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  • 101.
    Wallner, Fredrik K
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Spjut, Sara
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Elofsson, Mikael
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
    Synthesis and evaluation of 2-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-phenoxy)acetic acid as a linker in solid-phase synthesis monitored by gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy2007In: Organic and biomolecular chemistry, ISSN 1477-0520, E-ISSN 1477-0539, Vol. 5, p. 2464-2471Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Gel-phase 19F NMR spectroscopy is a useful monitoring technique for solid-phase organic chemistry due to the high information content it delivers and swift acquisition times, using standard NMR spectrometers. This paper describes the synthesis of the novel linker 2-(2-fluoro-4-hydroxymethyl-5-methoxy-phenoxy)acetic acid in 29% yield over seven steps, using nucleophilic aromatic substitutions on 2,4,5-trifluorobenzonitrile as key steps. Following standard solid-phase synthesis a peptide could be cleaved from the linker using 20% TFA in CH2Cl2 in 30 minutes, in contrast to a previously described monoalkoxy linker that requires 90% TFA in water at elevated temperature. A resin-bound peptide could be successfully glycosylated using only two equivalents of a thioglycoside donor, activated with N-iodosuccinimide and trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, and subsequent cleavage and deprotection gave the target glycopeptide. Direct glycosylation of the linker itself followed by mild acidic cleavage gave a fully protected hemiacetal for further chemical manipulation.

  • 102. Werkelin, Johan
    et al.
    Lindberg, Daniel
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Skrifvars, Bengt-Johan
    Hupa, Mikko
    Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species part 3: Combustion of five spruce samples2011In: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, E-ISSN 1873-2909, Vol. 35, no 1, p. 725-733Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Forest residue is the remaining fraction after the outtake of timber, which comprises the tree tops and branches. It may as fuel cause damage to the combustion device through ash slagging and fouling. The objective of this work was to model the ash composition from well-specified samples of a spruce tree: wood, bark, twigs, needles, and shoots. Their ash at 1000 °C was modelled using global chemical equilibrium calculations, and laboratory-made ash of the five samples was analyzed by XRD and SEM-EDXA. According to the results, the risk of slagging arises from the spruce foliage: molten alkali silicates from spruce needles and probably molten alkali phosphates from spruce shoots may cause problems in the furnace. Fouling caused by condensing alkali vapours can be produced by all five samples. The amount of alkali vapours in the flue gas was in the same order of magnitude for all five samples, in spite of large differences in their original alkali contents.

  • 103. Westerlund, Lars
    et al.
    Hermansson, Roger
    Fagerström, Jonathan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Flue gas purification and heat recovery: A biomass fired boiler supplied with an open absorption system2012In: Applied Energy, ISSN 0306-2619, E-ISSN 1872-9118, Vol. 96, p. 444-450Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    A new technique for energy recovery combined with particle separation from flue gas has been tested in this project. A conventional small boiler for biofuel produces besides heat also particles to the environment through the flue gas. Decreasing the impact on the environment is desirable. Increased efficiency can be obtained if the temperature and water content of the flue gas can be further reduced. Installing an open absorption system in the heat production unit fulfils both these demands. An experimental unit has been built and tested in the last 2 years. The results show a reduction of particles in the flue gas by 33-44% compared to the ordinary system. At the same time the heat production from the unit increased by 40% when fired with wet biofuels. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

  • 104. Whitty, Kevin
    et al.
    Backman, Rainer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hupa, Mikko
    Influence of pressure on pyrolysis of black liquor: 1. Swelling2008In: Bioresource Technology, ISSN 0960-8524, E-ISSN 1873-2976, Vol. 99, no 3, p. 663-670Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is the first of two papers concerning the behavior of black liquor during pyrolysis under pressurized conditions. Two industrial kraft liquors were pyrolyzed in a laboratory-scale pressurized single particle reactor and a pressurized grid heater at temperatures ranging from 650 to 1100 degrees C and at pressures between 1 and 20 bar. The dimensions of the chars produced were measured and the specific swollen volume was calculated. Swelling decreased roughly logarithmically over the pressure range 1-20 bar. An expression is developed to predict the specific swollen volume at elevated pressure when the volume at 1 bar is known. The bulk density of the char increased with pressure, indicating that liquors will be entrained less easily at higher pressures.

  • 105. Whitty, Kevin
    et al.
    Kullberg, Mika
    Sorvari, Vesa
    Backman, Rainer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hupa, Mikko
    Influence of pressure on pyrolysis of black liquor: 2. Char yields and component release2008In: Bioresource Technology, ISSN 0960-8524, E-ISSN 1873-2976, Vol. 99, no 3, p. 671-679Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This is the second in a series of papers concerning the behavior of black liquor during pyrolysis at elevated pressures. Two industrial black liquors were pyrolyzed under pressurized conditions in two laboratory-scale devices, a pressurized single-particle reactor and a pressurized grid heater. Temperatures ranging between 650 and 1100 degrees C and pressures in the range 1-20 bar were studied. Char yields were calculated and based on analysis of some of the chars the fate of carbon, sodium, potassium and sulfur was determined as a function of pyrolysis pressure. At temperatures below 800 degrees C little variation in char yield was observed at different pressures. At higher temperatures char yield increased with pressure due to slower decomposition of sodium carbonate. For the same reason, sodium release decreased with pressure. Sulfur release, however, increased with pressure primarily because there was less opportunity for its capture in the less-swollen chars.

  • 106.
    Wiinika, Henrik
    et al.
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, S-941 28, Piteå, Sweden.
    Gebart, Rikard
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, S-941 28, Piteå, Sweden.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Öhman, Marcus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Influence of fuel ash composition on high temperature aerosol formation in fixed bed combustion of woody biomass pellets2007In: Fuel, ISSN 0016-2361, E-ISSN 1873-7153, Vol. 86, no 1-2, p. 181-193Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, the influence of fuel ash composition on high temperature aerosol formation during fixed bed combustion of woody biomass (two wood pellets and one bark pellets) were investigated experimentally in a laboratory reactor and theoretically through chemical equilibrium model calculations. For all fuels, the particle mass size distribution in the PM2.5 region was bimodal, with one fine mode and one coarse mode. Early in the flame, the fine mode was dominated by particles from incomplete combustion and these particles were rapidly oxidised in the post flame zone. After the hot flame, the fine mode concentration and the particle diameter increases gradually when the temperature decreases due to condensation of vaporised inorganic matter, K, Na, S, Cl, and Zn. For two of the fuels also P could be found in the fine particles. The coarse mode consisted of carbon, refractory metals and considerable amount of alkali. Further, the initial fuel alkali concentration and the alkali to silicon ratio (K + Na)/Si influenced the amount of vaporised aerosol forming alkali matter. Finally, the present study shows that, combustion temperature and fuel ash composition is of major importance for the formation of high temperature aerosols in fixed bed combustion of woody biomass pellets.

  • 107.
    Wiinikka, Henrik
    et al.
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, S-941 28 Piteå, Sweden.
    Gebart, Rikard
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, S-941 28 Piteå, Sweden.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Nordin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Öhman, Marcus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    High-temperature aerosol formation in wood pellets flames: Spatially resolved measurements2006In: Combustion and Flame, ISSN 0010-2180, E-ISSN 1556-2921, Vol. 147, no 4, p. 278-293Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The formation and evolution of high-temperature aerosols during fixed bed combustion of wood pellets in a realistic combustion environment were investigated through spatially resolved experiments. The purpose of this work was to investigate the various stages of aerosol formation from the hot flame zone to the flue gas channel. The investigation is important both for elucidation of the formation mechanisms and as a basis for development and validation of particle formation models that can be used for design optimization. Experiments were conducted in an 8-kW-updraft fired-wood-pellets combustor. Particle samples were withdrawn from the centerline of the combustor through 10 sampling ports by a rapid dilution sampling probe. The corresponding temperatures at the sampling positions were in the range 200-1450 degrees C. The particle sample was size-segregated in a low-pressure impactor, allowing physical and chemical resolution of the fine particles. The chemical composition of the particles was investigated by SEM/EDS and XRD analysis. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared to theoretical models for aerosol formation processes. The experimental data show that the particle size distribution has two peaks, both of which are below an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 mu m (PM2.5). The mode diameters of the fine and coarse modes in the PM2.5 region were similar to 0.1 and similar to 0.8 mu m, respectively. The shape of the particle size distribution function continuously changes with position in the reactor due to several mechanisms. Early, in the flame zone, both the fine mode and the coarse mode in the PM2.5 region were dominated by particles from incomplete combustion, indicated by a significant amount of carbon in the particles. The particle concentrations of both the fine and the coarse mode decrease rapidly in the hot oxygen-rich flame due to oxidation of the carbon-rich particles. After the hot flame, the fine mode concentration and particle diameter increase gradually when the temperature of the flue gas drops. The main contribution to this comes from condensation on preexisting particles in the gas of alkali sulfates, alkali chlorides, and Zn species formed from constituents vaporized in the fuel bed. The alkali sulfates were found to condense at a temperature of similar to 950 degrees C and alkali chlorides condensed later at similar to 600 degrees C. This agrees well with results of chemical equilibrium calculation of the gas-to-particle conversion temperature. After the hot flame the coarse mode concentration decreased very little when the flue gas was cooled. In addition to carbon, the coarse mode consists of refractory metals and also considerable amounts of alkali. (c) 2006 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

  • 108.
    Wiinikka, Henrik
    et al.
    Energy Technology Centre, Piteå, Sweden.
    Grönberg, Carola
    Energy Technology Centre, Piteå, Sweden.
    Öhrman, Olov
    Energy Technology Centre, Piteå, Sweden.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Influence of TiO2 additive on vaporisation of potassium during straw combustion2009In: Energy & Fuels, ISSN 0887-0624, E-ISSN 1520-5029, Vol. 23, no 11, p. 5367-5374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, the influence of TiO2 on the vaporization of K during combustion of straw under fixed bed condition was investigated experimentally. Controlled combustion experiments with a varied amount of TiO2 in straw pellets were performed in an 8 kW pellet burner together with sampling of particles (impactor and absolute filter), analysis of the flue gas composition (Fourier transform infrared, FTIR), and chemical analyses of the collected particles and bottom ash (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)). The experimental results showed that the vaporization of K from the fuel bed was significantly reduced when TiO2 was used as an additive. The vaporization of K was reduced by ~40−50% for an optimal amount of TiO2 additive. The optimal added TiO2 for the straw used in this work corresponds to a Ti/K (wt) ratio between ~0.6−1.0. If more TiO2 was added to the fuel, the release of K to the gas phase was not further reduced and unreacted TiO2 was found in the bottom ash.

  • 109.
    Wiinikka, Henrik
    et al.
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, SE-941 28, Piteå, Sweden.
    Grönberg, Carola
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, SE-941 28, Piteå, Sweden.
    Öhrman, Olov
    Energy Technology Centre, Box 726, SE-941 28, Piteå, Sweden.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Influence of TiO2 Additive on Vaporization of Potassium during Straw Combustion2009In: Energy & Fuels, ISSN 0887-0624, E-ISSN 1520-5029, Vol. 23, p. 5367-5374Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In this work, the influence of TiO2 oil the vaporization of K during combustion of straw under fixed bed condition was investigated experimentally. Controlled combustion experiments with a varied amount of TiO2 in straw pellets were performed in an 8 kW pellet burner together with sampling of particles (impactor and absolute filter), analysis of the flue gas composition (Fourier transform infrared, FTIR), and chemical analyses of the collected particles and bottom ash (inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD)). The experimental results showed that the vaporization of K from the fuel bed was significantly reduced when TiO2 was used as an additive. The vaporization of K was reduced by similar to 40-50% for an optimal amount of TiO2 additive. The optimal added TiO2 for the straw used in this work corresponds to a Ti/K (wt) ratio between similar to 0.6-1.0. If more TiO2 was added to the fuel, the release of K to the gas phase was not further reduced and unreacted TiO2 was found in the bottom ash.

  • 110. Zevenhoven-Onderwater, Maria
    et al.
    Öhman, Marcus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Skrifvars, Bengt-Johan
    Backman, Rainer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry. Åbo Akademi University.
    Nordin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hupa, Mikko
    Bed agglomeration characteristics of wood-derived fuels in FBC2006In: Energy & Fuels, ISSN 0887-0624, E-ISSN 1520-5029, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 818-824Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The agglomeration tendency of five Scandinavian forest-derived biomass fuels was studied using an advanced fuel analysis, i.e., a combination of chemical fractionation analysis, controlled bed defluidization tests, and SEM/EDX analysis of bed samples. It is shown that all five fuels have a tendency to form bed agglomerates when fired in a fluidized bed with silica sand as the bed material. The agglomeration appeared to proceed by formation of a sticky layer on bed particles gluing them together. The layers on the bed particles contained Si, Ca, and K, and, in some cases, P. The combination of advanced fuel analysis by SEM/EDX showed that the soluble fraction of Ca and K (i.e., leachable from the fuel with water and acetate) may be responsible for the formation of the layer. Silicon may mainly come from the bed particles.

  • 111.
    Zhu, Youjian
    et al.
    School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People’s Republic of China.
    Piotrowska, Patrycja
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    van Eyk, Philip Joseph
    School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Wu, Xuehong
    School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People’s Republic of China.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Broström, Markus
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Zhang, Jun
    School of Energy and Power Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People’s Republic of China.
    Kwong, Chi Wai
    School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
    Wang, Dingbiao
    School of Chemical Engineering and Energy, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, People’s Republic of China.
    Cole, Andrew J
    MACRO, the Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
    de Nys, Rocky
    MACRO, the Centre for Macroalgal Resources and Biotechnology, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
    Gentili, Francesco G.
    Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Environmental Studies, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
    Ashman, Peter J.
    School of Chemical Engineering, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia.
    Fluidized bed co-gasification of algae and wood pellets: gas yields and bed agglomeration analysis2016In: Energy & Fuels, ISSN 0887-0624, E-ISSN 1520-5029, Vol. 30, no 3, p. 1800-1809Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Algae utilization in energy production has gained increasing attention as a result of its characteristics, such as high productivity, rapid growth rate, and flexible cultivation environment. In this paper, three species of algae, including a fresh water macroalgae, Oedogonium sp., a saltwater macroalgae, Derbersia tenuissima, and a microalgae species, Scenedesmus sp., were studied to explore the potential of using smaller amounts of algae fuels in blends with traditional woody biomasses in the gasification processes. Co-gasification of 10 wt % algae and 90 wt % Swedish wood pellets was performed in a fluidized bed reactor. The effects of algae addition on the syngas yield and carbon conversion rate were investigated. The addition of 10 wt % algae in wood increased the CO, H2, and CH4 yields by 3–20, 6–31, and 9–20%, respectively. At the same time, it decreased the CO2 yield by 3–18%. The carbon conversion rates were slightly increased with the addition of 10 wt % macroalgae in wood, but the microalgae addition resulted in a decrease of the carbon conversion rate by 8%. Meanwhile, the collected fly ash and bed material samples were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy combined with an energy-dispersive X-ray detector (SEM–EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The fly ashes of wood/marcoalgae tests showed a higher Na content with lower Si and Ca contents compared to the wood test. The gasification tests were scheduled to last 4 h; however, only wood and wood/Derbersia gasification experiments were carried out without significant operational problems. The gasification of 10 wt % Oedogonium N+ and Oedogonium N– led to defluidization of the bed in less than 1 h, and the wood/Scenedesmus (WD/SA) test was stopped after 1.8 h as a result of severe agglomeration. It was found that the algae addition had a remarkable influence on the characteristics and compositions of the coating layer. The coating layer formation and bed agglomeration mechanism of wood/macroalgae was initiated by the reaction of alkali compounds with the bed particles to form low-temperature melting silicates (inner layer). For the WD/SA test, the agglomeration was influenced by both the composition of the original algae fuel as well as the external mineral contaminations. In summary, the operational problems experienced during the co-gasification tests of different algae–wood mixtures were assigned to the specific ash compositions of the different fuel mixtures. This showed the need for countermeasures, specifically to balance the high alkali content, to reach stable operation in a fluidized bed gasifier.

  • 112.
    Öhman, Marcus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hedman, Henry
    Eklund, Robert
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
    Residential combustion performance of pelletized hydrolysis residue from lignocellulosic ethanol production2006In: Energy & Fuels, ISSN 0887-0624, E-ISSN 1520-5029, Vol. 20, no 3, p. 1298-1304Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As a result of the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic material by acid hydrolysis, a large quantity of non-hydrolyzed material is obtained as a residue, mainly derived from the lignin in the wood. One possible economical use of this hydrolysis residue is as raw material for production of fuel pellets to be used in residential pellet appliances (i.e., stoves and burners). The combustion characteristics of single pellets, as well as combustion results (i.e., ash deposition, maintenance, and emission performance) in residential pellet appliances, were therefore determined for hydrolysis residue pellets and compared with corresponding results using wood pellets. The hydrolysis residue pellets had a lower slagging tendency, as well as a higher heating value and lower ash content, than the wood (stem) pellets. During combustion in residential pellet appliances, relatively similar gaseous emission performance and characteristics were obtained for hydrolysis residue and stem wood pellets. However, the results showed a significant potential for very low emissions of fine particles during combustion of hydrolysis residue pellets because of the low content of volatile inorganic constituents. Tendencies for char-aggregate formation at low temperature ( less than or equal 800 °C) were identified during combustion of hydrolysis residue pellets. A practical implementation of the results in this work, both regarding accessibility and emission performance, is therefore to recommend the use of continuous-feed equipment thereby preserving a high temperature during the whole operation time. Thus, the results show that pelletized hydrolysis residue from lignocellulosic ethanol production could be a very interesting material for future residential pellet appliances designed for this typical biomass fuel.

  • 113.
    Öhman, Marcus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hedman, Henry
    Energy Technology Centre, Piteå, Sweden.
    Nordin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Slagging tendencies of wood pellet ash during combustion in residential pellet burners2004In: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, E-ISSN 1873-2909, Vol. 27, no 6, p. 585-596Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ash related problems have more than occasionally been observed in pellet burners during the last years. These problems can lead to reduced accessibility of the combustion systems as well as bad publicity for the market. The objectives of the present work were to; (i) evaluate how different raw materials for pellets affect the accessibility of the existing burner equipment, (ii) determine which of the ash forming element(s) that could be responsible for the deposit/slagg formation and, (iii) estimate the critical slagging temperature for the different raw materials. Stored and fresh materials from sawdust, logging residues and bark were used as raw material in three different pellet burners. The results showed that the slagging properties were relatively sensitive to the variations in total ash content and ash forming elements of the fuel. It is therefore recommended that ash rich fuels like bark and logging residues should not be used in the existing residential pellet burners. Both fuel and burner type affected the amounts of ash deposit produced. The degree of sintering (i.e. the strength of the deposits) was mostly affected by the fuel composition. Subsequent controlled sintering test of the produced deposits/slags showed critical slagging temperatures of about 850–900 °C for stored bark and about 1000 °C for fresh bark and stored and fresh materials from sawdust and logging residues. The results further indicated that the Si-content in the fuel correlated (relatively) well to the sintering tendencies in the burners. Chemical equilibrium models were used to interpret the experimental findings, and good quantitative agreements between modelling and experimental results were generally obtained.

  • 114.
    Öhman, Marcus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hedman, Henry
    Energy Technology Centre, Piteå, Sweden.
    Nordin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Slagging tendencies of wood pellet ash during combustion in residential pellet burners2004In: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, E-ISSN 1873-2909, Vol. 27, no 6, p. 585-596Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ash related problems have more than occasionally been observed in pellet burners during the last years. These problems can lead to reduced accessibility of the combustion systems as well as bad publicity for the market. The objectives of the present work were to; (i) evaluate how different raw materials for pellets affect the accessibility of the existing burner equipment, (ii) determine which of the ash forming element(s) that could be responsible for the deposit/slagg formation and, (iii) estimate the critical slagging temperature for the different raw materials. Stored and fresh materials from sawdust, logging residues and bark were used as raw material in three different pellet burners. The results showed that the slagging properties were relatively sensitive to the variations in total ash content and ash forming elements of the fuel. It is therefore recommended that ash rich fuels like bark and logging residues should not be used in the existing residential pellet burners. Both fuel and burner type affected the amounts of ash deposit produced. The degree of sintering (i.e. the strength of the deposits) was mostly affected by the fuel composition. Subsequent controlled sintering test of the produced deposits/slags showed critical slagging temperatures of about 850–900 °C for stored bark and about 1000 °C for fresh bark and stored and fresh materials from sawdust and logging residues. The results further indicated that the Si-content in the fuel correlated (relatively) well to the sintering tendencies in the burners. Chemical equilibrium models were used to interpret the experimental findings, and good quantitative agreements between modelling and experimental results were generally obtained.

  • 115.
    Öhman, Marcus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Nordin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hedman, Henry
    Energy Technology Centre, Piteå, Sweden.
    Effect of kaolin and limestone addition on slag formation during combustion of wood fuels2004In: Energy & Fuels, ISSN 0887-0624, E-ISSN 1520-5029, Vol. 18, no 5, p. 1370-1376Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ash-related problems have more than occasionally been observed in wood-fuel-fired boilers and also recently in wood-pellet burners. These problems can lead to reduced accessibility of the combustion systems as well as bad publicity for the market. The objectives of the present work were, therefore, to determine the effects of kaolin and limestone addition on the slagging propensities of problematic and problem-free wood fuels during combustion in residential pellet appliances (burners), thus contributing to the understanding of the role of kaolin and limestone in preventing slagging on furnace grates. Pellets with additive-to-fuel ratios between 0 and 0.7 wt %d.s. were combusted in three different types of burner constructions (10 kW): over-, horizontal-, and under-feeding of the fuel. The collected slag deposits from the under-fed burner as well as the corresponding deposited fly ash in the boiler were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The initial sintering temperatures of the formed slags were also determined. By adding limestone with an additive-to-fuel ratio of 0.5 wt %d.s. to the problematic stemwood raw material (Si-enriched probably because of contamination of sand/soil), the severe slagging of the fuel could totally be eliminated. Adding kaolin to the problematic raw material gave a minor decrease in slagging tendency of the problematic raw material and a major increase in slagging tendency of the problem-free stemwood raw material. When adding limestone to the problematic raw material, the composition of the formed slag was changed from relatively low temperature melting silicates to high temperature melting silicates and oxides. On the other hand, kaolin addition to the problematic raw material changed the content of the slag from mainly Ca-Mg silicates to be dominated by K-Al silicates which have relatively low melting points. When introducing kaolin to the problem-free raw material, the high temperature melting Ca-Mg oxides react to form lower temperature melting Ca-Al-K silicates. Chemical equilibrium model calculations were used to interpret the experimental findings, and generally good qualitative agreements between modeling and experimental results were obtained.

  • 116. Öhman, Marcus
    et al.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Skoglund, Nils
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Grimm, Alejandro
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Boman, Christoffer
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Kofod-Hansen, Marie
    Minskade askrelaterade driftsproblem genom inblandning av torv i åkerbränslen2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Resultaten visar att inblandning av typisk starrbaserad bränntorv i salix och rörflen med låg askhalt ger positiva effekter vad avser bäddagglomerering och beläggningsbildning/(korrosion) i pannors konvektionsdelar redan vid relativt låga inblandningsgrader (15 vikts-% på TS basis). En starrbaserad bränntorv med relativt högt Ca/Si förhållande bör väljas för sameldning med salix i rosteranläggningar för att inte öka slaggningsrisken. Samma torvtyp kan också i rosteranläggningar nyttjas i sameldning med rörflen med låg askhalt (relativt låga inblandningsgrader räcker) och vetehalm (höga inblandningsgrader krävs) för att reducera slaggningsrisken. Vid val av torvslag för att maximera de ovanstående positiva effekterna vid förbränning kan därför en allmän rekommendation göras att torvar med hög askhalt (starrinnehållande torv), och gärna med högt inslag av svavel, ger de bästa sameldningsegenskaperna med det tilläget att vid rostereldning bör en torv med relativt högt Ca/Si förhållande väljas (gärna upp mot 1 på vikts-% basis).

  • 117.
    Öhman, Marcus
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Nordin, Anders
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Hedman, H
    Jirjis, R
    Reasons for slagging during stemwood pellet combustion and some measures for prevention2004In: Biomass and Bioenergy, ISSN 0961-9534, E-ISSN 1873-2909, Vol. 27, no 6, p. 597-605Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Ash related problems have more than occasionally been observed in pellet burners during the last years. These problems lead to reduced accessibility of the appliances and also bad publicity for the pellet market. The objectives of the present work were therefore to: (i) determine the critical levels of the problematic ash components in stemwood pellets regarding slagging, (ii) document the variations of these problematic elements in the outgoing pellets from two pellet-mills during one operational season, (iii) determine how frequently these elements exceed the critical levels, (iv) determine how different sub-processes in the pelletising process (especially the dryer) effect the slagging properties of the pellet, and if possible (v) suggest some measures for prevention. A significant number of wood pellets reported to be problematic and problem-free, regarding slagging in ordinary residential pellet burners, were collected from the Swedish market. The ash compositions of these fuels were analysed and the results compiled in a database. Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and F-tests were used to statistically identify both the critical ash components and the critical levels of these components that separated the two reported classes. In addition, chemical equilibrium model calculations were used to interpret the findings. The variations of these elements in the in-going raw material and in the produced pellets were determined during one season in two pellet mills equipped with exhaust gas dryers. The results showed that the problematic wood-pellets had a significantly higher amount of Si, but also Al and Fe, in the fuel ash. The critical level of Si (given as SiO2) was about 20-25 wt% of the fuel ash, i.e. pellets with levels in or over this range resulted in slagging problems in residential burners. This critical Si content was exceeded once and twice for the analysed samples in the two studied pellet mills. In one of the studied mills, this was because of contamination by sand of the raw material during storage and handling, and in the other mill the reason was found to be contamination of the raw material by elutriated particles from the dryer fuel. The major conclusion of the work is that both raw materials and drying fuels/processes should be carefully treated to avoid mineral contamination, and an additional cyclone separator could potentially also be used to improve the pellet quality.

  • 118.
    Örberg, Håkan
    et al.
    Sveriges Lantbruksuniversitet, Enheten för Biomassateknologi och Kemi.
    Skoglund, Nils
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Grimm, Alejandro
    Luleå University of Technology, Department of Engineering Sciences and Mathematics, Energy Science.
    Boström, Dan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics, Energy Technology and Thermal Process Chemistry.
    Öhman, Marcus
    Teknikutveckling för ökad etablering och nyttjande av rörflen: Demonstrationsförsök i fullskala2010Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Resultaten visar att energigräset rörflen kan utgöra ett kompletterande bränsle till det skogsbränsle och den torv som idag används i svenska värme- och kraftvärmeanläggningar. En inblandning av rörflen med ca 10 % på energibasis i en bränslemix som för övrigt består av 10-20 % carextorv och 70-80 % träbränsle har i demonstrationsförsök visat goda resultat. Denna bränslemix har vid fullskaliga förbränningsförsök i fluidiserande bädd (Hedensbyn,CFB 98 MW) under sammanlagt 4 dygn inte gett upphov till störningar eller negativa effekter på utrustning eller ökade utsläpp i rökgaserna i form av partiklar eller gasformiga emissioner. Vid simulerade påverkan på överhettare i form av kylda sonder har även konstaterats att beläggningstillväxten varit oförändrad och ej givit upphov till ökad korrosion.

    Inblandning i bränslemixen har skett med hackad rörflen (40-50 mm) i torvdelen för att en jämn inblandning kunde åstadkommas. Rörflensmaterialet har levererats i samband med skörden så att det hackats direkt på fältet med exakthack kopplad till vagn eller med containerhantering. Vid leverans under vår och försommar har rörflenen hållit mycket låg fukthalt med ett medel på 11,3 % fukt. Jämförande studier har gjorts med system där rörflen vid skörden under vår pressats till storbalar för vidare transport till terminal eller gårdscentrum. Detta system har visat sig mindre effektivt jämfört med direkthackning på fältet och transport av hackat material till värmeverk. En fördel med storbalssystemet är dock att det möjliggör mer kostnadseffektiv lagring utan att t.ex. fukthalten höjs under lagringstiden. Även vägtransport från terminal eller gårdscentrum till värmeverk har visat sig mer effektivt med storbalar jämfört med hackat material. Vid lastning av stora fyrkantsbalar (90x120x220 cm) på lastbil med släp uppnåddes i stort sett dubbla lastvikten jämfört med hackad rörflen (20,9 ton jmf. m. 11,0 ton).

    För de något mindre anläggningarna av typen rosterpannor som provats (0,6 och 4 MW) har den briketterade formen av rörflen använts för att uppnå en jämn och koncentrerad bränslematning. Även här har en blandning av rörflen och torv visat sig användbar och speciellt för rörflen med låg askhalt har torvinblandning på 15 vikts-% av gett minskad tendens till sintring av askan. Rörflen med hög askhalt (utan torvinblandning) har kunnat sameldas med träbränsle utan risk för sintrad aska i dessa anläggningar. Tillverkningen av briketter för försöken, sammanlagt ca 35 ton, varav hälften med inblandning av torv har genomförts utan störningar och med bra kvalité på briketterna.

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