We give an upper bound on the number of perfect matchings in simple graphs with a given number of vertices and edges. We apply this result to give an upper bound on the number of 2-factors in a directed complete bipartite balanced graph on 2n vertices. The upper bound is sharp for even n. For odd n we state a conjecture on a sharp upper bound.
Let G = (V, E) be a simple undirected graph. For a given set L subset of R, a function omega: E -> L is called an L-flow. Given a vector gamma is an element of R-V , omega is a gamma-L-flow if for each v is an element of V, the sum of the values on the edges incident to v is gamma(v). If gamma(v) = c, for all v is an element of V, then the gamma-L-flow is called a c-sum L-flow. In this paper, the existence of gamma-L-flows for various choices of sets L of real numbers is studied, with an emphasis on 1-sum flows. Let L be a subset of real numbers containing 0 and denote L* := L \ {0}. Answering a question from [S. Akbari, M. Kano, and S. Zare. A generalization of 0-sum flows in graphs. Linear Algebra Appl., 438:3629-3634, 2013.], the bipartite graphs which admit a 1-sum R* -flow or a 1-sum Z* -flow are characterized. It is also shown that every k-regular graph, with k either odd or congruent to 2 modulo 4, admits a 1-sum {-1, 0, 1}-flow.
In this paper we discuss the two variable Ising polynomials in a graph theoretical setting. This polynomial has its origin in physics as the partition function of the Ising model with an external field. We prove some basic properties of the Ising polynomial and demonstrate that it encodes a large amount of combinatorial information about a graph. We also give examples which prove that certain properties, such as the chromatic number, are not determined by the Ising polynomial. Finally we prove that there exist large families of non-isomorphic planar triangulations with identical Ising polynomial. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier B.V.
An n × n partial Latin square P is called α-dense if each row and column has at most αn non-empty cells and each symbol occurs at most αn times in P. An n × n array A where each cell contains a subset of {1,…, n} is a (βn, βn, βn)-array if each symbol occurs at most βn times in each row and column and each cell contains a set of size at most βn. Combining the notions of completing partial Latin squares and avoiding arrays, we prove that there are constants α, β > 0 such that, for every positive integer n, if P is an α-dense n × n partial Latin square, A is an n × n (βn, βn, βn)-array, and no cell of P contains a symbol that appears in the corresponding cell of A, then there is a completion of P that avoids A; that is, there is a Latin square L that agrees with P on every non-empty cell of P, and, for each i, j satisfying 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n, the symbol in position (i, j) in L does not appear in the corresponding cell of A.
In this paper we show that n×n matrices with entries from a semiring R which is generated additively by q generators can be multiplied in time O(q2nω), where nω is the complexity for matrix multiplication over a ring (Strassen: ω<2.807, Coppersmith and Winograd: ω<2.376).
We first present a combinatorial matrix multiplication algorithm for the case of semirings with q elements, with complexity O(n3/log2qn), matching the best known methods in this class.
Next we show how the ideas used can be combined with those of the fastest known boolean matrix multiplication algorithms to give an O(q2nω) algorithm for matrices of, not necessarily finite, semirings with q additive generators.
For finite semirings our combinatorial algorithm is simple enough to be a practical algorithm and is expected to be faster than the O(q2nω) algorithm for matrices of practically relevant sizes.
We study matrix elimination over finite fields, and present an algorithm which is asymptotically faster than the traditional Gauss--Jordan elimination. We also bound the average and worst-case complexity for the problem, proving that our algorithm is close to being optimal, and show related concentration results for random matrices.
Next we present the results of a large computational study of the complexities for small matrices and fields. Here we determine the exact distribution of the complexity for matrices from $\mathrm{GL}_{n}(\mathbb{F}_{q})$, with $n$ an $q$ small
Finally we consider an extension of the problems studied for finite fields to finite semifields. We give a conjecture on the behaviour of a natural analogue of $\mathrm{GL}_{n}$ for semifields and prove this for a certain class of semifields.
In this study involving 12 patients planned for routine cataract surgery, we used the topography of the anterior chamber depth and the corneal diameter obtained from Orbscan II data to calculate the aqueous humor volume. Prior to the surgical procedure, a small amount of fluorescein was injected into the anterior chamber and an aqueous humor sample was taken, from which the aqueous humor volume could be calculated by fluorometry. The volumes obtained from Orbscan II data were validated by the fluorometric measurements and compared to three theoretical formulas for aqueous humor volume calculation. The aqueous humor volume calculations based on the Orbscan II data aligned better to the fluorometric values (R(2) = 0.890) than the values obtained by Heim's formula (R(2) = 0.677), Brubaker's formula (R(2) = 0.671), and Schenker's formula (R(2) = 0.585), or the assumption of a constant aqueous humor volume.
For many of the unsolved problems concerning cycles and matchings in graphs it is known that it is sufficient to prove them for snarks, the class of non-trivial 3-regular graphs which cannot be 3-edge coloured.
In the first part of this paper we present a. new algorithm for generating all non-isomorphic snarks of a given order. Our implementation of the new algorithm is 14 times faster than previous programs for generating snarks, and 29 times faster for generating weak snarks. Using this program we have generated all non-isomorphic snarks on n <= 36 vertices. Previously lists up to n = 28 vertices have been published.
In the second part of the paper we analyze the sets of generated snarks with respect to a number of properties and conjectures. We find that some of the strongest versions of the cycle double cover conjecture hold for all snarks of these orders, as does Jaeger's Petersen colouring conjecture, which in turn implies that Fulkerson's conjecture has no small counterexamples. In contrast to these positive results we also find counterexamples to eight previously published conjectures concerning cycle coverings and the general cycle structure of cubic graphs.
(C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Inc.
We consider the problem of extending and avoiding partial edge colorings of hypercubes; that is, given a partial edge coloring φ of the d-dimensional hypercube Qd, we are interested in whether there is a proper d-edge coloring of Qd that agrees with the coloring φ on every edge that is colored under φ; or, similarly, if there is a proper d-edge coloring that disagrees with φ on every edge that is colored under φ. In particular, we prove that for any d≥ 1 , if φ is a partial d-edge coloring of Qd, then φ is avoidable if every color appears on at most d/8 edges and the coloring satisfies a relatively mild structural condition, or φ is proper and every color appears on at most d- 2 edges. We also show that φ is avoidable if d is divisible by 3 and every color class of φ is an induced matching. Moreover, for all 1 ≤ k≤ d, we characterize for which configurations consisting of a partial coloring φ of d- k edges and a partial coloring ψ of k edges, there is an extension of φ that avoids ψ.
We consider the problem of extending partial edge colorings of hypercubes. In particular, we obtain an analogue of the positive solution to the famous Evans' conjecture on completing partial Latin squares by proving that every proper partial edge coloring of at most d − 1 edges of the d‐dimensional hypercube Qd can be extended to a proper d‐edge coloring of Qd. Additionally, we characterize which partial edge colorings of Qd with precisely d precolored edges are extendable to proper d‐edge colorings of Qd.
We consider the problem of constructing Latin cubes subject to the condition that some symbols may not appear in certain cells. We prove that there is a constant y>0 such that if n=2k and A is a 3-dimensional n×n×n array where every cell contains at most γn symbols, and every symbol occurs at most γn times in every line of A, then A is avoidable; that is, there is a Latin cube L of order n such that for every 1 ≤ i,j,k ≤ n, the symbol in position (i,j,k) of L does not appear in the corresponding cell of A.
We consider the following type of question: Given a partial proper d-edge coloring of the d-dimensional hypercube Qd, and lists of allowed colors for the non-colored edges of Qd, can we extend the partial coloring to a proper d-edge coloring using only colors from the lists? We prove that this question has a positive answer in the case when both the partial coloring and the color lists satisfy certain sparsity conditions.
We consider the following type of question: Given a partial proper d-edge coloring of the d-dimensional hypercube Qd, and lists of allowed colors for the non-colored edges of Qd, can we extend the partial coloring to a proper d-edge coloring using only colors from the lists? We prove that this question has a positive answer in the case when both the partial coloring and the color lists satisfy certain sparsity conditions. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In this paper we introduce new models of random graphs, arising from Latin squares which include random Cayley graphs as a special case. We investigate some properties of these graphs including their clique, independence and chromatic numbers, their expansion properties as well as their connectivity and Hamiltonicity. The results obtained are compared with other models of random graphs and several similarities and differences are pointed out. For many properties our results for the general case are as strong as the known results for random Cayley graphs and sometimes improve the previously best results for the Cayley case. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2011
Riis [Electron. J. Combin., 14(1):R44, 2007] introduced a guessing game for graphs which is equivalent to finding protocols for network coding. In this paper we prove upper and lower bounds for the winning probability of the guessing game on undirected graphs. We find optimal bounds for perfect graphs and minimally imperfect graphs, and present a conjecture relating the exact value for all graphs to the fractional chromatic number.
Given a group G, the model g(G, p) denotes the probability space of all Cayley graphs of G where each element of the generating set is chosen independently at random with probability p. Given a family of groups (G(k)) and a c is an element of R+ we say that c is the threshold for diameter 2 for (G(k)) if for any epsilon > 0 with high probability Gamma is an element of g(G(k), p) has diameter greater than 2 if p <= root(c - epsilon)log n/n and diameter at most 2 if p >= root(c + epsilon)log n/n. In Christofides and Markstrom (in press) [5] we proved that if c is a threshold for diameter 2 for a family of groups (G(k)) then c is an element of [1/4, 2] and provided two families of groups with thresholds 1/4 and 2 respectively. In this paper we study the question of whether every c is an element of [1/4, 2] is the threshold for diameter 2 for some family of groups. Rather surprisingly it turns out that the answer to this question is negative. We show that every c is an element of [1/4, 4/3] is a threshold but a c is an element of (4/3, 2] is a threshold if and only if it is of the form 4n/(3n - 1) for some positive integer n.
Given a group G, the model G(G,p) denotes the probability space of all Cayley graphs of G where each element of the generating set is chosen independently at random with probability p. In this article we show that for any epsilon>0 and any family of groups G(k) of order n(k) for which nk, a graph kG(Gk,p) with high probability has diameter at most 2 if p(2+epsilon)lognknk and with high probability has diameter greater than 2 if p(14+epsilon)lognknk. We also provide examples of families of graphs which show that both of these results are best possible. Of particular interest is that for some families of groups, the corresponding random Cayley graphs achieve Diameter 2 significantly faster than the Erds-Renyi random graphs.
In this paper we study a variation of the random κ-SAT problem, called polarised random κ-SAT, which contains both the classical random κ-SAT model and the random version of monotone κ-SAT another well-known NP-complete version of SAT. In this model there is a polarisation parameter p, and in half of the clauses each variable occurs negated with probability p and pure otherwise, while in the other half the probabilities are interchanged. For p = 1/2 we get the classical random κ-SAT model, and at the other extreme we have the fully polarised model where p = 0, or 1. Here there are only two types of clauses: clauses where all κ variables occur pure, and clauses where all κ variables occur negated. That is, for p = 0, and p=1, we get an instance of random monotone κ-SAT. We show that the threshold of satisfiability does not decrease as p moves away from 1/2 and thus that the satisfiability threshold for polarised random κ-SAT with p ≠ 1/2 is an upper bound on the threshold for random κ-SAT. Hence the satisfiability threshold for random monotone κ-SAT is at least as large as for random κ-SAT, and we conjecture that asymptotically, for a fixed κ, the two thresholds coincide.
The Alon-Roichman theorem states that for every $\ge > 0$ there is a constant $c(\ge)$, such that the Cayley graph of a finite group $G$ with respect to $c(\ge)\log{\abs{G}}$ elements of $G$, chosen independently and uniformly at random, has expected second largest eigenvalue less than $\ge$. In particular, such a graph is an expander with high probability.
Landau and Russell, and independently Loh and Schulman, improved the bounds of the theorem. Following Landau and Russell we give a simpler proof of the result, improving the bounds even further. When considered for a general group $G$, our bounds are in a sense best possible.
We also give a generalisation of the Alon-Roichman theorem to random coset graphs.
Let V be an n-set, and let X be a random variable taking values in the powerset of V. Suppose we are given a sequence of random coupons X1,X2,…, where the Xi are independent random variables with distribution given by X. The covering time T is the smallest integer t≥0 such that ⋃ti=1Xi=V. The distribution of T is important in many applications in combinatorial probability, and has been extensively studied. However the literature has focussed almost exclusively on the case where X is assumed to be symmetric and/or uniform in some way.
In this paper we study the covering time for much more general random variables X; we give general criteria for T being sharply concentrated around its mean, precise tools to estimate that mean, as well as examples where T fails to be concentrated and when structural properties in the distribution of X allow for a very different behaviour of T relative to the symmetric/uniform case.
We study random subcube intersection graphs, that is, graphs obtained by selecting a random collection of subcubes of a fixed hypercube Qd to serve as the vertices of the graph, and setting an edge between a pair of subcubes if their intersection is non-empty. Our motivation for considering such graphs is to model 'random compatibility' between vertices in a large network. For both of the models considered in this paper, we determine the thresholds for covering the underlying hypercube Qd and for the appearance of s-cliques. In addition we pose a number of open problems.
Let denote the power set of [n], ordered by inclusion, and let denote the random poset obtained from by retaining each element from independently at random with probability p and discarding it otherwise. Given any fixed poset F we determine the threshold for the property that contains F as an induced subposet. We also asymptotically determine the number of copies of a fixed poset F in . Finally, we obtain a number of results on the Ramsey properties of the random poset .
We investigate a covering problem in 3-uniform hypergraphs (3-graphs): Given a 3-graph F, what is c(1)(n, F), the least integer d such that if G is an n-vertex 3-graph with minimum vertex-degree delta(1)(G) > d then every vertex of G is contained in a copy of F in G?
We asymptotically determine c(1)(n, F) when F is the generalized triangle K-4((3)), and we give close to optimal bounds in the case where F is the tetrahedron K-4((3)) (the complete 3-graph on 4 vertices).
This latter problem turns out to be a special instance of the following problem for graphs: Given an nvertex graph G with m> n(2)/4 edges, what is the largest t such that some vertex in G must be contained in t triangles? We give upper bound constructions for this problem that we conjecture are asymptotically tight. We prove our conjecture for tripartite graphs, and use flag algebra computations to give some evidence of its truth in the general case.
In this paper we review the asymptotic matching conjectures for r-regular bipartite graphs, and their connections in estimating the monomer-dimer entropies in d-dimensional integer lattice and Bethe lattices. We prove new rigorous upper and lower bounds for the monomer-dimer entropies, which support these conjectures. We describe a general construction of infinite families of r-regular tori graphs and give algorithms for computing the monomer-dimer entropy of density p, for any p is an element of[0,1], for these graphs. Finally we use tori graphs to test the asymptotic matching conjectures for certain infinite r-regular bipartite graphs.
The notion of a 1-vertex transfer matrix for multidimensional codes is introduced. It is shown that the capacity of such codes, or the topological entropy, can be expressed as the limit of the logarithm of spectral radii of 1-vertex transfer matrices. Storage and computations using the 1-vertex transfer matrix are much smaller than storage and computations needed for the standard transfer matrix. The method is applied to estimate the first 15 digits of the entropy of the 2-D (0, 1) run length limited channel. A large-scale computation of eigenvalues for the (0, 1) run length limited channel in 2-D and 3-D have been carried out. This was done in order to be able to compare the computational cost of the new method with the standard transfer matrix and have rigorous bounds to compare the estimates with. This in turn leads to improvements on the best previous lower and upper bounds for these channels.
We present a toy model for interacting matter and geometry that explores quantum dynamics in a spin system as a precursor to a quantum theory of gravity. The model has no a priori geometric properties; instead, locality is inferred from the more fundamental notion of interaction between the matter degrees of freedom. The interaction terms are themselves quantum degrees of freedom so that the structure of interactions and hence the resulting local and causal structures are dynamical. The system is a Hubbard model where the graph of the interactions is a set of quantum evolving variables. We show entanglement between spatial and matter degrees of freedom. We study numerically the quantum system and analyze its entanglement dynamics. We analyze the asymptotic behavior of the classical model. Finally, we discuss analogues of trapped surfaces and gravitational attraction in this simple model.
Define a graph to be a Kotzig graph if it is $m$-regular and has an $m$-edge colouring in which each pair of colours form a Hamiltonian cycle. We show that every cubic graph with spanning subgraph consisting of a subdivision of a Kotzig graph together with even cycles has a cycle double cover, in fact a 6-CDC. We prove this for two other families of graphs similar to Kotzig graphs as well. In particular, let $F$ be a 2-factor in a cubic graph $G$ and denote by $G_{F}$ the pseudograph obtained by contracting each component in $F$. We show that if there exist a cycle in $G_{F}$ through all vertices of odd degree, then $G$ has a CDC. We conjecture that every 3-connected cubic graph contains a spanning subgraph homeomorphic to a Kotzig graph. In a sequel we show that every cubic graph with a spanning homeomorph of a 2-connected cubic graph on at most 10 vertices has a CDC.
In this paper we continue our investigations from [R. Häggkvist, K. Markström, Cycle double covers and spanning minors, Technical Report 07, Department of Mathematics, Umeå University, Sweden, 2001, J. Combin. Theory, Ser. B, to appear] regarding spanning subgraphs which imply the existence of cycle double covers. We prove that if a cubic graph G has a spanning subgraph isomorphic to a subdivision of a bridgeless cubic graph on at most 10 vertices then G has a CDC. A notable result is thus that a cubic graph with a spanning Petersen minor has a CDC, a result also obtained by Goddyn [L. Goddyn, Cycle covers of graphs, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Waterloo, 1988].
An improved method for obtaining the Ising partition function for $n \times n$ square grids with periodic boundary is presented. Our method applies results from Galois theory in order to split the computation into smaller parts and at the same time avoid the use of numerics. Using this method we have computed the exact partition function for the $320 \times 320$-grid, the $256 \times 256$-grid, and the $160 \times 160$-grid, as well as for a number of smaller grids. We obtain scaling parameters and compare with what theory prescribes.
In this paper we describe a Monte Carlo sampling scheme for the Ising model and similar discrete-state models. The scheme does not involve any particular method of state generation but rather focuses on a new way of measuring and using the Monte Carlo data. We show how to reconstruct the entropy S of the model, from which, e.g., the free energy can be obtained. Furthermore we discuss how this scheme allows us to more or less completely remove the effects of critical fluctuations near the critical temperature and likewise how it reduces critical slowing down. This makes it possible to use simple state generation methods like the Metropolis algorithm also for large lattices.
The Ising model was introduced in 1920 to describe a uniaxial system of magnetic moments, localized on a lattice, interacting via nearest-neighbour exchange interaction. It is the generic model for a continuous phase transition and arguably the most studied model in theoretical physics. Since it was solved for a two-dimensional lattice by Onsager in 1944, thereby representing one of the very few exactly solvable models in dimensions higher than one, it has served as a testing ground for new developments in analytic treatment and numerical algorithms. Only series expansions and numerical approaches, such as Monte Carlo simulations, are available in three dimensions. This review focuses on Monte Carlo simulation. We build upon a data set of unprecedented size. A great number of quantities of the model are estimated near the critical coupling. We present both a conventional analysis and an analysis in terms of a Puiseux series for the critical exponents. The former gives distinct values of the high- and low-temperature exponents; by means of the latter we can get these exponents to be equal at the cost of having true asymptotic behaviour being found only extremely close to the critical point. The consequences of this for simulations of lattice systems are discussed at length.
A cycle C in a graph is called stable if there exists no other cycle D in the same graph such that V(C)⊆V(D). In this paper, we study stable cycles in snarks and we show that if a cubic graph G has a cycle of length at least |V(G)|−9 then it has a cycle double cover. We also give a construction for an infinite snark family with stable cycles of constant length and answer a question by Kochol by giving examples of cyclically 5-edge connected snarks with stable cycles.
In this paper, we show that many snarks have a shortest cycle cover of length 4/3 m + c for a constant c, where m is the number of edges in the graph, in agreement with the conjecture that all snarks have shortest cycle covers of length 4/3 m + o(m). In particular, we prove that graphs with perfect matching index at most 4 have cycle covers of length 4/3 m and satisfy the (1,2)-covering conjecture of Zhang, and that graphs with large circumference have cycle covers of length close to 4/3 m. We also prove some results for graphs with low oddness and discuss the connection with Jaeger’s Petersen colouring conjecture.
We demonstrate experimentally the ability of a quantum annealer to distinguish between sets of nonisomorphic graphs that share the same classical Ising spectrum. Utilizing the pause-and-quench features recently introduced into D-Wave quantum annealing processors, which allow the user to probe the quantum Hamiltonian realized in the middle of an anneal, we show that obtaining thermal averages of diagonal observables of "classically indistinguishable" nonisomorphic graphs encoded into transverse-field Ising Hamiltonians enable their discrimination. We discuss the significance of our results in the context of the graph isomorphism problem.
We give an optimal degree condition for a tripartite graph to have a spanning subgraph consisting of complete graphs of order 3. This result is used to give an upper bound of 2 Delta for the strong chromatic number of n vertex graphs with Delta >= n/6.
The discrete cube {0, 1}d is a fundamental combinatorial structure. A subcube of {0, 1}d is a subset of 2k of its points formed by fixing k coordinates and allowing the remaining d - k to vary freely. This paper is concerned with patterns of intersections among subcubes of the discrete cube. Two sample questions along these lines are as follows: given a family of subcubes in which no r + 1 of them have non-empty intersection, how many pairwise intersections can we have? How many subcubes can we have if among them there are no k which have non-empty intersection and no l which are pairwise disjoint? These questions are naturally expressed using intersection graphs. The intersection graph of a family of sets has one vertex for each set in the family with two vertices being adjacent if the corresponding subsets intersect. Let I(n, d) be the set of all n vertex graphs which can be represented as the intersection graphs of subcubes in {0, 1}d. With this notation our first question above asks for the largest number of edges in a Kr+1-free graph in I(n, d). As such it is a Turán-type problem. We answer this question asymptotically for some ranges of r and d. More precisely we show that if (k + 1)2 [d/k+1] < n ≥k2[d/k] for some integer k ≥ 2 then the maximum edge density is (1 - 1/k - o(1)) provided that n is not too close to the lower limit of the range. The second question can be thought of as a Ramsey-type problem. The maximum such n can be defined in the same way as the usual Ramsey number but only considering graphs which are in I(n, d). We give bounds for this maximum n mainly concentrating on the case that l is fixed, and make some comparisons with the usual Ramsey number.
PURPOSE: To evaluate the aqueous humour and corneal volumes, their correlations to age, sex and refractive status, and their changes with age. METHODS: A total of 153 eyes of 153 healthy volunteers and 58 eyes of 58 patients planned for cataract surgery were examined with Orbscan II slit-scan tomography and the autorefractometer-keratometer. In 16 eyes of 16 volunteers, the same examinations were performed twice with a 4-year interval. Anterior chamber volumes were calculated with a 3-dimensional mapping method, corneal volumes were calculated, and multiple refraction and corneal/anterior chamber configuration variables were registered. RESULTS: The aqueous humour volume is inversely correlated to the age of the individual (r = - 0.22, p = 0.001), with an average decrease of 1.4 +/- 2.6 microl per year on longitudinal follow-up (p = 0.042). Specifically, the posterior part of the anterior chamber undergoes a pronounced reduction in volume with time, whereas the volume of the anterior part increases slightly with time. Increasing steepness and peripheral thinning of the cornea (p = 0.034), and a reduction in corneal volume (p = 0.037) were also seen with increasing age. Males had less steeply curved corneas and higher aqueous humour volumes than females. CONCLUSION: The anterior segment of the eye undergoes continuous alterations with age, which differ significantly between the genders. These normal differences and alterations may be of importance in the planning of refractive procedures, and in the evaluation of disease processes.
In this paper we first study k × n Youden rectangles of small orders. We have enumerated all Youden rectangles for a range of small parameter values, excluding the almost square cases where k = n − 1, in a large scale computer search. In particular, we verify the previous counts for (n, k) = (7, 3), (7, 4), and extend this to the cases (11, 5), (11, 6), (13, 4) and (21, 5). For small parameter values where no Youden rectangles exist, we also enumerate rectangles where the number of symbols common to two columns is always one of two possible values, differing by 1, which we call near Youden rectangles. For all the designs we generate, we calculate the order of the autotopism group and investigate to which degree a certain transformation can yield other row-column designs, namely double arrays, triple arrays and sesqui arrays. Finally, we also investigate certain Latin rectangles with three possible pairwise intersection sizes for the columns and demonstrate that these can give rise to triple and sesqui arrays which cannot be obtained from Youden rectangles, using the transformation mentioned above.
We have performed a complete enumeration of non-isotopic triples of mutually orthogonal k × n Latin rectangles for k ≤ n ≤ 7. Here we will present a census of such triples, classified by various properties, including the order of the autotopism group of the triple. As part of this we have also achieved the first enumeration of pairwise orthogonal triples of Youden rectangles. We have also studied orthogonal triples of k×8 rectangles which are formed by extending mutually orthogonal triples with non-trivial autotopisms one row at a time, and requiring that the autotopism group is non-trivial in each step. This class includes a triple coming from the projective plane of order 8. Here we find a remarkably symmetrical pair of triples of 4 × 8 rectangles, formed by juxtaposing two selected copies of complete sets of MOLS of order 4.
The basic random k‐SAT problem is: given a set of n Boolean variables, and m clauses of size k picked uniformly at random from the set of all such clauses on our variables, is the conjunction of these clauses satisfiable? Here we consider a variation of this problem where there is a bias towards variables occurring positive—that is, variables occur negated w.p. 0<p<½ and positive otherwise—and study how the satisfiability threshold depends on p. For p<½ this model breaks many of the symmetries of the original random k‐SAT problem, for example, the distribution of satisfying assignments in the Boolean cube is no longer uniform. For any fixed k, we find the asymptotics of the threshold as p approaches 0 or ½ . The former confirms earlier predictions based on numerical studies and heuristic methods from statistical physics.
We introduce a variation of the random k-SAT problem, which we call polarized random k-SAT. In polarized random k-SAT we have a polarization parameter p, and in half of the clauses each variable occurs negated with probability p and pure otherwise, while in the other half the probabilities are interchanged. For p = 1/2 we get the classical random k-SAT model.
Of particular interest is the fully polarized model where p = 0. Here there are only two types of clauses: clauses where all k variables occur pure, and clauses where all k variables occur negated.
We show that the threshold of satisfiability does not decrease as p moves away from 1. Thus the satisfiability threshold for polarized random k-SAT is an upper bound on the threshold for the classical random k-SAT. We also conjecture that the two thresholds coincide.
Recently the following question was relayed to the second author: What is the cardinality of the set of vertex transitive graphs of finite degree? Our aim in this short note is to show that there are $2^{\aleph_{0}}$ such graphs.
In this note, we report on a Condorcet domain of record-breaking size for n = 8 alternatives. We show that there exists a Condorcet domain of size 224 and that this is the largest possible size for 8 alternatives. Our search also shows that this domain is unique up to isomorphism. In this note we investigate properties of the new domain and relate them to various open problems and conjectures.
A perfect Kt-matching in a graph G is a spanning subgraph consisting of vertex-disjoint copies of Kt A classic theorem of Hajnal and Szemerédi states that if G is a graph of order n with minimum degree δ(G) ≥(t - 1)n/t and t|n, then G contains a perfect Kt-matching. Let G be a t-partite graph with vertex classes V1, . . . , Vt each of size n. We show that, for any γ > 0, if every vertex x ∈ Vi is joined to at least ((t - 1)/t + γ )n vertices of Vj for each j ≠ i, then G contains a perfect Kt-matching, provided n is large enough. Thus, we verify a conjecture of Fischer [6] asymptotically. Furthermore, we consider a generalization to hypergraphs in terms of the codegree.
Given integers n ≥ k > l ≥ 1 and a k-graph F with |V(F)| divisible by n, define t k l (n, F) to be the smallest integer d such that every k-graph H of order n with minimum l-degree δl(H) ≥ d contains an F-factor. A classical theorem of Hajnal and Szemerédi in (Proof of a Conjecture of P. Erd˝os, pp. 601–623, 1969) implies that t2 1 (n, Kt) = (1 − 1/t)n for integers t. For k ≥ 3, t k k−1(n, Kk k ) (the δk−1(H) threshold for perfect matchings) has been determined by Kühn and Osthus in (J Graph Theory 51(4):269–280, 2006) (asymptotically) and Rödl et al. in (J Combin Theory Ser A 116(3):613–636, 2009) (exactly) for large n. In this paper, we generalise the absorption technique of Rödl et al. in (J Combin Theory Ser A 116(3):613–636, 2009) to F-factors. We determine the asymptotic values of t k 1 (n, Kk k (m)) for k = 3, 4 and m ≥ 1. In addition, we show that for t > k = 3 and γ > 0, t3 2 (n, K3 t ) ≤ (1− 2 t2−3t+4 +γ )n provided n is large and t|n. We also bound t 3 2 (n, K3 t )from below. In particular, we deduce that t 3 2 (n, K3 4 ) = (3/4+o(1))n answering a question of Pikhurko in (Graphs Combin 24(4):391–404, 2008). In addition, we prove that t k k−1(n, Kk t ) ≤ (1 − t−1 k−1 −1 + γ )n for γ > 0, k ≥ 6 and t ≥ (3 + √ 5)k/2 provided n is large and t|n.