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  • 1.
    Abbasi, Ahtisham Fazeel
    et al.
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Germany.
    Asim, Muhammad Nabeel
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Dengel, Andreas
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern (RPTU), Germany.
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Deep learning architectures for the prediction of YY1-mediated chromatin loops2023In: Bioinformatics research and applications: 19th international symposium, ISBRA 2023, Wrocław, Poland, October 9–12, 2023, proceedings / [ed] Xuan Guo; Serghei Mangul; Murray Patterson; Alexander Zelikovsky, Springer, 2023, p. 72-84Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    YY1-mediated chromatin loops play substantial roles in basic biological processes like gene regulation, cell differentiation, and DNA replication. YY1-mediated chromatin loop prediction is important to understand diverse types of biological processes which may lead to the development of new therapeutics for neurological disorders and cancers. Existing deep learning predictors are capable to predict YY1-mediated chromatin loops in two different cell lines however, they showed limited performance for the prediction of YY1-mediated loops in the same cell lines and suffer significant performance deterioration in cross cell line setting. To provide computational predictors capable of performing large-scale analyses of YY1-mediated loop prediction across multiple cell lines, this paper presents two novel deep learning predictors. The two proposed predictors make use of Word2vec, one hot encoding for sequence representation and long short-term memory, and a convolution neural network along with a gradient flow strategy similar to DenseNet architectures. Both of the predictors are evaluated on two different benchmark datasets of two cell lines HCT116 and K562. Overall the proposed predictors outperform existing DEEPYY1 predictor with an average maximum margin of 4.65%, 7.45% in terms of AUROC, and accuracy, across both of the datases over the independent test sets and 5.1%, 3.2% over 5-fold validation. In terms of cross-cell evaluation, the proposed predictors boast maximum performance enhancements of up to 9.5% and 27.1% in terms of AUROC over HCT116 and K562 datasets.

  • 2.
    Alinaghi, Masoumeh
    et al.
    Umeå University. Functional Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
    Nilsson, David
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Singh, Nikita
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Höjer, Annika
    Norrmejerier, Umeå, Sweden.
    Saedén, Karin Hallin
    Norrmejerier, Umeå, Sweden.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Near-infrared hyperspectral image analysis for monitoring the cheese-ripening process2023In: Journal of Dairy Science, ISSN 0022-0302, E-ISSN 1525-3198, Vol. 106, no 11, p. 7407-7418Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ripening is the most crucial process step in cheese manufacturing and constitutes multiple biochemical alterations that describe the final cheese quality and its perceived sensory attributes. The assessment of the cheese-ripening process is challenging and requires the effective analysis of a multitude of biochemical changes occurring during the process. This study monitored the biochemical and sensory attribute changes of paraffin wax-covered long-ripening hard cheeses (n = 79) during ripening by collecting samples at different stages of ripening. Near-infrared hyperspectral (NIR-HS) imaging, together with free amino acid, chemical composition, and sensory attributes, was studied to monitor the biochemical changes during the ripening process. Orthogonal projection-based multivariate calibration methods were used to characterize ripening-related and orthogonal components as well as the distribution map of chemical components. The results approve the NIR-HS imaging as a rapid tool for monitoring cheese maturity during ripening. Moreover, the pixelwise evaluation of images shows the homogeneity of cheese maturation at different stages of ripening. Among the chemical compositions, fat content and moisture are the most important variables correlating to NIR-HS images during the ripening process.

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  • 3.
    Alinaghi, Masoumeh
    et al.
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Surowiec, Izabella
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Scholze, Steffi
    Sartorius Stedim Biotech GmbH, Göttingen, Germany.
    McCready, Chris
    Sartorius Corporate Research, ON, Oakville, Canada.
    Zehe, Christoph
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Johansson, Erik
    Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Cloarec, Olivier
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Hierarchical time-series analysis of dynamic bioprocess systems2022In: Biotechnology Journal, ISSN 1860-6768, E-ISSN 1860-7314, Vol. 17, no 12, article id 2200237Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are leading types of ‘blockbuster’ biotherapeutics worldwide; they have been successfully used to treat various cancers and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Biotherapeutics process development and manufacturing are complicated due to lack of understanding the factors that impact cell productivity and product quality attributes. Understanding complex interactions between cells, media, and process parameters on the molecular level is essential to bring biomanufacturing to the next level. This can be achieved by analyzing cell culture metabolic levels connected to vital process parameters like viable cell density (VCD). However, VCD and metabolic profiles are dynamic parameters and inherently correlated with time, leading to a significant correlation without actual causality. Many time-series methods deal with such issues. However, with metabolic profiling, the number of measured variables vastly exceeds the number of experiments, making most of existing methods ill-suited and hard to interpret. Methods and Major

    Results: Here we propose an alternative workflow using hierarchical dimension reduction to visualize and interpret the relation between evolution of metabolic profiles and dynamic process parameters. The first step of proposed method is focused on finding predictive relation between metabolic profiles and process parameter at all time points using OPLS regression. For each time point, the p(corr) obtained from OPLS model is considered as a differential metabogram and is further assessed using principal components analysis (PCA).

    Conclusions: Compared to traditional batch modeling, applying proposed methodology on metabolic data from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) antibody production characterized the dynamic relation between metabolic profiles and critical process parameters.

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  • 4. Artursson, Tom
    et al.
    Hagman, Anders
    Björk, Seth
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Jacobsson, Sven P
    Study of Preprocessing Methods for the Determination of Crystalline Phases in Binary Mixtures of Drug Substances by X-ray Powder Diffraction and Multivariate Calibration2000In: Applied Spectroscopy, ISSN 0003-7028, E-ISSN 1943-3530, Vol. 54, no 8, p. 272A-301AArticle in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, various preprocessing methods were tested on data generated by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) in order to enhance the partial least-squares (PLS) regression modeling performance. The preprocessing methods examined were 22 different discrete wavelet transforms, Fourier transform, Savitzky-Golay, orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and combinations of wavelet transform and OSC, and Fourier transform and OSC. Root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of an independent test set was used to measure the performance of the various preprocessing methods. The best PLS model was obtained with a wavelet transform (Symmlet 8), which at the same time compressed the data set by a factor of 9.5. With the use of wavelet and X-ray powder diffraction, concentrations of less than 10% of one crystal from could be detected in a binary mixture. The linear range was found to be in the range 10-70% of the crystalline form of phenacetin, although semiquantitative work could be carried out down to a level of approximately 2%. Furthermore, the wavelet-pretreated models were able to handle admixtures and deliberately added noise.

  • 5.
    Asim, Muhammad Nabeel
    et al.
    Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ibrahim, Muhammad Ali
    Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Malik, Muhammad Imran
    School of Computer Science & Electrical Engineering, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Zehe, Christoph
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Cloarec, Olivier
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Dengel, Andreas
    Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    EL-RMLocNet: An explainable LSTM network for RNA-associated multi-compartment localization prediction2022In: Computational and Structural Biotechnology Journal, E-ISSN 2001-0370, Vol. 20, p. 3986-4002Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Subcellular localization of Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) molecules provide significant insights into the functionality of RNAs and helps to explore their association with various diseases. Predominantly developed single-compartment localization predictors (SCLPs) lack to demystify RNA association with diverse biochemical and pathological processes mainly happen through RNA co-localization in multiple compartments. Limited multi-compartment localization predictors (MCLPs) manage to produce decent performance only for target RNA class of particular sub-type. Further, existing computational approaches have limited practical significance and potential to optimize therapeutics due to the poor degree of model explainability. The paper in hand presents an explainable Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) network “EL-RMLocNet”, predictive performance and interpretability of which are optimized using a novel GeneticSeq2Vec statistical representation learning scheme and attention mechanism for accurate multi-compartment localization prediction of different RNAs solely using raw RNA sequences. GeneticSeq2Vec generates optimized statistical vectors of raw RNA sequences by capturing short and long range relations of nucleotide k-mers. Using sequence vectors generated by GeneticSeq2Vec scheme, Long Short Term Memory layers extract most informative features, weighting of which on the basis of discriminative potential for accurate multi-compartment localization prediction is performed using attention layer. Through reverse engineering, weights of statistical feature space are mapped to nucleotide k-mers patterns to make multi-compartment localization prediction decision making transparent and explainable for different RNA classes and species. Empirical evaluation indicates that EL-RMLocNet outperforms state-of-the-art predictor for subcellular localization prediction of 4 different RNA classes by an average accuracy figure of 8% for Homo Sapiens species and 6% for Mus Musculus species. EL-RMLocNet is freely available as a web server at (https://sds_genetic_analysis.opendfki.de/subcellular_loc/).

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  • 6.
    Asim, Muhammad Nabeel
    et al.
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; Tu Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ibrahim, Muhammad Ali
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; Tu Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Zehe, Christoph
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Cloarec, Olivier
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Sjogren, Rickard
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Dengel, Andreas
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; Tu Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    L2S-MirLoc: A Lightweight Two Stage MiRNA Sub-Cellular Localization Prediction Framework2021In: Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, IEEE, 2021Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A comprehensive understanding of miRNA sub-cellular localization may leads towards better understanding of physiological processes and support the fixation of diverse irregularities present in a variety of organisms. To date, diverse computational methodologies have been proposed to automatically infer sub-cellular localization of miR-NAs solely using sequence information, however, existing approaches lack in performance. Considering the success of data transformation approaches in Natural Language Processing which primarily transform multi-label classification problem into multi-class classification problem, here, we introduce three different data transformation approaches namely binary relevance, label power set, and classifier chains. Using data transformation approaches, at 1st stage, multi-label miRNA sub-cellular localization problem is transformed into multi-class problem. Then, at 2nd stage, 3 different machine learning classifiers are used to estimate which classifier performs better with what data transformation approach for hand on task. Empirical evaluation on independent test set indicates that L2S-MirLoc selected combination based on binary relevance and deep random forest outperforms state-of-the-art performance values by significant margin.

  • 7.
    Asim, Muhammad Nabeel
    et al.
    Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ibrahim, Muhammad Ali
    Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Zehe, Christoph
    Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Baden-Wurttemberg, Laupheim, Germany.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Baden-Wurttemberg, Laupheim, Germany.
    Dengel, Andreas
    Department of Computer Science, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany; German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    Umeå University. German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence GmbH, Rhineland-Palatinate, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    BoT-Net: a lightweight bag of tricks-based neural network for efficient LncRNA–miRNA interaction prediction2022In: Interdisciplinary Sciences: Computational Life Sciences, ISSN 1913-2751, Vol. 14, no 4, p. 841-862Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background and objective: Interactions of long non-coding ribonucleic acids (lncRNAs) with micro-ribonucleic acids (miRNAs) play an essential role in gene regulation, cellular metabolic, and pathological processes. Existing purely sequence based computational approaches lack robustness and efficiency mainly due to the high length variability of lncRNA sequences. Hence, the prime focus of the current study is to find optimal length trade-offs between highly flexible length lncRNA sequences.

    Method: The paper at hand performs in-depth exploration of diverse copy padding, sequence truncation approaches, and presents a novel idea of utilizing only subregions of lncRNA sequences to generate fixed-length lncRNA sequences. Furthermore, it presents a novel bag of tricks-based deep learning approach “Bot-Net” which leverages a single layer long-short-term memory network regularized through DropConnect to capture higher order residue dependencies, pooling to retain most salient features, normalization to prevent exploding and vanishing gradient issues, learning rate decay, and dropout to regularize precise neural network for lncRNA–miRNA interaction prediction.

    Results: BoT-Net outperforms the state-of-the-art lncRNA–miRNA interaction prediction approach by 2%, 8%, and 4% in terms of accuracy, specificity, and matthews correlation coefficient. Furthermore, a case study analysis indicates that BoT-Net also outperforms state-of-the-art lncRNA–protein interaction predictor on a benchmark dataset by accuracy of 10%, sensitivity of 19%, specificity of 6%, precision of 14%, and matthews correlation coefficient of 26%.

    Conclusion: In the benchmark lncRNA–miRNA interaction prediction dataset, the length of the lncRNA sequence varies from 213 residues to 22,743 residues and in the benchmark lncRNA–protein interaction prediction dataset, lncRNA sequences vary from 15 residues to 1504 residues. For such highly flexible length sequences, fixed length generation using copy padding introduces a significant level of bias which makes a large number of lncRNA sequences very much identical to each other and eventually derail classifier generalizeability. Empirical evaluation reveals that within 50 residues of only the starting region of long lncRNA sequences, a highly informative distribution for lncRNA–miRNA interaction prediction is contained, a crucial finding exploited by the proposed BoT-Net approach to optimize the lncRNA fixed length generation process.

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  • 8.
    Asim, Muhammad Nabeel
    et al.
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Tu Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Malik, Muhammad Imran
    National Center for Artificial Intelligence (NCAI), National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    Zehe, Christoph
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Cellca GmbH, Ulm, Germany.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umea, Sweden.
    Dengel, Andreas
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany; Department of Computer Science, Tu Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI), Kaiserslautern, Germany.
    A robust and precise convnet for small non-coding rna classification (rpc-snrc)2021In: IEEE Access, E-ISSN 2169-3536, Vol. 9, p. 19379-19390, article id 9257352Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are attracting increasing attention as they are now considered potentially valuable resources in the development of new drugs intended to cure several human diseases. A prerequisite for the development of drugs targeting ncRNAs or the related pathways is the identification and correct classification of such ncRNAs. State-of-the-art small ncRNA classification methodologies use secondary structural features as input. However, such feature extraction approaches only take global characteristics into account and completely ignore co-relative effects of local structures. Furthermore, secondary structure based approaches incorporate high dimensional feature space which is computationally expensive. The present paper proposes a novel Robust and Precise ConvNet (RPC-snRC) methodology which classifies small ncRNAs into relevant families by utilizing their primary sequence. RPC-snRC methodology learns hierarchical representation of features by utilizing positioning and information on the occurrence of nucleotides. To avoid exploding and vanishing gradient problems, we use an approach similar to DenseNet in which gradient can flow straight from subsequent layers to previous layers. In order to assess the effectiveness of deeper architectures for small ncRNA classification, we also adapted two ResNet architectures having a different number of layers. Experimental results on a benchmark small ncRNA dataset show that the proposed methodology does not only outperform existing small ncRNA classification approaches with a significant performance margin of 10% but it also gives better results than adapted ResNet architectures. To reproduce the results Source code and data set is available at https://github.com/muas16/small-non-coding-RNA-classification.

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  • 9. Asim, Muhammad Nabeel
    et al.
    Malik, Muhammad Imran
    Zehe, Christoph
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Dengel, Andreas
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    MirLocPredictor: A ConvNet-Based Multi-Label MicroRNA Subcellular Localization Predictor by Incorporating k-Mer Positional Information2020In: Genes, ISSN 2073-4425, E-ISSN 2073-4425, Vol. 11, no 12, article id 1475Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    MicroRNAs (miRNA) are small noncoding RNA sequences consisting of about 22 nucleotides that are involved in the regulation of almost 60% of mammalian genes. Presently, there are very limited approaches for the visualization of miRNA locations present inside cells to support the elucidation of pathways and mechanisms behind miRNA function, transport, and biogenesis. MIRLocator, a state-of-the-art tool for the prediction of subcellular localization of miRNAs makes use of a sequence-to-sequence model along with pretrained k-mer embeddings. Existing pretrained k-mer embedding generation methodologies focus on the extraction of semantics of k-mers. However, in RNA sequences, positional information of nucleotides is more important because distinct positions of the four nucleotides define the function of an RNA molecule. Considering the importance of the nucleotide position, we propose a novel approach (kmerPR2vec) which is a fusion of positional information of k-mers with randomly initialized neural k-mer embeddings. In contrast to existing k-mer-based representation, the proposed kmerPR2vec representation is much more rich in terms of semantic information and has more discriminative power. Using novel kmerPR2vec representation, we further present an end-to-end system (MirLocPredictor) which couples the discriminative power of kmerPR2vec with Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) for miRNA subcellular location prediction. The effectiveness of the proposed kmerPR2vec approach is evaluated with deep learning-based topologies (i.e., Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)) and by using 9 different evaluation measures. Analysis of the results reveals that MirLocPredictor outperform state-of-the-art methods with a significant margin of 18% and 19% in terms of precision and recall.

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  • 10.
    Benedict, Catherine
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology.
    Geisler, Matt
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Huner, Norman
    Hurry, Vaughan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Consensus by democracy. Using meta-analyses of microarray and genomic data to model the cold acclimation signaling pathway in Arabidopsis.2006In: Plant Physiology, ISSN 0032-0889, E-ISSN 1532-2548, Vol. 141, no 4, p. 1219-1232Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The whole-genome response of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) exposed to different types and durations of abiotic stress has now been described by a wealth of publicly available microarray data. When combined with studies of how gene expression is affected in mutant and transgenic Arabidopsis with altered ability to transduce the low temperature signal, these data can be used to test the interactions between various low temperature-associated transcription factors and their regulons. We quantized a collection of Affymetrix microarray data so that each gene in a particular regulon could vote on whether a cis-element found in its promoter conferred induction (+1), repression (–1), or no transcriptional change (0) during cold stress. By statistically comparing these election results with the voting behavior of all genes on the same gene chip, we verified the bioactivity of novel cis-elements and defined whether they were inductive or repressive. Using in silico mutagenesis we identified functional binding consensus variants for the transcription factors studied. Our results suggest that the previously identified ICEr1 (induction of CBF expression region 1) consensus does not correlate with cold gene induction, while the ICEr3/ICEr4 consensuses identified using our algorithms are present in regulons of genes that were induced coordinate with observed ICE1 transcript accumulation and temporally preceding genes containing the dehydration response element. Statistical analysis of overlap and cis-element enrichment in the ICE1, CBF2, ZAT12, HOS9, and PHYA regulons enabled us to construct a regulatory network supported by multiple lines of evidence that can be used for future hypothesis testing.

  • 11. Bengtsson, Anders A.
    et al.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wuttge, Dirk M.
    Sturfelt, Gunnar
    Theander, Elke
    Donten, Magdalena
    Moritz, Thomas
    Sennbro, Carl-Johan
    Torell, Frida
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Lood, Christian
    Surowiec, Izabella
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Rännar, Stefan
    Lundstedt, Torbjörn
    Metabolic Profiling of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Comparison with Primary Sjögren’s Syndrome and Systemic Sclerosis2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 7, article id e0159384Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease which can affect most organ systems including skin, joints and the kidney. Clinically, SLE is a heterogeneous disease and shares features of several other rheumatic diseases, in particular primary Sjögrens syndrome (pSS) and systemic sclerosis (SSc), why it is difficult to diag- nose The pathogenesis of SLE is not completely understood, partly due to the heterogeneity of the disease. This study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used as a tool for improved diagnosis of SLE compared to other similar autoimmune diseases. We observed differences in metabolic profiles with a classification specificity above 67% in the comparison of SLE with pSS, SSc and a matched group of healthy individuals. Selected metabolites were also significantly different between studied diseases. Biochemical pathway analysis was conducted to gain understanding of underlying pathways involved in the SLE pathogenesis. We found an increased oxidative activity in SLE, supported by increased xanthine oxidase activity and an increased turnover in the urea cycle. The most discriminatory metabolite observed was tryptophan, with decreased levels in SLE patients compared to control groups. Changes of tryptophan levels were related to changes in the activity of the aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) and/or to activation of the kynurenine pathway. 

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  • 12.
    Blaise, Benjamin J.
    et al.
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Paediatric Anaesthetics, Evelina London Children’s Hospital, Guy’s and St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; Centre for the Developing Brain, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Correia, Gonçalo D. S.
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Haggart, Gordon A.
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Surowiec, Izabella
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Sands, Caroline
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Lewis, Matthew R.
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Pearce, Jake T. M.
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; National Phenome Centre, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius Stedim Data Analytics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Nicholson, Jeremy K.
    Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, WA, Perth, Australia; Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Holmes, Elaine
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom; Centre for Computational & Systems Medicine Institute of Health Futures, Murdoch University, WA, Perth, Australia.
    Ebbels, Timothy M. D.
    Division of Systems Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion & Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
    Statistical analysis in metabolic phenotyping2021In: Nature Protocols, ISSN 1754-2189, E-ISSN 1750-2799, Vol. 16, no 9, p. 4299-4326Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Metabolic phenotyping is an important tool in translational biomedical research. The advanced analytical technologies commonly used for phenotyping, including mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, generate complex data requiring tailored statistical analysis methods. Detailed protocols have been published for data acquisition by liquid NMR, solid-state NMR, ultra-performance liquid chromatography (LC-)MS and gas chromatography (GC-)MS on biofluids or tissues and their preprocessing. Here we propose an efficient protocol (guidelines and software) for statistical analysis of metabolic data generated by these methods. Code for all steps is provided, and no prior coding skill is necessary. We offer efficient solutions for the different steps required within the complete phenotyping data analytics workflow: scaling, normalization, outlier detection, multivariate analysis to explore and model study-related effects, selection of candidate biomarkers, validation, multiple testing correction and performance evaluation of statistical models. We also provide a statistical power calculation algorithm and safeguards to ensure robust and meaningful experimental designs that deliver reliable results. We exemplify the protocol with a two-group classification study and data from an epidemiological cohort; however, the protocol can be easily modified to cover a wider range of experimental designs or incorporate different modeling approaches. This protocol describes a minimal set of analyses needed to rigorously investigate typical datasets encountered in metabolic phenotyping.

  • 13.
    Bruce, Stephen J
    et al.
    Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
    Jonsson, Pär
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Antti, Henrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Cloarec, Olivier
    Technologie Servier, 45000 Orleans, France.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Marklund, Stefan L
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical chemistry.
    Moritz, Thomas
    Umeå Plant Science Center, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
    Evaluation of a protocol for metabolic profiling studies on human blood plasma by combined ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry: From extraction to data analysis2009In: Analytical Biochemistry, ISSN 0003-2697, E-ISSN 1096-0309, Vol. 372, no 2, p. 237-249Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The investigation presented here describes a protocol designed to perform high-throughput metabolic profiling analysis on human blood plasma by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (UPLC/MS). To address whether a previous extraction protocol for gas chromatography (GC)/MS-based metabolic profiling of plasma could be used for UPLC/MS-based analysis, the original protocol was compared with similar methods for extraction of low-molecular-weight compounds from plasma via protein precipitation. Differences between extraction methods could be observed, but the previously published extraction method was considered the best. UPLC columns with three different stationary phases (C8, C18, and phenyl) were used in identical experimental runs consisting of a total of 60 injections of extracted male and female plasma samples. The C8 column was determined to be the best for metabolic profiling analysis on plasma. The acquired UPLC/MS data of extracted male and female plasma samples was subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS–DA). Furthermore, a strategy for compound identification was applied here, demonstrating the strength of high-mass-accuracy time-of-flight (TOF)/MS analysis in metabolic profiling.

  • 14.
    Brynolfsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Nilsson, David
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Henriksson, Roger
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Hauksson, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Karlsson, Mikael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Garpebring, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Birgander, Richard
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Nyholm, Tufve
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Asklund, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    ADC texture-An imaging biomarker for high-grade glioma?2014In: Medical physics (Lancaster), ISSN 0094-2405, Vol. 41, no 10, p. 101903-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Purpose:

    Survival for high-grade gliomas is poor, at least partly explained by intratumoral heterogeneity contributing to treatment resistance. Radiological evaluation of treatment response is in most cases limited to assessment of tumor size months after the initiation of therapy. Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and its estimate of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) has been widely investigated, as it reflects tumor cellularity and proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate texture analysis of ADC images in conjunction with multivariate image analysis as a means for identification of pretreatment imaging biomarkers.

    Methods:

    Twenty-three consecutive high-grade glioma patients were treated with radiotherapy (2 Gy/60 Gy) with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide. ADC maps and T1-weighted anatomical images with and without contrast enhancement were collected prior to treatment, and (residual) tumor contrast enhancement was delineated. A gray-level co-occurrence matrix analysis was performed on the ADC maps in a cuboid encapsulating the tumor in coronal, sagittal, and transversal planes, giving a total of 60 textural descriptors for each tumor. In addition, similar examinations and analyses were performed at day 1, week 2, and week 6 into treatment. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to reduce dimensionality of the data, and the five largest components (scores) were used in subsequent analyses. MRI assessment three months after completion of radiochemotherapy was used for classifying tumor progression or regression.

    Results:

    The score scatter plots revealed that the first, third, and fifth components of the pretreatment examinations exhibited a pattern that strongly correlated to survival. Two groups could be identified: one with a median survival after diagnosis of 1099 days and one with 345 days, p = 0.0001.

    Conclusions:

    By combining PCA and texture analysis, ADC texture characteristics were identified, which seems to hold pretreatment prognostic information, independent of known prognostic factors such as age, stage, and surgical procedure. These findings encourage further studies with a larger patient cohort. (C) 2014 Author(s).

  • 15.
    Brynolfsson, Patrik
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Nilsson, David
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Torheim, Turid
    Asklund, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology.
    Thellenberg Karlsson, Camilla
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Nyholm, Tufve
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences, Radiation Physics.
    Garpebring, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Radiation Sciences.
    Haralick texture features from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) MRI images depend on imaging and pre-processing parameters2017In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 7, article id 4041Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In recent years, texture analysis of medical images has become increasingly popular in studies investigating diagnosis, classification and treatment response assessment of cancerous disease. Despite numerous applications in oncology and medical imaging in general, there is no consensus regarding texture analysis workflow, or reporting of parameter settings crucial for replication of results. The aim of this study was to assess how sensitive Haralick texture features of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) MR images are to changes in five parameters related to image acquisition and pre-processing: noise, resolution, how the ADC map is constructed, the choice of quantization method, and the number of gray levels in the quantized image. We found that noise, resolution, choice of quantization method and the number of gray levels in the quantized images had a significant influence on most texture features, and that the effect size varied between different features. Different methods for constructing the ADC maps did not have an impact on any texture feature. Based on our results, we recommend using images with similar resolutions and noise levels, using one quantization method, and the same number of gray levels in all quantized images, to make meaningful comparisons of texture feature results between different subjects.

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  • 16.
    Bygdell, Joakim
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Srivastava, Vaibhav
    Obudulu, Ogonna
    Srivastava, Manoj K.
    Nilsson, Robert
    Sundberg, Björn
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Mellerowicz, Ewa J.
    Wingsle, Gunnar
    Protein expression in tension wood formation monitored at high tissue resolution in Populus2017In: Journal of Experimental Botany, ISSN 0022-0957, E-ISSN 1460-2431, Vol. 68, no 13, p. 3405-3417Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tension wood (TW) is a specialized tissue with contractile properties that is formed by the vascular cambium in response to gravitational stimuli. We quantitatively analysed the proteomes of Populus tremula cambium and its xylem cell derivatives in stems forming normal wood (NW) and TW to reveal the mechanisms underlying TW formation. Phloem-, cambium-, and wood-forming tissues were sampled by tangential cryosectioning and pooled into nine independent samples. The proteomes of TW and NW samples were similar in the phloem and cambium samples, but diverged early during xylogenesis, demonstrating that reprogramming is an integral part of TW formation. For example, 14-3-3, reactive oxygen species, ribosomal and ATPase complex proteins were found to be up-regulated at early stages of xylem differentiation during TW formation. At later stages of xylem differentiation, proteins involved in the biosynthesis of cellulose and enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of rhamnogalacturonan-I, rhamnogalacturonan-II, arabinogalactan-II and fasciclin-like arabinogalactan proteins were up-regulated in TW. Surprisingly, two isoforms of exostosin family proteins with putative xylan xylosyl transferase function and several lignin biosynthesis proteins were also up-regulated, even though xylan and lignin are known to be less abundant in TW than in NW. These data provided new insight into the processes behind TW formation.

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  • 17.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Eriksson, Daniel
    Kusano, Miyako
    Moritz, Thomas
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Data integration in plant biology the O2PLS method for combined modeling of transcript and metabolite data2007In: The Plant Journal, ISSN 0960-7412, E-ISSN 1365-313X, Vol. 52, no 6, p. 1181-1191Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The technological advances in the instrumentation employed in life sciences have enabled the collection of a virtually unlimited quantity of data from multiple sources. By gathering data from several analytical platforms, with the aim of parallel monitoring of, e.g. transcriptomic, metabolomic or proteomic events, one hopes to answer and understand biological questions and observations. This 'systems biology' approach typically involves advanced statistics to facilitate the interpretation of the data. In the present study, we demonstrate that the O2PLS multivariate regression method can be used for combining 'omics' types of data. With this methodology, systematic variation that overlaps across analytical platforms can be separated from platform-specific systematic variation. A study of Populus tremula x Populus tremuloides, investigating short-day-induced effects at transcript and metabolite levels, is employed to demonstrate the benefits of the methodology. We show how the models can be validated and interpreted to identify biologically relevant events, and discuss the results in relation to a pairwise univariate correlation approach and principal component analysis.

  • 18.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Eriksson, Daniel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Jansson, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Moritz, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Orthogonal projections to latent structures as a strategy for microarray data normalization2007In: BMC Bioinformatics, E-ISSN 1471-2105, Vol. 8, no 207Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    During generation of microarray data, various forms of systematic biases are frequently introduced which limits accuracy and precision of the results. In order to properly estimate biological effects, these biases must be identified and discarded.

    Results

    We introduce a normalization strategy for multi-channel microarray data based on orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS); a multivariate regression method. The effect of applying the normalization methodology on single-channel Affymetrix data as well as dual-channel cDNA data is illustrated. We provide a parallel comparison to a wide range of commonly employed normalization methods with diverse properties and strengths based on sensitivity and specificity from external (spike-in) controls. On the illustrated data sets, the OPLS normalization strategy exhibits leading average true negative and true positive rates in comparison to other evaluated methods.

    Conclusions

    The OPLS methodology identifies joint variation within biological samples to enable the removal of sources of variation that are non-correlated (orthogonal) to the within-sample variation. This ensures that structured variation related to the underlying biological samples is separated from the remaining, bias-related sources of systematic variation. As a consequence, the methodology does not require any explicit knowledge regarding the presence or characteristics of certain biases. Furthermore, there is no underlying assumption that the majority of elements should be non-differentially expressed, making it applicable to specialized boutique arrays.

  • 19.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Eriksson, Daniel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Sjöström, Michael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Jansson, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Antti, Henrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    MASQOT: a method for cDNA microarray spot quality control.2005In: BMC Bioinformatics, E-ISSN 1471-2105, Vol. 6, p. 250-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background

    cDNA microarray technology has emerged as a major player in the parallel detection of biomolecules, but still suffers from fundamental technical problems. Identifying and removing unreliable data is crucial to prevent the risk of receiving illusive analysis results. Visual assessment of spot quality is still a common procedure, despite the time-consuming work of manually inspecting spots in the range of hundreds of thousands or more.

    Results

    A novel methodology for cDNA microarray spot quality control is outlined. Multivariate discriminant analysis was used to assess spot quality based on existing and novel descriptors. The presented methodology displays high reproducibility and was found superior in identifying unreliable data compared to other evaluated methodologies.

    Conclusion

    The proposed methodology for cDNA microarray spot quality control generates non-discrete values of spot quality which can be utilized as weights in subsequent analysis procedures as well as to discard spots of undesired quality using the suggested threshold values. The MASQOT approach provides a consistent assessment of spot quality and can be considered an alternative to the labor-intensive manual quality assessment process.

  • 20.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Nilsson, Robert
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Life Science Centre (ULSC).
    Srivastava, Vaibhav
    Grönlund, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Johansson, Annika I
    Jansson, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Karlsson, Jan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Moritz, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Wingsle, Gunnar
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Integrated analysis of transcript, protein and metabolite data to study lignin biosynthesis in hybrid aspen2009In: Journal of Proteome Research, ISSN 1535-3893, E-ISSN 1535-3907, Vol. 8, no 1, p. 199-210Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Tree biotechnology will soon reach a mature state where it will influence the overall supply of fiber, energy and wood products. We are now ready to make the transition from identifying candidate genes, controlling important biological processes, to discovering the detailed molecular function of these genes on a broader, more holistic, systems biology level. In this paper, a strategy is outlined for informative data generation and integrated modeling of systematic changes in transcript, protein and metabolite profiles measured from hybrid aspen samples. The aim is to study characteristics of common changes in relation to genotype-specific perturbations affecting the lignin biosynthesis and growth. We show that a considerable part of the systematic effects in the system can be tracked across all platforms and that the approach has a high potential value in functional characterization of candidate genes.

  • 21.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Rantalainen, Mattias
    Cloarec, Olivier
    Nicholson, Jeremy K.
    Holmes, Elaine
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    OPLS discriminant analysis: combining the strengths of PLS-DA and SIMCA classification2006In: Journal of Chemometrics, ISSN 0886-9383, E-ISSN 1099-128X, Vol. 20, no 8-10, p. 341-351Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    The characteristics of the OPLS method have been investigated for the purpose of discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). We demonstrate how class-orthogonal variation can be exploited to augment classification performance in cases where the individual classes exhibit divergence in within-class variation, in analogy with soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) classification. The prediction results will be largely equivalent to traditional supervised classification using PLS-DA if no such variation is present in the classes. A discriminatory strategy is thus outlined, combining the strengths of PLS-DA and SIMCA classification within the framework of the OPLS-DA method. Furthermore, resampling methods have been employed to generate distributions of predicted classification results and subsequently assess classification belief. This enables utilisation of the class-orthogonal variation in a proper statistical context. The proposed decision rule is compared to common decision rules and is shown to produce comparable or less class-biased classification results.

  • 22.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Rantalainen, Mattias
    Nicholson, Jeremy K
    Holmes, Elaine
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    K-OPLS package: Kernel-based orthogonal projections to latent structures for prediction and interpretation in feature space2008In: BMC Bioinformatics, E-ISSN 1471-2105, Vol. 9, p. 1-7, article id 106Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: Kernel-based classification and regression methods have been successfully applied to modelling a wide variety of biological data. The Kernel-based Orthogonal Projections to Latent Structures (K-OPLS) method offers unique properties facilitating separate modelling of predictive variation and structured noise in the feature space. While providing prediction results similar to other kernel-based methods, K-OPLS features enhanced interpretational capabilities; allowing detection of unanticipated systematic variation in the data such as instrumental drift, batch variability or unexpected biological variation.

    Results: We demonstrate an implementation of the K-OPLS algorithm for MATLAB and R, licensed under the GNU GPL and available at http://www.sourceforge.net/projects/kopls/. The package includes essential functionality and documentation for model evaluation (using cross-validation), training and prediction of future samples. Incorporated is also a set of diagnostic tools and plot functions to simplify the visualisation of data, e.g. for detecting trends or for identification of outlying samples. The utility of the software package is demonstrated by means of a metabolic profiling data set from a biological study of hybrid aspen.

    Conclusion: The properties of the K-OPLS method are well suited for analysis of biological data, which in conjunction with the availability of the outlined open-source package provides a comprehensive solution for kernel-based analysis in bioinformatics applications.

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  • 23.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Segura, Vincent
    Soolanayakanahally, Raju Y
    Rae, Anne M
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Gustafsson, Petter
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Jansson, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Street, Nathaniel R
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    LAMINA: a tool for rapid quantification of leaf size and shape parameters2008In: BMC Plant Biology, E-ISSN 1471-2229, Vol. 8, article id 82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background: An increased understanding of leaf area development is important in a number of fields: in food and non-food crops, for example short rotation forestry as a biofuels feedstock, leaf area is intricately linked to biomass productivity; in paleontology leaf shape characteristics are used to reconstruct paleoclimate history. Such fields require measurement of large collections of leaves, with resulting conclusions being highly influenced by the accuracy of the phenotypic measurement process.

    Results: We have developed LAMINA (Leaf shApe deterMINAtion), a new tool for the automated analysis of images of leaves. LAMINA has been designed to provide classical indicators of leaf shape (blade dimensions) and size (area), which are typically required for correlation analysis to biomass productivity, as well as measures that indicate asymmetry in leaf shape, leaf serration traits, and measures of herbivory damage (missing leaf area). In order to allow Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to be performed, the location of a chosen number of equally spaced boundary coordinates can optionally be returned.

    Conclusion: We demonstrate the use of the software on a set of 500 scanned images, each containing multiple leaves, collected from a common garden experiment containing 116 clones of Populus tremula (European trembling aspen) that are being used for association mapping, as well as examples of leaves from other species. We show that the software provides an efficient and accurate means of analysing leaf area in large datasets in an automated or semi-automated work flow.

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  • 24.
    Bylesjö, Max
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Eriksson, Daniel
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Antti, Henrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Moritz, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Jansson, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    MASQOT-GUI: spot quality assessment for the two-channel microarray platform2006In: Bioinformatics, ISSN 1367-4803, E-ISSN 1367-4811, Vol. 22, no 20, p. 2554-2555Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    MASQOT-GUI provides an open-source, platform-independent software pipeline for two-channel microarray spot quality control. This includes gridding, segmentation, quantification, quality assessment and data visualization. It hosts a set of independent applications, with interactions between the tools as well as import and export support for external software. The implementation of automated multivariate quality control assessment, which is a unique feature of MASQOT-GUI, is based on the previously documented and evaluated MASQOT methodology. Further abilities of the application are outlined and illustrated. AVAILABILITY: MASQOT-GUI is Java-based and licensed under the GNU LGPL. Source code and installation files are available for download at http://masqot-gui.sourceforge.net/

  • 25. Checa, A.
    et al.
    Idborg, H.
    Zandian, A.
    Sar, D. Garcia
    Surowiec, Izabella
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Svenungsson, E.
    Jakobsson, P-J
    Nilsson, P.
    Gunnarsson, I.
    Wheelock, C. E.
    Dysregulations in circulating sphingolipids associate with disease activity indices in female patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: a cross-sectional study2017In: Lupus, ISSN 0961-2033, E-ISSN 1477-0962, Vol. 26, no 10, p. 1023-1033Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the association of clinical and renal disease activity with circulating sphingolipids in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

    Methods We used liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to measure the levels of 27 sphingolipids in plasma from 107 female systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 23 controls selected using a design of experiment approach. We investigated the associations between sphingolipids and two disease activity indices, the Systemic Lupus Activity Measurement and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index. Damage was scored according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics damage index. Renal activity was evaluated with the British Island Lupus Activity Group index. The effects of immunosuppressive treatment on sphingolipid levels were evaluated before and after treatment in 22 female systemic lupus erythematosus patients with active disease.

    Results Circulating sphingolipids from the ceramide and hexosylceramide families were increased, and sphingoid bases were decreased, in systemic lupus erythematosus patients compared to controls. The ratio of C-16:0-ceramide to sphingosine-1-phosphate was the best discriminator between patients and controls, with an area under the receiver-operating curve of 0.77. The C-16:0-ceramide to sphingosine-1-phosphate ratio was associated with ongoing disease activity according to the Systemic Lupus Activity Measurement and the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index, but not with accumulated damage according to the Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics Damage Index. Levels of C-16:0- and C-24:1-hexosylceramides were able to discriminate patients with current versus inactive/no renal involvement. All dysregulated sphingolipids were normalized after immunosuppressive treatment.

    Conclusion We provide evidence that sphingolipids are dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus and associated with disease activity. This study demonstrates the utility of simultaneously targeting multiple components of a pathway to establish disease associations.

  • 26. Cloarec, Olivier
    et al.
    Dumas, Marc E
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Craig, Andrew
    Barton, Richard H
    Lindon, John C
    Nicholson, Jeremy K
    Holmes, Elaine
    Evaluation of the Orthogonal Projection on Latent Structure Model Limitations Caused by Chemical Shift Variability and Improved Visualization of Biomarker Changes in 1H NMR Spectroscopic Metabonomic Studies2005In: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 77, no 2, p. 517-26Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In general, applications of metabonomics using biofluid NMR spectroscopic analysis for probing abnormal biochemical profiles in disease or due to toxicity have all relied on the use of chemometric techniques for sample classification. However, the well-known variability of some chemical shifts in 1H NMR spectra of biofluids due to environmental differences such as pH variation, when coupled with the large number of variables in such spectra, has led to the situation where it is necessary to reduce the size of the spectra or to attempt to align the shifting peaks, to get more robust and interpretable chemometric models. Here, a new approach that avoids this problem is demonstrated and shows that, moreover, inclusion of variable peak position data can be beneficial and can lead to useful biochemical information. The interpretation of chemometric models using combined back-scaled loading plots and variable weights demonstrates that this peak position variation can be handled successfully and also often provides additional information on the physicochemical variations in metabonomic data sets.

  • 27. Cloarec, Olivier
    et al.
    Dumas, Marc-Emmanuel
    Craig, Andrew
    Barton, Richard H
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Hudson, Jane
    Blancher, Christine
    Gauguier, Dominique
    Lindon, John C
    Holmes, Elaine
    Nicholson, Jeremy
    Statistical Total Correlation Spectroscopy: An Exploratory Approach for Latent Biomarker Identification from Metabolic 1H NMR Data Sets2005In: Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 77, no 5, p. 1282-89Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We describe here the implementation of the statistical total correlation spectroscopy (STOCSY) analysis method for aiding the identification of potential biomarker molecules in metabonomic studies based on NMR spectroscopic data. STOCSY takes advantage of the multicollinearity of the intensity variables in a set of spectra (in this case 1H NMR spectra) to generate a pseudo-two-dimensional NMR spectrum that displays the correlation among the intensities of the various peaks across the whole sample. This method is not limited to the usual connectivities that are deducible from more standard two-dimensional NMR spectroscopic methods, such as TOCSY. Moreover, two or more molecules involved in the same pathway can also present high intermolecular correlations because of biological covariance or can even be anticorrelated. This combination of STOCSY with supervised pattern recognition and particularly orthogonal projection on latent structure-discriminant analysis (O-PLS-DA) offers a new powerful framework for analysis of metabonomic data. In a first step O-PLS-DA extracts the part of NMR spectra related to discrimination. This information is then cross-combined with the STOCSY results to help identify the molecules responsible for the metabolic variation. To illustrate the applicability of the method, it has been applied to 1H NMR spectra of urine from a metabonomic study of a model of insulin resistance based on the administration of a carbohydrate diet to three different mice strains (C57BL/6Oxjr, BALB/cOxjr, and 129S6/SvEvOxjr) in which a series of metabolites of biological importance can be conclusively assigned and identified by use of the STOCSY approach.

  • 28. Dhillon, Sundeep S.
    et al.
    Torell, Frida
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Accelerator Lab (ACL), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany; AcureOmics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Donten, Magdalena
    Lundstedt-Enkel, Katrin
    Bennett, Kate
    Raennar, Stefan
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. AcureOmics, Umeå, Sweden.
    Lundstedt, Torbjorn
    Metabolic profiling of zebrafish embryo development from blastula period to early larval stages2019In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 14, no 5, article id e0213661Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The zebrafish embryo is a popular model for drug screening, disease modelling and molecular genetics. In this study, samples were obtained from zebrafish at different developmental stages. The stages that were chosen were 3/4, 4/5, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post fertilization (hpf). Each sample included fifty embryos. The samples were analysed using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS). Principle component analysis (PCA) was applied to get an overview of the data and orthogonal projection to latent structure discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was utilised to discriminate between the developmental stages. In this way, changes in metabolite profiles during vertebrate development could be identified. Using a GC-TOF-MS metabolomics approach it was found that nucleotides and metabolic fuel (glucose) were elevated at early stages of embryogenesis, whereas at later stages amino acids and intermediates in the Krebs cycle were abundant. This agrees with zebrafish developmental biology, as organs such as the liver and pancreas develop at later stages. Thus, metabolomics of zebrafish embryos offers a unique opportunity to investigate large scale changes in metabolic processes during important developmental stages in vertebrate development. In terms of stability of the metabolic profile and viability of the embryos, it was concluded at 72 hpf was a suitable time point for the use of zebrafish as a model system in numerous scientific applications.

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  • 29.
    Druart, Nathalie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Johansson, Annika
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Baba, Kyoko
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Schrader, Jarmo
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Sjödin, Andreas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology.
    Bhalerao, Rupali R
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Resman, Lars
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Moritz, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Bhalerao, Rishikesh P
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Environmental and hormonal regulation of the activity–dormancy cycle in the cambial meristem involves stage-specific modulation of transcriptional and metabolic networks2007In: The Plant Journal, Vol. 50, p. 557-73Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We have performed transcript and metabolite profiling of isolated cambial meristem cells of the model tree aspen during the course of their activity–dormancy cycle to better understand the environmental and hormonal regulation of this process in perennial plants. Considerable modulation of cambial transcriptome and metabolome occurs throughout the activity–dormancy cycle. However, in addition to transcription, post-transcriptional control is also an important regulatory mechanism as exemplified by the regulation of cell-cycle genes during the reactivation of cambial cell division in the spring. Genes related to cold hardiness display temporally distinct induction patterns in the autumn which could explain the step-wise development of cold hardiness. Factors other than low temperature regulate the induction of early cold hardiness-related genes whereas abscisic acid (ABA) could potentially regulate the induction of late cold hardiness-related genes in the autumn. Starch breakdown in the autumn appears to be regulated by the ‘short day’ signal and plays a key role in providing substrates for the production of energy, fatty acids and cryoprotectants. Catabolism of sucrose and fats provides energy during the early stages of reactivation in the spring, whereas the reducing equivalents are generated through activation of the pentose phosphate shunt. Modulation of gibberellin (GA) signaling and biosynthesis could play a key role in the regulation of cambial activity during the activity–dormancy cycle as suggested by the induction of PttRGA which encodes a negative regulator of growth in the autumn and that of a GA-20 oxidase, a key gibberellin biosynthesis gene during reactivation in spring. In summary, our data reveal the dynamics of transcriptional and metabolic networks and identify potential targets of environmental and hormonal signals in the regulation of the activity–dormancy cycle in cambial meristem.

  • 30.
    Dumarey, Melanie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Galindo-Prieto, Beatriz
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Fransson, Magnus
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Josefson, Mats
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    OPLS methods for the analysis of hyperspectral images—comparison with MCR-ALS2014In: Journal of Chemometrics, ISSN 0886-9383, E-ISSN 1099-128X, Vol. 28, no 8, p. 687-696Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Two new orthogonal projections to latent structures (OPLS) based methods were proposed to analyze hyperspectral images, enabling the visualization ofmultiple chemical compounds in onematrix without the need of extensive preprocessing. Both proposed methods delivered images representing the chemical distribution in the ribbon similar to the more traditional multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) method, but their image background was less dynamic resulting in a stronger chemical contrast. This indicated that the methods successfully removed structured variation orthogonal to the chemical information (pure spectra of individual compounds), which was confirmed by the fact that physical scattering effects caused by grooves and edges were captured in the images visualizing the orthogonal components of the model. Hereby, the OPLS-based method employing the pure spectra as weights in the OPLS algorithm was more successful in distinguishing compounds with a similar spectral signal than the transposed OPLS algorithm(pure spectra of individual compounds were used as response in OPLS model). It should be noted that for the main compounds, the MCR-ALS method enabled easier visual interpretation compared to the OPLS-based methods by setting all values below zero to zero, resulting in a higher contrast between pixels containing the studied compound and pixels not containing that compound.

  • 31.
    Dumarey, Melanie
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wikström, Håkan
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden .
    Fransson, Magnus
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden .
    Sparén, Anders
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden .
    Tajarobi, Pirjo
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden .
    Josefson, Mats
    Pharmaceutical Development, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Sweden .
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Combining experimental design and orthogonal projections to latent structures to study the influence of microcrystalline cellulose properties on roll compaction2011In: International Journal of Pharmaceutics, ISSN 0378-5173, E-ISSN 1873-3476, Vol. 416, no 1, p. 110-119Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Roll compaction is gaining importance in pharmaceutical industry for the dry granulation of heat or moisture sensitive powder blends with poor flowing properties prior to tabletting. We studied the influence of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) properties on the roll compaction process and the consecutive steps in tablet manufacturing. Four dissimilar MCC grades, selected by subjecting their physical characteristics to principal components analysis, and three speed ratios, i.e. the ratio of the feed screw speed and the roll speed of the roll compactor, were included in a full factorial design. Orthogonal projection to latent structures was then used to model the properties of the resulting roll compacted products (ribbons, granules and tablets) as a function of the physical MCC properties and the speed ratio. This modified version of partial least squares regression separates variation in the design correlated to the considered response from the variation orthogonal to that response. The contributions of the MCC properties and the speed ratio to the predictive and orthogonal components of the models were used to evaluate the effect of the design variation. The models indicated that several MCC properties, e.g. bulk density and compressibility, affected all granule and tablet properties, but only one studied ribbon property: porosity. After roll compaction, Ceolus KG 1000 resulted in tablets with obvious higher tensile strength and lower disintegration time compared to the other MCC grades. This study confirmed that the particle size increase caused by roll compaction is highly responsible for the tensile strength decrease of the tablets.

  • 32.
    Edlund, Christoffer
    et al.
    Sartorius Corporate Research, Umeå, Sweden.
    Jackson, Timothy R.
    Sartorius, BioAnalytics, Royston, UK.
    Khalid, Nabeel
    Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, GmbH (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany.
    Bevan, Nicola
    Sartorius, BioAnalytics, Royston, UK.
    Dale, Timothy
    Sartorius, BioAnalytics, Royston, UK.
    Dengel, Andreas
    Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, GmbH (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany.
    Ahmed, Sheraz
    Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz, GmbH (DFKI), Saarbrücken, Germany.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Umeå, Sweden.
    Sjögren, Rickard
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Umeå, Sweden.
    LIVECell: a large-scale dataset for label-free live cell segmentation2021In: Nature Methods, ISSN 1548-7091, E-ISSN 1548-7105, Vol. 18, no 9, p. 1038-1045Article in journal (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Light microscopy combined with well-established protocols of two-dimensional cell culture facilitates high-throughput quantitative imaging to study biological phenomena. Accurate segmentation of individual cells in images enables exploration of complex biological questions, but can require sophisticated imaging processing pipelines in cases of low contrast and high object density. Deep learning-based methods are considered state-of-the-art for image segmentation but typically require vast amounts of annotated data, for which there is no suitable resource available in the field of label-free cellular imaging. Here, we present LIVECell, a large, high-quality, manually annotated and expert-validated dataset of phase-contrast images, consisting of over 1.6 million cells from a diverse set of cell morphologies and culture densities. To further demonstrate its use, we train convolutional neural network-based models using LIVECell and evaluate model segmentation accuracy with a proposed a suite of benchmarks.

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  • 33.
    Eliasson, Mattias
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Rännar, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Madsen, Rasmus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Donten, Magdalena A
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Marsden-Edwards, Emma
    Waters Corp, Milford, MA 01757 USA .
    Moritz, Thomas
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Shockcor, John P
    Waters Corp, Milford, MA 01757 USA .
    Johansson, Erik
    Umetr AB, Umeå, Sweden.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Strategy for optimizing LC-MS data processing in Metabolomics: A design of experiments approach2012In: Analytical Chemistry, ISSN 0003-2700, E-ISSN 1520-6882, Vol. 84, no 15, p. 6869-6876Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A strategy for optimizing LC-MS metabolomics data processing is proposed. We applied this strategy on the XCMS open source package written in R on both human and plant biology data. The strategy is a sequential design of experiments (DoE) based on a dilution series from a pooled sample and a measure of correlation between diluted concentrations and integrated peak areas. The reliability index metric, used to define peak quality, simultaneously favors reliable peaks and disfavors unreliable peaks using a weighted ratio between peaks with high and low response linearity. DoE optimization resulted in the case studies in more than 57% improvement in the reliability index compared to the use of the default settings. The proposed strategy can be applied to any other data processing software involving parameters to be tuned, e.g., MZmine 2. It can also be fully automated and used as a module in a complete metabolomics data processing pipeline.

  • 34.
    Eliasson, Mattias
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Rännar, Stefan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    From data processing to multivariate validation: essential steps in extracting interpretable information from metabolomics data2011In: Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, ISSN 1389-2010, E-ISSN 1873-4316, Vol. 12, no 7, p. 996-1004Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In metabolomics studies there is a clear increase of data. This indicates the necessity of both having a battery of suitable analysis methods and validation procedures able to handle large amounts of data. In this review, an overview of the metabolomics data processing pipeline is presented. A selection of recently developed and most cited data processing methods is discussed. In addition, commonly used chemometric and machine learning analysis methods as well as validation approaches are described.

  • 35. Eriksson, L.
    et al.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    A chemometrics toolbox based on projections and latent variables2014In: Journal of Chemometrics, ISSN 0886-9383, E-ISSN 1099-128X, Vol. 28, no 5, p. 332-346Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A personal view is given about the gradual development of projection methods-also called bilinear, latent variable, and more-and their use in chemometrics. We start with the principal components analysis (PCA) being the basis for more elaborate methods for more complex problems such as soft independent modeling of class analogy, partial least squares (PLS), hierarchical PCA and PLS, PLS-discriminant analysis, Orthogonal projection to latent structures (OPLS), OPLS-discriminant analysis and more. From its start around 1970, this development was strongly influenced by Bruce Kowalski and his group in Seattle, and his realization that the multidimensional data profiles emerging from spectrometers, chromatographs, and other electronic instruments, contained interesting information that was not recognized by the current one variable at a time approaches to chemical data analysis. This led to the adoption of what in statistics is called the data analytical approach, often called also the data driven approach, soft modeling, and more. This approach combined with PCA and later PLS, turned out to work very well in the analysis of chemical data. This because of the close correspondence between, on the one hand, the matrix decomposition at the heart of PCA and PLS and, on the other hand, the analogy concept on which so much of chemical theory and experimentation are based. This extends to numerical and conceptual stability and good approximation properties of these models. The development is informally summarized and described and illustrated by a few examples and anecdotes.

  • 36. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Antti, Henrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Gottfries, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Holmes, Elaine
    Johansson, Erik
    Lindgren, Fredrik
    Long, Ingrid
    Lundstedt, Torbjörn
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Using chemometrics for navigating in the large data sets of genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics (gpm)2004In: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, ISSN 1618-2642 (Print) 1618-2650 (Online), Vol. 380, no 3, p. 419-29Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article describes the applicability of multivariate projection techniques, such as principal-component analysis (PCA) and partial least-squares (PLS) projections to latent structures, to the large-volume high-density data structures obtained within genomics, proteomics, and metabonomics. PCA and PLS, and their extensions, derive their usefulness from their ability to analyze data with many, noisy, collinear, and even incomplete variables in both X and Y. Three examples are used as illustrations: the first example is a genomics data set and involves modeling of microarray data of cell cycle-regulated genes in the microorganism Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The second example contains NMR-metabonomics data, measured on urine samples of male rats treated with either of the drugs chloroquine or amiodarone. The third and last data set describes sequence-function classification studies in a set of G-protein-coupled receptors using hierarchical PCA.

  • 37. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Damborsky, J
    Earll, M
    Johansson, Erik
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Three-block bi-focal PLS (3BIF-PLS) and its application in QSAR2004In: SAR and QSAR in Environmental Research, ISSN 1062-936X, Vol. 15, no 5 & 6, p. 481-99Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    When X and Y are multivariate, the two-block partial least squares (PLS) method is often used. In this paper, we outline an extension addressing a special case of the three-block (X/Y/Z) problem, where Z sits "under" Y. We have called this approach three-block bi-focal PLS (3BIF-PLS). It views the X/Y relationship as the dominant problem, and seeks to use the additional information in Z in order to improve the interpretation of the Y-part of the X/Y association. Two data sets are used to illustrate 3BIF-PLS. Example I relates to single point mutants of haloalkane dehalogenase from Sphingomonas paucimobilis UT26 and their ability to transform halogenated hydrocarbons, some of which are found as organic pollutants in soil. Example II deals with soil remediation capability of bacteria. Whole bacterial communities are monitored over time using "DNA-fingerprinting" technology to see how pollution affects population composition. Since the data sets are large, hierarchical multivariate modelling is invoked to compress data prior to 3BIF-PLS analysis. It is concluded that the 3BIF-PLS approach works well. The paper contains a discussion of pros and cons of the method, and hints at further developmental opportunities.

  • 38. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Gottfries, Johan
    Lundstedt, Torbjörn
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Editorial2007In: Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 21, no 10-11, p. 397-Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
    Abstract [en]

     

     

     

     

  • 39. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Johansson, Erik
    Kettaneh-Wold, Nouna
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wikström, Conny
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Multi- and Megavariate Data Analysis: Part II: Advanced Applications and Method Extensions2006Book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This second volume has two parts, the first with specialized applications of multi- and mega-variate analysis, namely:

    QSAR (quantitative structure-activity relationships) describes how series of molecular structures can be translated to quantitative data and how these data then are used to model and predict biological activity measurements made on the corresponding molecules. Chapters on how the QSAR concept applies in peptide QSAR, lead finding and optimization, combinatorial chemistry, and chem-and bio-informatics, are included.

    The multi- and megavariate analysis of “omics” data, has a special chapter, i.e., data from metabonomics, proteomics, genomics and other areas.

    Then follow six chapters on extensions of the basic projection methods (PCA and PLS):

    Orthogonal PLS (OPLS) showing how a PLS model can be “rotated” so that all y-related information appears in the first component, which facilitates the model interpretation.

    Hierarchical modeling, both PC and PLS, allowing variables of different types to be handled in separate blocks, which greatly simplifies the handling of datasets with very many variables.

    Non-linear PLS describes various approaches to the modeling of non-linear relationships between predictors X and responses Y.

    The Image Analysis chapter shows how multivariate analysis applies to the analysis of series of digital images.

    Data Mining and Integration has a discussion of how to get useful information out of large and complicated data sets, and how to manage and organize data in complex investigations.

    The second volume ends with a chapter on preference and sensory data, followed by an appendix summarizing the multivariate approach, statistical notes, and references.

  • 40.
    Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Sartorius Data Analytics, Sartorius, Umeå, Sweden.
    Johansson, Erik
    Sartorius Data Analytics, Sartorius, Umeå, Sweden.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Sartorius Corporate Research, Sartorius, Umeå, Sweden.
    An Introduction to Some Basic Chemometric Tools2021In: Chemometrics and Cheminformatics in Aquatic Toxicology / [ed] Kunal Roy, John Wiley & Sons, 2021, p. 71-88Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Design of experiments (DOE) and multivariate data analysis (MVDA) are two strong links in a chain of chemometrics and data analytics. DOE and MVDA can be applied well in aquatic toxicology and can be used independently of one another, but when used in conjunction they equip the researcher with high quality data and model results with a faithful interpretation. Two example aquatic toxicity datasets are used to describe the benefits of DOE and MVDA in aquatic toxicology. The popular data analytical tools principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) are outlined in detail and exemplified. A modification of PLS called orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS) is introduced and it is shown how it can simplify model interpretation. When using chemometrics to establish quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSAR), a central questions is that of whether to derive a single-response QSAR model involving a single Y-variable, or a multi-response QSAR covering multiple responses. It is demonstrated how an initial PCA model on a matrix of response data can be used to figure out when a multi-response QSAR model might be a viable alternative to several single-response QSAR models.

  • 41. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Kettaneh-Wold, Nouna
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wikström, Conny
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Multi- and Megavariate Data Analysis: Part I: Basic Principles and Applications2006Book (Refereed)
  • 42. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Rosén, Josefin
    Johansson, Erik
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Orthogonal PLS (OPLS) Modeling for Improved Analysis and Interpretation in Drug Design2012In: Molecular informatics, ISSN 1868-1751, Vol. 31, no 6-7, p. 414-419Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Partial least squares (PLS) regression is a flexible data analytical approach, which can be made even more versatile and useful by various modifications. In this article we describe the extension into orthogonal PLS modeling, in terms of two new methods, called OPLS and O2PLS, with similar prediction capacity but improved model interpretation.

  • 43. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Toft, Marianne
    Johansson, Erik
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Separating Y-predictive and Y-orthogonal variation in multi-block spectral data2006In: Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 20, p. 352-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Spectral data (X) may contain (a) variation that is correlated to concentrations or properties (Y) of samples and (b) variation that is unrelated to the same Y. This paper outlines an approach by which both such sources of variation may be resolved. The approach is based on a combination of hierarchical modelling and orthogonal partial least squares (OPLS). OPLS is first used at the base hierarchical level. The output is a labelling of the resulting score vectors as representing Y-predictive or Y-orthogonal variation. OPLS is then also used at the top hierarchical level together with principal components analysis (PCA). With PCA the Y-orthogonal X-variation is analysed and interpreted. With OPLS the Y-predictive X-variation is examined. The applicability of the proposed strategy is illustrated using one multi-block spectral data set.

  • 44. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Johansson, Erik
    Bro, Rasmus
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Orthogonal signal correction, wavelet analysis, and multivariate calibration of complicated process fluorescence data2000In: Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 420, no 2, p. 181-95Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this paper, multivariate calibration of complicated process fluorescence data is presented. Two data sets related to the production of white sugar are investigated. The first data set comprises 106 observations and 571 spectral variables, and the second data set 268 observations and 3997 spectral variables. In both applications, a single response, ash content, is modelled and predicted as a function of the spectral variables. Both data sets contain certain features making multivariate calibration efforts non-trivial. The objective is to show how principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares (PLS) regression can be used to overview the data sets and to establish predictively sound regression models. It is shown how a recently developed technique for signal filtering, orthogonal signal correction (OSC), can be applied in multivariate calibration to enhance predictive power. In addition, signal compression is tested on the larger data set using wavelet analysis. It is demonstrated that a compression down to 4% of the original matrix size - in the variable direction - is possible without loss of predictive power. It is concluded that the combination of OSC for pre-processing and wavelet analysis for compression of spectral data is promising for future use.

  • 45. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    CV-ANOVA for significance testing of PLS and OPLS® models2008In: Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 22, no 11-12, p. 594-600Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This report describes significance testing for PLS and OPLS® (orthogonal PLS) models. The testing is applicable to single-Y cases and is based on ANOVA of the cross-validated residuals (CV-ANOVA). Two variants of the CV-ANOVA are introduced. The first is based on the cross-validated predictive residuals of the PLS or OPLS model while the second works with the cross-validated predictive score values of the OPLS model. The two CV-ANOVA diagnostics are shown to work well in those cases where PLS and OPLS work well, that is, for data with many and correlated variables, missing data, etc. The utility of the CV-ANOVA diagnostic is demonstrated using three datasets related to (i) the monitoring of an industrial de-inking process; (ii) a pharmaceutical QSAR problem and (iii) a multivariate calibration application from a sugar refinery. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • 46. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Umetrics Inc., 42 Pine Hill Rd, Hollis, NH 03049, USA.
    PLS-trees (R), a top-down clustering approach2009In: Journal of Chemometrics, ISSN 0886-9383, E-ISSN 1099-128X, Vol. 23, no 11, p. 569-580Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A hierarchical clustering approach based on a set of PLS models is presented. Called PLS-Trees (R), this approach is analogous to classification and regression trees (CART), but uses the scores of PLS regression models as the basis for splitting the clusters, instead of the individual X-variables. The split of one cluster into two is made along the sorted first X-score (t(1)) of a PLS model of the cluster, but may potentially be made along a direction corresponding to a combination of scores. The position of the split is selected according to the improvement of a weighted combination of (a) the variance of the X-score, (b) the variance of Y and (c) a penalty function discouraging an unbalanced split with very different numbers of observations. Cross-validation is used to terminate the branches of the tree, and to determine the number of components of each cluster PLS model. Some obvious extensions of the approach to OPLS-Trees and trees based on hierarchical PLS or OPLS models with the variables divided in blocks depending on their type, are also mentioned. The possibility to greatly reduce the number of variables in each PLS model on the basis of their PLS w-coefficients is also pointed out. The approach is illustrated by means of three examples. The first two examples are quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) data sets, while the third is based on hyperspectral images of liver tissue for identifying different sources of variability in the liver samples.

  • 47. Eriksson, Lennart
    et al.
    Wold, Svante
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Multivariate analysis of congruent images (MACI)2005In: Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 19, no 5-7, p. 393-403Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The multivariate analysis of congruent images (MACI) is discussed. Here, each image represents one observation and the data set contains a set of congruent images. With congruent images we mean a set of images, properly pre-processed, oriented and aligned, so that each data element (feature, pixel) corresponds to the same element across all images. An example may be a set of frames from a fixed video camera looking at a stable process. The purpose of a MACI is to find and express patterns over a set of images for the purpose of classification or quantitative regression-like relationships. This is in contrast to standard image analysis, which is usually concerned with a single image and the identification of parts of the image, for example tumour tissue versus normal. We also extend MACI to the case with a set of images that initially are not fully congruent, but are made so by the use of wavelet analysis and the distributions of the wavelet coefficients. Thus, the resulting description forms a set of congruent vectors amenable to multivariate data analysis. The MACI approach will be illustrated by four data sets, three easy-to-understand tutorial image data sets and one industrial image data set relating to quality control of steel rolls.

  • 48.
    Espaillat, Akbar
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    Forsmo, Oskar
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine).
    El Biari, Khouzaima
    Björk, Rafael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Lemaitre, Bruno
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Canada, Francisco Javier
    de Pedro, Miguel A.
    Cava, Felipe
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR).
    Chemometric Analysis of Bacterial Peptidoglycan Reveals Atypical Modifications That Empower the Cell Wall against Predatory Enzymes and Fly Innate Immunity2016In: Journal of the American Chemical Society, ISSN 0002-7863, E-ISSN 1520-5126, Vol. 138, no 29, p. 9193-9204Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Peptidoglycan is a fundamental structure for most bacteria. It contributes to the cell morphology and provides cell wall integrity against environmental insults. While several studies have reported a significant degree of variability in the chemical composition and organization of peptidoglycan in the domain Bacteria, the real diversity of this polymer is far from fully explored. This work exploits rapid ultraperformance liquid chromatography and multivariate data analysis to uncover peptidoglycan chemical diversity in the Class Alphaproteobacteria, a group of Gram negative bacteria that are highly heterogeneous in terms of metabolism, morphology and life-styles. Indeed, chemometric analyses revealed novel peptidoglycan structures conserved in Acetobacteria: amidation at the alpha-(L)-carboxyl of meso-diaminopimelic acid and the presence of muropeptides cross-linked by (1-3) L-Ala-D-(meso)diaminopimelate cross-links. Both structures are growth-controlled modifications that influence sensitivity to Type VI secretion system peptidoglycan endopeptidases and recognition by the Drosophila innate immune system, suggesting relevant roles in the environmental adaptability of these bacteria. Collectively our findings demonstrate the discriminative power of chemometric tools on large cell wall-chromatographic data sets to discover novel peptidoglycan structural properties in bacteria.

  • 49.
    Fahlén, Jessica
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Statistics.
    Landfors, Mattias
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
    Freyhult, Eva
    Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Clinical Bacteriology. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS).
    Bylesjö, Max
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Hvidsten, Torgeir
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
    Rydén, Patrik
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
    Bioinformatics strategies for cDNA-microarray data processing2009In: Batch effects and noise in microarray experiments: sources and solutions / [ed] Scherer, Andreas, Wiley and Sons , 2009, 1, , p. 272p. 61-74Chapter in book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    

    Pre-processing plays a vital role in cDNA-microarray data analysis. Without proper pre-processing it is likely that the biological conclusions will be misleading. However, there are many alternatives and in order to choose a proper pre-processing procedure it is necessary to understand the effect of different methods. This chapter discusses several pre-processing steps, including image analysis, background correction, normalization, and filtering. Spike-in data are used to illustrate how different procedures affect the analytical ability to detect differentially expressed genes and estimate their regulation. The result shows that pre-processing has a major impact on both the experiment’s sensitivity andits bias. However, general recommendations are hard to give, since pre-processing consists of several actions that are highly dependent on each other. Furthermore, it is likely that pre-processing have a major impact on downstream analysis, such as clustering and classification, and pre-processing methods should be developed and evaluated with this in mind.

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  • 50.
    Gabrielsson, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Jonsson, Hans
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Airiau, Christian
    Schmidt, Bernd
    Escott, Richard
    Trygg, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    The OPLS methodology for analysis of multi-block batch process data2006In: Journal of Chemometrics, Vol. 20, no 8-10, p. 362-9Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With increasing availability of different process analysers multiple data sources are commonly available and this will impose new challenges and enable new types of investigations. The ability to separate joint, complementary and redundant information in multiple block data will be of increasing importance. In this study data from a batch mini plant were collected and O2PLS was implemented to facilitate a combined analysis of spectroscopic and process data. This enables assessment of both the joint and complementary variations in the respective data sets. The different types of variation that were separated were then modelled together to evaluate their individual correlation to a time response. By combining data of different origin an uncomplicated summary of the variation was accomplished and a deeper understanding of process interactions was gained. The analysis of separated variation with a response variable proved useful for verifying the supposed correlation between the joint variation and time.

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