviation patterns for each style. The magnitude of the deviations was parametrically varied from nil to about double the natural level. In two experiments, untrained listeners and experts listened to all combinations of same and different music and microtiming style and magnitude combinations, and rated liking, groove, naturalness, and speed. Contrary to a common and frequently expressed belief in the literature, systematic microtiming led to decreased groove ratings, as well as liking and naturalness, with the exception of the simple short-long shuffle Jazz pattern. A comparison of the ratings between the two listener groups revealed this effect to be stronger for the expert listener group than for the untrained listeners, suggesting that musical expertise plays an important role in the perception and appreciation of micro timing in rhythmic patterns.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 14. De Manzano, Ö.
    et al.
    Madison, G.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullén, F.
    Associations between creative achievement in scientific and artistic domains, intelligence, personality, and sex2013Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 15.
    Dunkel, Curtis S.
    et al.
    Western Illinois University, Department of Psychology, IL, Macomb, United States.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The possible role of field independence/dependence on developmental sex differences in general intelligence2022In: Intelligence, ISSN 0160-2896, E-ISSN 1873-7935, Vol. 91, article id 101628Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Real-life outcomes for men and women suggest the existence of cognitive sex differences, but the evidence for a sex difference in general intelligence is equivocal. Here, we examine the role of spatial ability for IQ test performance, in light of the developmental hypothesis that male performance increases more than female across adolescence. Using longitudinal data from Block and Block data set on the Wechsler scales and the rod-and-frame test (RFT) for ages 4 (N = 108), 11 (N = 101), and 18 years (N = 100), we find that males' performance becomes greater than females' with age, both on IQ and the RFT. At 18 years of age, males' mean IQ and RFT score was 116.4 and 4.05 (lower scores representing less error), as compared to111.5 and 7.85 for females. Importantly, we found that the RFT mediates the sex difference in IQ, and that the factor loadings of the RFT on the g factor increases with age, from −0.06 at age 4 to −0.52 at 11 and −0.67 at age 18. In conclusion, g becomes more integrative of spatial ability across time and this finding may explain sex differences in g after puberty and potentially has interesting implications for the understanding of the development of intelligence. One important direction for future research is to incorporate biologically based pubertal neural changes into our understanding of developmental sex differences in intelligence.

  • 16. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Bakhiet, Salaheldin Farah Attallah
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Essa, Yossry Ahmed Sayed
    Rajeh, Mohammed Yahya Mohammed
    Sex differences on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices within Saudi Arabia and across the Arab world: females' advantage decreases from childhood to adolescence2018In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 134, p. 66-70Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Sex differences in intelligence are of great importance with regard to understanding intelligence's underlying evolutionary forces. Previous research in this area has had a strong focus on Western countries and data across developmental stages are fragmented. Here, we present new data on Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices from three samples in Saudi Arabia, and combine these with nine previously published studies from other Arab countries, which also provide data for each year of age. We specifically consider Lynn's developmental theory of sex differences in intelligence, whereby a female advantage becomes pronounced due to earlier average puberty and then decreases as males enter puberty. The estimates for each age do not differ significantly from zero, and very few from each other, apparently due to large heterogeneity across studies. Nevertheless, the age trend is largely consistent with Lynn's model. Moreover, its specific predictions are seemingly borne out in many individual countries. Plausible explanations for incongruities in Sudan, Libya, Yemen and Saudi Arabia are also examined.

  • 17.
    Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Asbiro University, Lodz, Poland.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    "Blessed are the nations with high levels of schizophrenia": national level schizophrenia prevalence and its relationship with national level religiosity2022In: Journal of religion and health, ISSN 0022-4197, E-ISSN 1573-6571, Vol. 61, no 1, p. 6-22Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Schizophrenia is correlated with religious delusions but, heretofore, the relationship between schizophrenia prevalence and religiosity has not been explored at the national level. Examining this relationship, we find that national level schizophrenia prevalence is correlated with national level religiosity and strongly negatively correlated with national level atheism across 125 countries. When controlling for cognitive performance and economic development in multiple regression analyses, the proportion of the variance explained was 2.9% (p < .005) for Religiousness and 5.1% for Atheism (p < .00005). Alternative causal interpretations of this association are discussed.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 18. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Even "Bigger Gods" developed amongst the pastoralist followers of Moses and Mohammed: consistent with uncertainty and disadvantage, but not prosocality2016In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, ISSN 0140-525X, E-ISSN 1469-1825, Vol. 39, p. 27-28, article id e11Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The gods of monotheistic religions, which began amongst pastoralists and defeated exiles, are closer to Big Gods than those associated with ancient city-based polities. The development of Big Gods is contingent upon a need to reduce uncertainty and negative feelings in combination with a relatively high level of prosociality, rather than a need to induce or assess prosociality.

  • 19. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Evolution of punishment2019In: Encyclopedia of evolutionary psychological science / [ed] Todd K. Shackelford, Viviana A. Weekes-Shackelford, Cham: Springer, 2019Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 20. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Execution, violent punishment and selection for religiousness in medieval England2018In: Evolutionary Psychological Science, E-ISSN 2198-9885, Vol. 4, no 1, p. 83-89Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Frost and Harpending, Evolutionary Psychology, 13 (2015), have argued that the increasing use of capital punishment across the Middle Ages in Europe altered the genotype, helping to create a less violent and generally more law-abiding population. Developing this insight, we hypothesise that the same system of violent punishments would also have helped to genotypically create a more religious society by indirectly selecting for religiousness, through the execution of men who had not yet sired any offspring. We estimate the selection differential for religiousness based on genetic correlation data for conceivably related traits, and compare that to the actual increase in religiosity across the Middle Ages. We further explore other mechanisms by which religiousness was being selected for in Medieval England, and conclude that executions most likely contributed substantially to the increase in religiosity, but that other selection pressures also played a role.

  • 21. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Gender Dysphoria and Transgender Identity Is Associated with Physiological and Psychological Masculinization: a Theoretical Integration of Findings, Supported by Systematic Reviews2020In: Sexuality Research & Social Policy, ISSN 1868-9884, E-ISSN 1553-6610, Vol. 142, no 3, p. 216-220Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Introduction: Gender dysphoria (GD) is associated with several psychiatric conditions, but the causal links are not known. We note that some of these conditions are associated with physiological masculinisation.

    Methods: Here, we explore this association through a series of systematic reviews, using Google Scholar, on original studies that test the relationship between GD and at least one correlate of androgens, namely autism spectrum disorder, left-handedness, 2D:4D ratio, being male and male heterosexuality.

    Results: Individuals with GD tend to exhibit scores that reflect heightened levels of androgens and masculinity compared with non-GD individuals. We further show that these same androgen indices are also associated with other identity disorders (or dysphoriae).

    Conclusions: Autism is associated with masculinisation, and we argue that GD may reflect autism spectrum disorder traits that indirectly lead to anxiety and to one questioning one’s sense of self. We note that this is consistent with Blanchard’s transsexualism typology, which successfully integrates a wide range of empirical findings.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 22. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Life History and Race Differences in Puberty Length: A Test of Differential-K Theory2016In: Mankind Quarterly, ISSN 0025-2344, Vol. 56, no 4Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Life history speed has been argued to differ across the three main races, with Sub-Saharan Africans adopting the fastest (most r) strategy, Northeast Asians adopting the slowest (most K) strategy and Caucasians being intermediate, but closer to Northeast Asians (Rushton, 1995). Differential-K theory would predict that puberty begins earlier in the more r-strategy groups. Here, we extend this hypothesis to the length of puberty rather than its onset. Examining previously published data, we find that puberty is shortest amongst Caucasians and longest amongst Sub-Saharan Africans, and argue that this pattern is consistent with Differential-K theory.

  • 23. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Spare the rod and spoil the group’s cultural fitness?: Conditions under which corporal punishment leads to detrimental and beneficial outcomes2020In: Medical Hypotheses, ISSN 0306-9877, E-ISSN 1532-2777, Vol. 145, article id 110334Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Corporal punishment of children is common across human history, and the specific practice of striking the buttocks, known as spanking, seems to have developed independently across a number of separate cultures. This pattern suggests adaptive value, posing a paradox in view of the many reviews stating that spanking has purely negative outcomes on future mental health, and the recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics that it be outlawed. We purport to resolve this paradox by separating this particular type of corporal punishment from less controlled lashing out in anger, and we reanalyze these reviews in terms of psychological and physical health outcomes. We find that spanking is associated with positive mental health outcomes when (1) performed by calm parents in a (2) ritualized, structured fashion and combined with (3) other disciplinary techniques within (4) a loving relationship with the child, typically (5) as part of the practice of moral, collective religiosity, and when (6) controlling for confounding variables. In that spanking is noticeably practiced by conservative religious cultural groups, we hypothesize that it can be a fitness-promoting form of behaviour in line with religiousness being an example of a group-fitness-promoting adaptation.

  • 24.
    Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Ulster Institute for Social Research, London, UK.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Why do Finnish men marry Thai women but Finnish women marry British men?: Cross-national marriages in a modern, industrialized society exhibit sex-dimorphic sexual selection according to primordial selection pressures2017In: Evolutionary Psychological Science, ISSN 2198-9885, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 1-9Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Male and female Finns who contracted cross-national marriages had spouses from very different countries. We tested the possibility that this might reflect sexual selection, with nationality being a proxy for certain kinds of social status. It is predicted from evolutionary theory that females tend to sexually select for status to a greater extent than do males, who rather select for youth and beauty. Across the 36 out of 161 countries of origin for which there were sufficient numbers of immigrant spouses, we found that the ratio of wives from richer countries to Finnish husbands was less than 1, which was, consistent with the hypothesis, which was also the case for the ratio of husbands from poorer countries to Finnish wives. A few exceptions to this general pattern could plausibly be explained by particular circumstances regarding these countries. A careful consideration of alternative explanations did not render any one more convincing than the proposed dimorphic pattern of inherited mate preferences.

  • 25. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Why do middle-class couples of European descent adopt children from Africa and Asia? Some Support for the Differential K Model2018In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 130, p. 156-160Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Patterns of adoption behaviour are starkly asymmetric across populations. To better understand this phenomenon we conducted a systematic review of transracial adoption and adoption in general. We found six quantitative studies from the USA (with representative samples comprising a total of 117,000 participants) which had examined sex, race, and SES in relation to differences in behaviours and attitudes regarding both transracial adoption and adoption in general. A secondary analysis of these data found that transracial adopting is predicted by being female, white (as opposed to black), and of higher SES. These data are consistent with group differences in Life History Strategy – the Differential K model – regarding males and females, SES differences, and white and black people, but not with the fact that both transracial adoption and adoption rates in general seem to be lower in Northeast Asian countries. The influence of cultural factors upon these patterns may be addressed by future studies.

  • 26.
    Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Ulster Institute for Social Research, London, UK.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Dunkel, Curtis
    Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    The mutant says in his heart, "There is no God": the rejection of collective religiosity centred around the worship of moral gods is associated with high mutational load2018In: Evolutionary Psychological Science, E-ISSN 2198-9885, Vol. 4, no 3, p. 233-244Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Industrialisation leads to relaxed selection and thus the accumulation of fitness-damaging genetic mutations. We argue that religion is a selected trait that would be highly sensitive to mutational load. We further argue that a specific form of religiousness was selected for in complex societies up until industrialisation based around the collective worship of moral gods. With the relaxation of selection, we predict the degeneration of this form of religion and diverse deviations from it. These deviations, however, would correlate with the same indicators because they would all be underpinned by mutational load. We test this hypothesis using two very different deviations: atheism and paranormal belief. We examine associations between these deviations and four indicators of mutational load: (1) poor general health, (2) autism, (3) fluctuating asymmetry, and (4) left-handedness. A systematic literature review combined with primary research on handedness demonstrates that atheism and/or paranormal belief is associated with all of these indicators of high mutational load.

  • 27. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Lynn, Richard
    Demographic, economic, and genetic factors related to national differences in ethnocentric attitudes2016In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 101, p. 137-143Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We conducted a review of factors associated with individual and group level differences in positive ethnocentrism (PE) and negative ethnocentrism (NE). We inter-correlated datasets on national differences in these factors with data from the World Values Survey with regard to national differences in measures of PE and NE. The two different survey items for each construct were strongly correlated, but the constructs themselves were not significantly associated. Multiple regression analyses indicated that NE was mainly related to high levels of cousin marriage and frequency of the DRD4-repeat gene, and that PE was mainly related to a young median population age. Cousin marriage may indicate low levels of trust, DRD4 implies a fast Life History strategy, and young median age is associated with many factors predicting PE. 

  • 28. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    van der Linden, Dimitri
    Genius and premature birth: little evidence that claims about historically eminent scientists are accurate2021In: Indian Journal of History of Science, ISSN 0019-5235, Vol. 56, p. 20-27Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A number of very eminent and highly creative individuals are often claimed to have been born prematurely, and the idea that widely recognised scientific geniuses such as Newton, Kepler, and Darwin were preterm has become a cultural meme through the popular press, and through popular and academic science books. This potentially raises very important questions, related to the nature and origin of creativity and innovation, as it has been suggested that prematurity and genius may be linked. Here, we review suggested links between prematurity and genius, in terms of psychological traits associated with genius, and compare the percentage of top geniuses in Murray's Human Accomplishment who are claimed to have been born prematurely to that of Western populations in general. Although a significant number of those in Murray's sample have been asserted to be preterm, we found that none of them could be said with certainty to have been so, refuting the hypothesis that there is a clear connection between prematurity and scientific genius.

  • 29. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    te Nijenhuis, Jan
    University of Amsterdam.
    Metzen, Daniel
    van der Linden, Dimitri
    Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The myth of the stupid believer: The negative religiousness-IQ nexus is not on general intelligence (g) and is likely a product of the relations between IQ and Autism Spectrum traits2020In: Journal of religion and health, ISSN 0022-4197, E-ISSN 1573-6571, Vol. 59, no 3, p. 1567-1579Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Numerous studies have found a negative relationship between religiousness and IQ. It is in the region of - 0.2, according to meta-analyses. The reasons for this relationship are, however, unknown. It has been suggested that higher intelligence leads to greater attraction to science, or that it helps to override evolved cognitive dispositions such as for religiousness. Either way, such explanations assume that the religion-IQ nexus is on general intelligence (g), rather than some subset of specialized cognitive abilities. In other words, they assume it is a Jensen effect. Two large datasets comparing groups with different levels of religiousness show that their IQ differences are not on g and must, therefore, be attributed to specialized abilities. An analysis of the specialized abilities on which the religious and non-religious groups differ reveals no clear pattern. We cautiously suggest that this may be explicable in terms of autism spectrum disorder traits among people with high IQ scores, because such traits are negatively associated with religiousness.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 30. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    van der Linden, Dimitri
    Erasmus University Rotterdam.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Why do high IQ societies differ in intellectual achievement?: The role of schizophrenia and left-handedness in per capita scientific publications and Nobel prizes2020In: The Journal of creative behavior, ISSN 0022-0175, E-ISSN 2162-6057, Vol. 54, no 4, p. 871-883Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Previous research has attempted to understand why countries with relatively favorable conditions and high estimated average IQs (such as Finland and Japan) have a relatively low per capita number of scientific Nobel prizes. In the present study, we examine whether there is a relationship between national schizophrenia and left‐handedness prevalence, on the one hand, and per capita scientific and literary achievement, on the other hand, in countries with IQ estimates of at least 90. We found that per capita science and literature Nobel prizes and scientific publications are strongly negatively associated with schizophrenia and strongly positively correlated with left‐handedness. There also was a very pronounced negative correlation between schizophrenia rate and left‐handedness rate. These results suggest that genius can be regarded as a combination of very high IQ, aspects of high‐functioning autism (specifically low empathy) plus relatively low impulse control, consistent with observations of intellectually outstanding individuals, and the fact that schizophrenia appears to constitute the opposite pole of these aspects of autism spectrum. We posit differences in androgen levels as a possible underlying explanation for these findings.

  • 31. Dutton, Edward
    et al.
    Van der Linden, Dimitri
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Antfolk, Jan
    Woodley Of Menie, Michael A.
    The intelligence and personality of Finland's Swedish-speaking minority2016In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 97, p. 45-49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    There is evidence that Finland's Swedish-speaking minority (Finland-Swedes) may have a distinct intelligence-personality profile from the Finnish-speaking Finns (Finns). We test this through an examination of the two groups' PISA (Programme of International Student Assessment) scores (which assesses representative samples of 15 year olds from OECD countries) and their personality scores, drawing upon a representative Finnish sample. We found Finland-Swedes to have slightly lower average intelligence. However, when controlling for gender and age, the Finland-Swedes score significantly higher on Conscientiousness, Extraversion and Emotional Stability. Overall, we found a Jensen Effect whereby most of the personality differences between the two groups could be attributed to the General Factor of Personality (GFP), which reflects the shared variance of lower-order personality traits. The GFP is assumed to reflect general social effectiveness.

  • 32.
    Ekström, A.G.
    et al.
    Department of Psychology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Department of Philosophy, Lund University Cognitive Science, Lund, Sweden; KTH Speech, Music & Hearing, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Olsson, E.J.
    Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Tsapos, M.
    Department of Philosophy, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    The search query filter bubble: effect of user ideology on political leaning of search results through query selection2023In: Information, Communication and Society, ISSN 1369-118X, E-ISSN 1468-4462Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It is commonly assumed that personalization technologies used by Google for the purpose of tailoring search results for individual users create filter bubbles, which reinforce users’ political views. Surprisingly, empirical evidence for a personalization-induced filter bubble has not been forthcoming. Here, we investigate whether filter bubbles may result instead from a searcher’s choice of search queries. In the first experiment, participants rated the left-right leaning of 48 queries (search strings), 6 for each of 8 topics (abortion, benefits, climate change, sex equality, immigration, nuclear family, Islam, and taxation). An independent sample of participants were then asked to select one of these queries for each of the 8 topics. With the exception of the topic of Islam, participants were significantly more likely to select a query corresponding to their own political leaning, compared to other queries, explaining between 12% and 39% of the variance. A second experiment investigated the effect of the political leaning of the same queries on the overall political leaning of Search Engine Result Pages (SERPs) in Google Search. The top six results of each SERP were rated collectively by a third group of participants, explaining 36.3% of the variance across all 48 search terms (p <.00001). That is, (1) participants in our experiments tended to select own-side search queries, and (2) using those queries tended to yield own-side search results when using the Google search engine. Our results are consistent with the notion of a self-imposed filter bubble in which query selection plays a salient role.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 33. Elowsson, A
    et al.
    Friberg, A
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Paulin, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Modelling the speed of music using features from harmonic/percussive separated audio2013In: Proceedings of the 14th International Society For Music Information Retrieval Conference / [ed] Alceu De Souza Britto Jr, Fabien Gouyon, Simon Dixon, International Society for Music Information Retrieval, 2013, p. 481-486Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One of the major parameters in music is the overall speed of a musical performance. In this study, a computational model of speed in music audio has been developed using a custom set of rhythmic features. Speed is often associated with tempo, but as shown in this study, factors such as note density (onsets per second) and spectral flux are important as well. The original audio was first separated into a harmonic part and a percussive part and the features were extracted separately from the different layers. In previous studies, listeners had rated the speed of 136 songs, and the ratings were used in a regression to evaluate the validity of the model as well as to find appropriate features. The final models, consisting of 5 or 8 features, were able to explain about 90% of the variation in the training set, with little or no degradation for the test set. 

  • 34. Eriksson, Johan
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Mäntylä, Timo
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Spelförståelse: Begreppsvalidering genom självuppskattningar av professionella innebandyspelare och deras tränare2008In: SVEBIS årsbok: aktuell beteendevetenskaplig idrottsforskning 2008 / [ed] Göran Patriksson, Lund: SVEBI , 2008, p. 39-50Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Eriksson at al
  • 35. Figueredo, Aurelio-Jose
    et al.
    Black, Candace Jasmine
    Patch, Emily Anne
    Heym, Nadja
    Ferreira, José Henrique Benedetti Piccoli
    Varella, Marco Antônio Corrêa
    Defelipe, Renata Pereira
    Cosentino, Leonardo Antonio Marui
    Castro, Felipe Nalon
    Natividade, Jean Carlos
    Hattori, Wallisen Tadashi
    Pérez-Ramos, Marisol
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Fernandes, Heitor Barcellos Ferreira
    The cascade of chaos: From early adversity to interpersonal aggression2021In: Evolutionary Behavioral Sciences, ISSN 2330-2925, E-ISSN 2330-2933, Vol. 15, no 3, p. 231-250Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We developed a cascade model to reconstruct the hypothesized developmental progression from (1) increased resource instability during childhood to (2) decreased maternal sensitivity during childhood to (3) social vulnerability cognitive schemata to (4) faster life history strategies to (5) decreased behavioral regulation to (6) more pronounced “Dark Triad” personalities to (7) higher levels of interpersonal aggression in adulthood. The hypothesized cascade model also evaluated the cross-cultural generality of this theoretically-specified developmental progression across a sampling of different societies: (1) the United States ofAmerica (N=144); (2) Mexico (N=118); (3) Brazil (N=1091, distributed across 3 datacollection sites); (4) Sweden (N=144); and (5) the United Kingdom (N=260). Out of 21 interactive tests of the cross-cultural robustness of the main model parameters, only five reached statistical significance, and were relatively small in magnitude compared to their main effects. In no case did the magnitude and direction of the interaction completely reverse that of the corresponding main effect of the predictor, but merely either augmented or attenuated it somewhat across the affected study sites. We conclude that the results generally supported both the configural and metric invariance of the cascade model to a relatively high, albeit imperfect, degree.

  • 36.
    Forsman, Lea J
    et al.
    Neuropediatric Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Brain Institute, SE-171 76, Sweden.
    de Manzano, Örjan
    Neuropediatric Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Brain Institute, SE-171 76, Sweden.
    Karabanov, Anke
    Neuropediatric Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Brain Institute, SE-171 76, Sweden.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullén, Fredrik
    Neuropediatric Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Brain Institute, SE-171 76, Sweden.
    Differences in regional brain volume related to the extraversion–introversion dimension: a voxel based morphometry study2012In: Neuroscience research, ISSN 0168-0102, E-ISSN 1872-8111, Vol. 72, no 1, p. 59-67Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Extraverted individuals are sociable, behaviorally active, and happy. We report data from a voxel based morphometry study investigating, for the first time, if regional volume in gray and white matter brain regions is related to extraversion. For both gray and white matter, all correlations between extraversion and regional brain volume were negative, i.e. the regions were larger in introverts. Gray matter correlations were found in regions that included the right prefrontal cortex and the cortex around the right temporo–parietal junction – regions that are known to be involved in behavioral inhibition, introspection, and social-emotional processing, e.g. evaluation of social stimuli and reasoning about the mental states of others. White matter correlations extended from the brainstem to widespread cortical regions, and were largely due to global effects, i.e. a larger total white matter volume in introverts. We speculate that these white matter findings may reflect differences in ascending modulatory projections affecting cortical regions involved in behavioral regulation.

  • 37.
    Forsman, Lea J.
    et al.
    Dept. Woman amd Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullén, Fredrik
    Dept. Woman amd Child Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Neuroticism is correlated with drift in serial time interval production2009In: Personality and Individual Differences, ISSN 0191-8869, E-ISSN 1873-3549, Vol. 47, no 3, p. 229-232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Low neuroticism and high intelligence are both related to lower intertrial variability in reaction time tasks. However, intelligence and neuroticism are weakly related traits, which suggests that they may be related to different sources of timing variability. The relation between intelligence and timing variability has recently been investigated using isochronous serial interval production (ISIP). This is a simple, automatic timing task where participants first synchronize movements with an isochronous sound sequence and then continue with self-paced production of a sequence of intervals with the same inter-onset interval (IOI). For all IOIs, local interval-to-interval variability correlated strongest with intelligence. The purpose of the present study was to test whether neuroticism, in contrast, is related to the non-local component of ISIP variability, i.e. drift or gradual changes in response IOI. We found a significant correlation of r = 0.42 between drift and neuroticism, thereby confirming the hypothesis. We suggest that this finding reflects that individuals high on neuroticism have more frequent slips in top–down cognitive control mechanisms. These cognitive failures may in turn interfere with the processing of previously produced intervals in short-term memory, which gives an unstable IOI in the ISIP task, i.e. drift.

  • 38.
    Groundstroem, Henrik
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology. Åbo Akademi, Åbo, Finland.
    Fredriksson, Anders
    Umeå University.
    Nyman-Kurkiala, Pia
    Åbo Akademi, Åbo, Finland.
    Hemberg, Jessica
    Åbo Akademi, Åbo, Finland.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The effect of humor styles on mate value and preferences in an online experiment2023Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 39.
    Gustafsson, Peik
    et al.
    Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Kjell, Katarina
    Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Cundari, Maurizio
    Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden; Unit of Neuropsychiatry, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden; Unit of Neurology, Hospital of Helsingborg, Helsingborg, Sweden.
    Larsson, Martin
    Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Edbladh, Jenny
    Modigo, Lund, Sweden.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Kazakova, Olga
    Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Rasmussen, Anders
    Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    The ability to maintain rhythm is predictive of ADHD diagnosis and profile2023In: BMC Psychiatry, E-ISSN 1471-244X, Vol. 23, no 1, article id 920Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most prevalent neuropsychiatric disorder in the world. Currently, the diagnosis is based mainly on interviews, resulting in uncertainties in the clinical assessment. While some neuropsychological tests are used, their specificity and selectivity are low, and more reliable biomarkers are desirable. Previous research indicates that ADHD is associated with morphological changes in the cerebellum, which is essential for motor ability and timing. Here, we compared 29 children diagnosed with ADHD to 96 age-matched controls on prism adaptation, eyeblink conditioning, and timed motor performance in a finger tapping task. Prism adaptation and timing precision in the finger tapping task, but not performance on eyeblink conditioning, differed between the ADHD and control groups, as well as between children with and without Deficits in Attention, Motor control, and Perception (DAMP) – a more severe form of ADHD. The results suggest finger tapping can be used as a cheap, objective, and unbiased biomarker to complement current diagnostic procedures.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 40.
    Hellmer, Kahl
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Quantifying microtiming patterning and variability in drum kit recordings: A method and some data2015In: Music perception, ISSN 0730-7829, E-ISSN 1533-8312, Vol. 33, no 2, p. 147-162Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    HUMAN PERFORMERS INTRODUCE TEMPORAL variability in their performance of music. The variability consists of both long-range tempo changes and micro-timing variability that are note-to-note level deviations from the nominal beat time. In many contexts, micro-timing is important for achieving certain preferred characteristics in a performance, such as hang, drive, or groove; but this variability is also, to some extent, stochastic. In this paper, we present a method for quantifying the microtiming variability. First, we transcribed drum performance audio files into empirical data using a very precise onset detection system. Second, we separated the microtiming variability into two components: systematic variability (SV), defined as recurrent temporal patterns, and residual variability ( RV), defined as the residual, unexplained temporal deviation. The method was evaluated using computer-performed audio drum tracks and the results show a slight overestimation of the variability magnitude, but proportionally correct ratios between SV and RV. Thereafter two data sets were analyzed: drum performances from a MIDI drum kit and real-life drum performances from professional drum recordings. The results from these data sets show that up to 65 percent of the total micro-timing variability can be explained by recurring and consistent patterns.

  • 41.
    Hesselman Borg, Johanna
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation.
    Westerståhl, Maria
    Institutionen för laboratoriemedicin, Karolinska institutet.
    Lundell, Sara
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Aasa, Ulrika
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy.
    Longitudinal study exploring factors associated with neck/shoulder pain at 52 years of age2016In: Journal of Pain Research, E-ISSN 1178-7090, Vol. 9, p. 303-310Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    OBJECTIVES: To investigate the ability of work-related measurements, body composition, physical activity, and fitness levels to predict neck/shoulder pain (upper body pain, UBP) at the age of 52 years. Another aim was to investigate the cross-sectional relationships between UBP, work-related factors, and individual factors at the age of 52 years.

    METHODS: We followed a randomly selected cohort of 429 adolescents that was recruited in 1974 (baseline), when they were 16 years old. The participants completed physical fitness tests, questions about sociodemographic and lifestyle factors at 16, 34, and 52 years of age, and questions about work-related factors and pain in the follow-ups. Logistic regression analyses were used to examine the associations between UBP and the other variables.

    RESULTS: Univariate logistic regression analyses showed that high body mass index and the work-related factors, low control, and low social support at the age of 34 years were related to UBP at the age of 52 years. For social support, there was an interaction between men and women where the relationship between low social support and the experience of pain was more evident for women. Among women, body mass index and social support remained significantly related in the multivariate analyses. For men, social support remained significantly related. Cross-sectional relationships at the age of 52 differed from the longitudinal in the sense that measures of joint flexibility and work posture were also significantly associated with UBP.

    CONCLUSION: The fact that the cross-sectional differed from the longitudinal relationships strengthens the importance of performing longitudinal studies when studying factors that might influence the initiation of pain. UBP preventative measures might need to include both lifestyle (such as dietary habits and physical activity to ensure that the individuals are not becoming overweight) and work-related factors such as social support.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 42. Holm, L.
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Schrater, P.
    Drift inrepetitive timing reveals the organization of time control2013Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 43. Holm, Linus
    et al.
    Karampela, O.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Executive control in motor timing2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 44.
    Holm, Linus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Karampela, Olympia
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullén, Fredrik
    Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Executive control and working memory are involved in sub-second repetitive motor timing2017In: Experimental Brain Research, ISSN 0014-4819, E-ISSN 1432-1106, Vol. 235, no 3, p. 787-798Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The nature of the relationship between timing and cognition remains poorly understood. Cognitive control is known to be involved in discrete timing tasks involving durations above 1 s, but has not yet been demonstrated for repetitive motor timing below 1 s. We examined the latter in two continuation tapping experiments, by varying the cognitive load in a concurrent task. In Experiment 1, participants repeated a fixed three finger sequence (low executive load) or a pseudorandom sequence (high load) with either 524-, 733-, 1024- or 1431-ms inter-onset intervals (IOIs). High load increased timing variability for 524 and 733-ms IOIs but not for the longer IOIs. Experiment 2 attempted to replicate this finding for a concurrent memory task. Participants retained three letters (low working memory load) or seven letters (high load) while producing intervals (524- and 733-ms IOIs) with a drum stick. High load increased timing variability for both IOIs. Taken together, the experiments demonstrate that cognitive control processes influence sub-second repetitive motor timing.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 45.
    Holm, Linus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Whenever next: Hierarchical timing of perception and action2013In: Behavioral and Brain Sciences, ISSN 0140-525X, E-ISSN 1469-1825, Vol. 36, no 3, p. 217-218Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The target article focuses on the predictive coding of "what" and "where" something happened and the "where" and "what" response to make. We extend that scope by addressing the "when" aspect of perception and action. Successful interaction with the environment requires predictions of everything from millisecond-accurate motor timing to far future events. The hierarchical framework seems appropriate for timing.

  • 46.
    Holm, Linus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullen, Fredrik
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Motor and Executive Control in Repetitive Timing of Brief Intervals2013In: Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, ISSN 0096-1523, E-ISSN 1939-1277, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 365-380Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated the causal role of executive control functions in the production of brief time intervals by means of a concurrent task paradigm. To isolate the influence of executive functions on timing from motor coordination effects, we dissociated executive load from the number of effectors used in the dual task situation. In 3 experiments, participants produced isochronous intervals ranging from 524 to 2,000 ms with either the left or the right hand. The concurrent task consisted of the production of either a pseudorandom (high cognitive load) or a simple repeated (low cognitive load) spatial sequence of key presses, while also maintaining a regular temporal sequence. This task was performed with either a single hand (unimanual) or with both hands simultaneously (bimanual). Interference in terms of increased timing variability caused by the concurrent task was observed only in the bimanual condition. We verified that motor coordination in bimanual tasks alone could not account for the interference. Timing interference only appeared when (a) more than 1 effector was involved and (b) there were simultaneous task demands that recruited executive functions. Task interference was not seen if only 1 of these 2 conditions was met. Thus, our results suggest that executive functions are not directly involved in motor timing, but can indirectly affect timing performance when they are required to schedule complex motor coordination.

  • 47.
    Holm, Linus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullén, Fredrik
    Karolinska institutet, Institutionen för kvinnor och barns hälsa, Stockholm Brain Institute.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Intelligence and temporal accuracy of behaviour: unique and shared associations with reaction time and motor timing2011In: Experimental Brain Research, ISSN 0014-4819, E-ISSN 1432-1106, Vol. 214, no 2, p. 175-183Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Intelligence is associated with accuracy in a wide range of timing tasks. One source of such associations is likely to be individual differences in top-down control, e.g. sustained attention, that influence performance in both temporal tasks and other cognitively controlled behaviors. In addition, we have studied relations between intelligence and a simple rhythmic motor task, isochronous serial interval production (ISIP), and found a substantial component of that relation, which is independent of fluctuations in top-down control. The main purpose of the present study was to investigate whether such bottom-up mechanisms are involved also in the relation between intelligence and reaction time (RT) tasks. We thus investigated if common variance between the ISIP and RT tasks underlies their respective associations with intelligence. 112 participants performed a simple RT task, a choice RT task and the ISIP task. Intelligence was assessed with the Raven SPM Plus. The analysed timing variables included mean and variability in the RT tasks and two variance components in the ISIP task. As predicted, RT and ISIP variables were associated with intelligence. The timing variables were positively intercorrelated and a principal component analysis revealed a substantial first principal component that was strongly related to all timing variables, and positively correlated with intelligence. Furthermore, a commonality analysis demonstrated that the relations between intelligence and the timing variables involved a commonality between the timing variables as well as unique contributions from choice RT and ISIP. We discuss possible implications of these findings, and argue that they support our main hypothesis, i.e. that relations between intelligence and RT tasks have a bottom-up component.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 48. Iemi, Luca
    et al.
    Ullén, Fredrik
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    The relation between rhythmic accuracy and intelligence is not due to differences in top-down control -further evidence using manipulations of motivation during tapping2011Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 49. Karampela, O.
    et al.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Ullén, F.
    Different sources of timing variability and how they are related to intelligence2012Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 50.
    Karampela, Olympia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Holm, Linus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Madison, Guy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology.
    Shared timing variability in eye and finger movements increases with interval duration: support for a distributed timing system below and above one second2015In: Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, ISSN 1747-0218, E-ISSN 1747-0226, Vol. 68, no 10, p. 1965-1980Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The origins of the ability to produce action at will at the hundreds of millisecond to second range remain poorly understood. A central issue is whether such timing is governed by one mechanism or by several different mechanisms, possibly invoked by different effectors used to perform the timing task. If two effectors invoke similar timing mechanisms, then they should both produce similar variability increase with interval duration (interonset interval) and thus adhere to Weber's law (increasing linearly with the duration of the interval to be timed). Additionally, if both effectors invoke the same timing mechanism, the variability of the effectors should be highly correlated across participants. To test these possibilities, we assessed the behavioural characteristics across fingers and eyes as effectors and compared the timing variability between and within them as a function of the interval to be produced (interresponse interval). Sixty participants produced isochronous intervals from 524 to 1431 ms with their fingers and their eyes. High correlations within each effector indicated consistent performance within participants. Consistent with a single mechanism, temporal variability in both fingers and eyes followed Weber's law, and significant correlations between eye and finger variability were found for several intervals. These results can support neither the single clock nor the multiple clock hypotheses but instead suggest a partially overlapping distributed timing system.

12345 1 - 50 of 203
CiteExportLink to result list
Permanent link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf