Under min gymnasietid hade jag som sommarjobb att röja skog. Det blev en daglig tävlan med mig själv riktad mot björksly och taniga granar. Det var ett stycke natur som skulle slås ned och besegras med syfte att öka ackordstillägget. Efter ett par timmars arbete brukade jag ta en matpaus. Lätt lutad mot ett träd och med blicken mot skogsbeklädda åsar i fjärran minns jag hur jag, särskilt under soliga dagar, kunde liksom insupa hela omgivningen, ljuset, dofterna, värmen, och utlämna mig till den natur som jag befann mig mitt i. Detta illustrerar ett tudelat och motsägelsefullt förhållande till naturen som jag tror alla människor har, att i vissa stunder uppleva sig vara ett med den, i andra stunder uppleva sig vara separerad från den, med möjlighet att bemästra, omvandla eller förstöra den. Artikeln reflekterar kring denna kluvenhet och motsägelse i vår relation till naturen.

I denna studie utforskas hur arbetet karakteriseras samt hur arbetarnas upplevelser skildras i de två arbetarromanerna Drömfabriken (2010) av Maria Hamberg och Yarden (2009) av Kristian Lundberg. Det som studeras är hur kropp, solidaritet och livsberättelse påverkas av kapitalismens kultur med särskilt fokus på de bemanningsföretagsanställda karaktärernas erfarenheter. I Drömfabriken, vars berättelse utspelar sig innan Yardens, skildras konsekvenserna av vinstmaximerande åtgärder på en bilfabrik. Att hyra in personal är en av de slutliga åtgärderna. I Yarden skildras hur tillvaron påverkas av att vara anställd av ett bemanningsföretag. Inom ramen för studien sker en viss jämförelse med exempel hämtade ur det tidiga 1900-talets arbetarlitteratur. Analysen har genomförts med hjälp av Richard Sennetts teorier om hur arbetare påverkas av den nya kapitalismens kultur. Även begrepp som respektabilitet, turist och vagabond har använts.

Sammanfattningsvis visar undersökningen att kropp, solidaritet och livsberättelse tar skada av den fragmentariska och för arbetarna icke-påverkansbara situation de befinner sig i. Förhållandet till kroppen är komplext. Kroppen är en förutsättning för arbete, men den slits också av det. Studien visar även att solidariteten bland arbetare har försvagats över tid. Den återfinns dock till viss del i de studerade romanerna. Studien visar också att bemanningsföretagsanställda avpersonifieras i Drömfabriken och avhumaniseras i Yarden. Livsberättelse i form av utveckling och framgång på arbetsplatsen är inte tillgänglig för karaktärerna i Drömfabriken och Yarden. De arbets- och anställningsförhållanden som skildras har även en negativ inverkan på romankaraktärernas försök att skapa sin livsberättelse utanför arbetet.

En slutsats som dras är att arbetarlitteratur, som ger en kritisk röst till dem med osäkra anställningar, fyller en viktig funktion som ställföreträdare för det kollektiv som inte kan formas till följd av rörlighet, kortsiktighet och få anställningsrättigheter.

I min uppsats diskuterar jag identiteter som situationella. Specifikt problematiserar jag användandet av kategoriseringar som grundar sig på etnicitet. Jag diskuterar även de Offer- och Förövaridentiteter jag kunnat finna i mina informanters berättelser om deras liv och livssituation.

Först kommer det inledande kapitel där jag presenterar mitt syfte med uppsatsen och beskriver mina teoretiska utgångspunkter, vilka är; etnicitet, Vi och De andra, maktperspektiv, kategoriseringars konsekvenser, ”hen”, Förövar- och Offeridentitet och subjektskonstruktioner. I det första kapitlet beskriver jag även mina metodiska utgångspunkter och tillvägagångssätt. Här presenterar och beskriver jag också mina informanter och stadsdelarna jag fältarbetat i.

Under Den situationella identiteten problematiseras och diskuteras den situationella identiteten genom att visa på citat från mina informanter och hur de har talat om sig själva. Under detta kapitel visar jag hur informanternas etniska identitet skiftar beroende på vilka De andra i talet är, och att detta påverkar sin gruppidentitet, det vill säga Vi.

Efter det kommer jag in på diskussionen om Offer- och Förövaridentiteter. Här diskuterar jag Offrets vara eller icke vara, hur informanterna via sitt tal och min tillskrivning kan definieras som Offer under den rådande samhällsdiskursen. Jag problematiserar även Förövaridentiteten, vem som har rätt till definition och hur ambivalent Offret är i denna relation. Dessutom problematiserar jag Förövarens yrkesroll och densammas Offeridentitet.

I det fjärde och avslutande kapitlet samlar jag ihop trådarna, diskuterar, sammanför och problematiserar det jag i de tidigare kapitlen tagit upp. Jag kommer in på integration, alienation och vad Södertälje kommun bör arbeta med och fundera över. Denna del i uppsatsen är fristående från ett specifikt ämne och hanterar snarare både den situationella identiteten samt Offer- och Förövaridentiteten under samma diskussion.

Title: "You get what you ask for” - A comparative study of two organizations and how they,

with the help of communicative strategies, work with their employer brands.

The purpose of this study was to compare how two organizations use communication

strategies as a part of their employer brand strategy. The study is based on the fact that today

it has become increasingly important for organizations to work with their employer brands.

Globalisation has led to new competitive situations for organizations and therefore the need

for communication has increased. The two organizations in this study have different

preconditions regarding recruitment. One organization is a part of the public sector and

has large recruitment needs. The other organization is smaller and privately owned and do

not have the same recruitment needs. The study also aims to identify if the communication

strategies differ depending on the differences between the organizations and how much

competition there is for jobs. To succeed with this, theories related to marketing,

organizational theory, organizational culture and organizational communication was used.

Semi-structured interviews were conducted and six employees were interviewed.

The analysis showed that both organizations thought it was important to work with their

employer brands but they worked in different ways to strengthen them. One organization had

a stated strategy and the other had not. One thing both organizations had in common was that

they considered their employees to be important assets, but they worked a little different to

strengthen their organizational cultures. In the external communication one organization were

more cautious while the other organization argued that they needed to be more daring to be

able to strenghten their employer brand. The result indicates that the strategies differ between

the organizations. The difference is mostly due to the different preconditions the

organizations had right from the start. The fact that one is part of the public sector and the

other one is a private organization is a thing that matters. Their sizes and their different

working areas also influence their work with the employer brand.

Keywords: Employer branding, organizational theory, organizational communication,

marketing, word of mouth, Backhaus and Tikoo

Our times of ecological disasters and climate crisis inspired the author Mikael Niemi to write the novel Fallvatten (2012). The narrative deals with what happens when a dam in a hydro-electric power plant bursts, and creates a tsunami-like flood. The purpose with my essay was to make a thematic analysis of this novel from an ecocritical, ecofeministic and postcolonial perspective. The genre and its importance for the themes and the shaping of the novel were also noticed in the essay. My questions were: Does the author use an ecocritical, ecofeministic and a postcolonial approach in the novel? If he does, how is that shaped in the narrative? Is the story adversarial to civilization and/or technology? Is Fallvatten an ironic novel? If it is, what is the irony about? What are the characteristics of the genre ecothriller, and why can the novel be placed in this genre? How does the genre influence the themes used and development of the story? By using the method of close-reading I have made a thematic analysis of the novel Fallvatten, with a theoretical frame of ecocriticism, ecofeminism and postcolionial theory. The results of the analysis demonstrated that this novel can be regarded as an ecocritical, ecofeministic and postcolonial “rewriting”. In the narrative nature is personified and depicted as an active agent who takes vengeance on humanity’s greed. The author is deconstructing dichotomies and stereotypes about the view of both gender and nature. He is also depicting the Sami cultural identity as hybrid and heterogeneous.  Fallvatten can be placed in the genre of ecothriller, because the environment is a premise for the story and it also includes an intense and increasing suspense. The genre has enabled the author to create a polyphonic and rhapsodic novel containing several protagonists with a variety of points of view. In the story, the protagonist´s personal problems get exposed, and forces of good and evil within them reveals, trough their encounter with the disaster. Fallvatten might be adversarial to civilization, but not to technology. In the story technology is depicted positively and it often seems to be indispensable. The narrative contains several Bible-references, which seems to be meant as a parody. But I don´t consider Fallvatten to be an ironic novel. Instead, I see it as a seriously meant story written with a sense of humor and with an ironical tone. I believe the author handles weighty subject matters in the novel with humor and irreverence because it works in a subversive way, with an ecocritical, ecofeministic and an anticolonial aim.

This papers purpose is to compare the female protagonist as a subject and reader in Madame Bovary, Watermelon and Bridget Jones´s diary. The aim is feministic, where Judith Butler’s concepts of subjectivity and performativity have been used besides the method of close reading. These novels are pioneering works of each genre; the realistic novel and chick lit. Emma Bovary loses her subjectivity and turns in to a passive object when she is desired and looked at by men. Instead dead objects gets animated, which produces an extremely objectifying portrait of Emma. This culminates with the depiction of her suicide. Surprisingly Emma’s position as a subject, if she ever has one, appears through her reading. The performativity of the texts gives her power and agency to try to change her life within the limits of the bourgeoisie marriage. The protagonists of Watermelon and Bridget Jones´s diary are two female subjects in a modern society, who loves reading. Despite their different opportunities to live fulfilling lives, as compared to Emma, they tend to objectify themselves in relationship to men. They also emphasize the importance of love and having a man in their life, which is according to the genre. Interpreted through Butler, an explanation could be that the power of submission not only sets the outer limits, it also influences our internal desires. These chick lit-novels also discuss literature and cultural hierarchy, where the protagonists tend to prefer popular literature. Watermelon also contains an opening for subversion, depicted by Claire’s achieved independency at the end of the novel, and through some gender-parodies. Most of all, these two chick lit-novels tend to reiterate and consolidate a traditional gender-order through their performativity, although ironizing over the same.

Keywords: Reading, genre, realistic novel, chick lit, feminism, Judith Butler, subjectivity, performativity, Madame Bovary, Watermelon, Bridget Jones´s diary.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the emergence of temporary exhibitions at the Nationalmuseum of Sweden 1866–1966. My aim is to discuss and place the exhibitions in the complex ongoing tension between the role of the museum as a scientific and an educative public institution, and in relation to the permanent collection. This I have called the museum dilemma. The dissertation is divided in three main chapters put in a chronological order 1866–1913, 1914–1939 and 1940–1966.

   I have found that during the 1866–1913 period many minor temporary exhibitions were arranged. It seems to have been a practice of coincidences rather than strategic art historical considerations. There were not many exhibitions focusing on art historical narratives. This situation reflects that the main reasons for arranging temporary exhibitions were to complement the museum collection or to present interesting art objects normally hidden from the public view.

When the term “temporary exhibition” was established in the late 19^th century a tension between the exhibitions and the permanent collection was established. The temporary exhibitions were associated with variety and flexibility while the permanent collection indicated a static art historical narrative.

The 1914–1939 period was very socially inclined. There are many examples of exhibitions that openly supported national values and the ongoing democracy development and the exhibition practice developed in dialog with the museum´s collection. The concept “bringing art alive” was frequently used. The museum collections were talked about as dead material, the museum was called a morgue.

   During the Second World War, the collections were evacuated from the museum building and an innovative period began. A focus on art history dominates the more elaborated exhibition practice during 1939–1966 period, so called “epoch exhibitions”. They invited to innovative actions, technologies as reconstructions of historical exhibitions, mixed materials and rehanging during the exhibition period. Principles as flexibility and variation were prominent. Another common denominator was the scientific focus and the idea that the exhibition is both an experience and a source of knowledge.

   Even though half a century has passed I argue that the results I have found can be related to the museum practice of today. The tendency today is that temporary exhibitions functions as role models for museums, when re-organizing the permanent collections. The effect of this development is that the categories temporary exhibitions and permanent collection melt together. In that sense, I would also suggest that the term temporary exhibition should be replaced. Special exhibition seems to be a more appropriate term for the museums of today.

Abstract

”The patient safety is not threatened” A discourse analysis of the patient safety discourse

The purpose of this study was to analyze the patient safety discourse through two different text-based materials. Three county councils / regions patient safety stories from 2015 and 19 articles on “nurses” and “patient safety” in the local press written in 2015 were analyzed with a discourse theory ambition. This is to see if there were inconsistencies and conflicts within the patient safety discourse. A patient safety story is by law required to be written every year for practitioners of health care.Security, interoperability, results, quality and patient safety culture was found as nodalpoints in the patient safety stories and the study clearly shows that there is a big difference between the materials in the attribution of meaning to the found nodalpoints. The patient safety stories uses rationality and bureaucratic jargon to ascribe meaning to the nodalpoints, and puts great faith in the measurement of risk, while those expressed by and about nurses in local press is very based on emotional arguments and an experience that the care provided is not secure due to shortage of nurses. There is therefore great antagonism within the patient safety discourse and the media can therefore be said to have an important role to challenge the otherwise hegemonic conception of what patient safety is and how patient safety is described in the patient safety stories.

Key words: patient safety, discourse theory, patient safety stories, nurses, media

The study The Rome in the hands of journalists: a critical discourse analysis of how Roma people are represented in Dagens Nyheter before and after recognition as a national minority examines the swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter´s reporting of the Roma people in 1998 and 2018. The aim is to find out if the recognition as a national minority in 2000 has created some form of change in the journalists' representation of the Roma people and how it is expressed.  The method that has been used is a critical discourse analysis, where the main focus has been on the language the journalists have used and how it influenced the larger social context. The study uses a theoretical framework that includes theories that surronds the power of media, representation of the language, stereotypes and other psychological aspects which can explain the mindset of the journalists.  The analysis found both differences and similarities in the reporting of the Roma people since they became a recognised national minority in Sweden. Still, in the discourse of 2018 it can be seen that they mostly are portrayed in av negative and stereotyped way. But it can also be noticed that small steps within the social discourse has been taken. Especially in the usage of language where the Roma people in 1998 almost always where named as ”gypsies” which almost never occured in 2018. It can also be seen that in the discourse of 2018 that the Roma people get to speak for themselves in a less stereotyped way than in 1998. The study found that it is only then, when the Roma is depicted as an individual and get to tell its own story, old stereotypes can be disregarded.   

The image of Northern Sweden has long been subjected to stereotyping, and the stereo­typed image of the Northerner is widely spread in various media contexts within Sweden. Historically, Norrland has been regarded as a wide wilderness, and the Norr­landic literature in turn has typically been studied in terms of the pastoral genre, the romanti­cism of the wilderness, or from an eco-critical perspective. The study of masculin­ity within modern Norrlandic literature, however, is largely overlooked, de­spite the undeniable stereotyping of Norrlandic males within other forms of media. This the­sis aims to solve this anomaly by providing insights into the creation processes of masculinity in three contemporary Norrlandic novels.

In the novels Smekmånader [Honeymoons, 2017] by Mikael Berglund, Solidärer [Solidarians, 2017] by Anna Jörgensdotter, and Silvervägen [The Silver Road, 2018] by Stina Jackson, the construct of Norrlandic masculinity is examined through close-reading. The questions of how Norrlandic masculinity is constructed is examined through a theoretical framework combining the hegemonic masculinity of R. W. Connell, the gender performativity and queer studies of Judith Butler, the frontstage and backstage perspective of Erving Goffman, and the creation of emotions of Sara Ahmed, in the reading of three contemporary novels following male protagonists—each seeing their identity challenged while on a journey far away from home.

Viktor of Honeymoons is constructed as a brave cry-baby or a highly sensitive person whose self is disintegrated in the absence of his wife Maija. He is furthermore constructed as a person offering emotional comfort, despite being deeply void of such comfort himself. Ingemar of Solidarians is constructed as a mummy’s boy or a dreamer who ends up as a martyr, who always requires the presence of a woman—his mother Eivor, Klara whom he is wooing, or Conxa whom he meets in the war in Spain—in order to advance from a mere lust to an actual event of action. His emotions are slightly supressed. Lelle of The Silver Road is constructed as an emotionally blunted vigilant or a nervous wreck, who readily succumbs to aggression and violence towards other men, in his lack of emotional cathexis to a physical person. He is struggling with his perceived failure in his role as a father, and is furthermore driven to action by his need of reconciling with his past. Nonetheless, none of the male protagonists exhibits a lasting hegemonic masculinity.

The study concludes that the analysed novels contribute to a new form of Norrlandic literature which challenges the traditional and stereotypical ideas of rural masculinity.

The student thesis Nationalism and Norrientalism: A Discourse Analysis of the Norrlandic Independence Debate of Late Summer 2016 and Beyond aims to examine the style and content of the recent secession debate in the Swedish and Norrlandic printed press.

From the late summer of 2016 to the beginning of 2017 the question of Norrlandic sovereignty was a prioritized topic in the legacy media debate, as well as in social media. It commenced after the Swedish government enterprise Vattenfall planned to relocate forty employment opportunities from Jokkmokk, raising the question of Norrlandic independence based on a post-colonialist view of the region. This thesis examines how the framing of Northern Sweden as a colony has been established, re-established or refuted in the different discourses of the printed debate, through a faceted lens composed of various theories of Orientalism and nationalism.

Rooted in the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, merged with the critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough, and leaning against media theories of inoculation and framing, the study takes aim at the myths, metaphors, articulations and antagonisms which constituted the polemics in the printed press of the period.

The results conclude that the debate revolved around independence, resources, and the myth regarding Norrland—often described as a barren landscape, marked by vast distances and a lack of social services. The term colony was used to describe Norrland as marginalised and robbed of its natural resources, whereas the term was met by opposition from the objecting side, who emphasised the historic and present representation of Norrlanders in high politics. The colonial identity was constituted in the press through internal Orientalism by Stockholm writers and self-Orientalisation by Norrlandic ones. The most distinct patterns of difference between the objecting side and the advocating side of independence was the determination of the real economic loser of a Norrlandic secession from Sweden.

Sweden’s most trusted news distributor, Sveriges Radio (Swedish Public Service radio broadcaster), has high ambitions with the journalism it broadcasts – especially when it comes to gender equality and diversity. This thesis examines how gender is constructed in Dagens Eko (Today’s Echo) to find if and how power structures are expressed language-wise. Queer theory is used to look at how gender is constructed and how one can look at, and question, gender and gender hierarchies. Intersectionality is used to find how different power structures work together, combined with theories about how journalism constructs truth. At the same time the thesis is also evaluating different choices of theories and methods, to find strengths and weaknesses for future research purposes. 

The analysis is based on materials from domestic news segments from Dagens Eko, consisting of one week’s broadcasts in January 2015. Critical linguistics is used as a method, with emphasis on Halliday’s functional grammar, as a part of Fairclough’s three-layer model. Through the eye of critical discourse analysis, this study shows that gender is constructed through language, more specifically via categorization and stereotyping. The thesis conducts that the use of so called cases, people who are in the news segments to give a more human perspective on the subject, is problematic because this is as also a way of efficiently constructing stereotypes. The thesis also concludes that while using statistics to present more equal representation in the news, this is not enough.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur identiteter skapas genom konsumtion och särskilt i relation till etisk konsumtion. Vi har genomfört 16 intervjuer för att samla material som vi sedan transkriberat och tematiskt analyserat. Frågorna vi har sökt svar på är hur människor resonerar kring konsumtion av ekologiska varor och varor som potentiellt innehåller konfliktmineraler.

Vi har kunnat se hur det hos alla våra informanter fanns en stark vilja att konsumera mer ekologiskt och etiskt. Att bland annat konsumera ekologiska varor för hälsoaspekten var ett återkommande argument. Vi har fått se samband mellan informanternas strävan efter etisk konsumtion och deras föreställningar om hur konsumtion påverkade deras närhet. Vi har även sett en diskrepans mellan identitetsskapande konsumtion gällande hälsoaspekten som låg till grund för konusmtion av ekologiska varor för och konsumtion kopplad till miljöaspekten av ekokonsumtion.

Nyckelord: Konfliktmineraler, etisk konsumtion, identitet, konsumtionsteori 

This study was focused to highlight the problems that comes with being a minority on a workplace, in this case female sports journalist who are working in a male dominated sports field. The objective was to find out how the female sports journalist was experiencing working in such a domain, with focus on journalists who works on local news papers. The study also wanted to look on how these workplaces incorporated gender in their daily work. 

      In combination with gender theory, with concepts as masculine hegemony and power structures, I also choose to apply the american researcher Rosabeth M Kanters concept ”token”. With these aspects in mind I analyzed the five interviews that I carried out with female sports journalist with a qualitative data analysis. 

          The results of the study showed that the female sports journalist in some aspects were aware of the difficulties of being a woman in a male dominated area – when they were talking about the profession at large. But on the other hand they were not as aware when it came to their own situation. Even though the gender problems that comes with being a woman in a patriarchal society, in combination with the minority-issue, the respondents did not express their situation in terms of problem, even though their stories of interview situations for example showed the opposite. 

            In conclusion, the study showed that even though the respondents really enjoyed their work, even though it was not always easy to cope with. But since their own interest in sports and the profession lead them there in the first place, the obstacles created in society like the minority role they were in or the fact that they are women in a patriarchal society, they kept working in the profession despite the resistance. 

AND – PHENOMENOLOGY OF THE END, FRANCO ‘BIFO’ BERARDI (2015) Semiotext(e), South Pasadena, 355 pp., ISBN-13, p/bk, 9781584351702, £12.47PHOTOGRAPHY AND ITS VIOLATIONS, JOHN ROBERTS (2014) New York: Columbia University Press, pp. 232, ISBN: 9780231168182, h/bk, £20.67ON PHOTOGRAPHY, WALTER BENJAMIN AND ESTHER LESLIE (ED. AND TRANS.) (2015) London: Reaktion Books, 160 pp., 31 Illustrations, ISBN: 9781780235257, p/bk, £14.95

Uppsatsen har som utgångspunkt ett stadsbyggnadsprojekt i Umeå kommun vid namn Tomtebo strand. Tomtebo strand ska vara ett socialt, ekonomiskt och ekologiskt föredöme. Ett sätt att nå det är genom delningsekonomitjänster. Delningsekonomi innebär att privatpersoner kan hyra, hyra ut, byta eller låna tillgångar och tjänster av varandra. Syftet med studien var därför att studera föreställningar om, erfarenheter av och reflektioner kring delningsekonomi. Studien baserades på en kvalitativ och en kvantitativ forskningsmetod i form av sju intervjuer och en webbaserad enkät. Studiens teoretiska referensram bestod av diskursteori för att fånga upp olika tankesammanhang om delningsekonomi. Resultatet visade att diskurserna handlade om ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala aspekter där den ekonomiska aspekten var dominerande. Resultatet visade också hur delning påverkar identitet och vice versa.

The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency (Naturvårdsverket) has overseen the implementation, evaluation and development of the environmental political decisions in Sweden since 1967. In 1999 one “generation goal” (the general direction of the environmental politics) and fifteen “environmental quality goals” was installed to guide their work, in 2005 a sixteenth goal was instated. These goals (except for one) are supposed to be met in 2020. This is a study from a communication perspective of these goals and The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency’s role based on the theoretical concepts issue arena, stakeholder thinking, network, translation and mass communication. The method used is critical discourse analysis which focuses on how we understand, relate to and value different aspects of reality. The way political goals about the environment are written has implications on our relationship with nature and how we choose to govern it. The analysis shows, in line with previous studies on environmental policy documents, that the economical and human-centred discourses dominate. Ecological metaphors and expressions are mostly allowed within the discourse ecological modernisation. What differs from previous studies is that the growth discourse and the neo-liberal discourse are somewhat challenged and that the economical and human-centred discourses are questioned in some cases. The main conclusions are that more ecological discourse should be implemented in the translations of the political goals to gradually change the way we value and relate to nature and thereby create solutions that are sustainable long term. The Swedish Environmental Protection Agency also should not back away from expressing the ethical responsibilities we have to restore and protect nature.

The purpose of this essay is to study the two cases ”The hijacking of a bus in Årdal” & ”The double murder in Ljungsbro” from media ethics aspects.  The aim for this study is to clear up if the the Swedish newspapers have reported according to the mediaethic rules and to see if there is any 

differences between the newspapers reporting. The following theories has been used to reach the objective: the journalism task, news values, the liberty of press and speach, media ethical rules and discursive discrimination. The study has used a critical discourse method formed by Teun a. van Dijk to analyse the material, mainly through macro- and microstructures. The material that has been analyzed are articles from Expressen, Aftonbladet, Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. From each happening, two articles per newspaper has been selected by a toss, which ended up with sixteen articles for the whole study. The result and analysis are introduced in packedges, contaning two articles per newspaper and are devided into the two different cases the study examines. 

The result indicate that Expressen and Aftonbladet has breached the media ethic rules in both cases when focusing on the one of the swedish victims in Årdal and also when reporting about the suspect murderer in Ljungsbro. The basic journalistic ideals and values has been ignored, for the interest of producing sensational news.

Almost everyone has used a guidebook, when travelling or in the armchair at home. But how and when was the guidebook born? In this book, seven scholars from various disciplines argue that the guidebook emerged in Rome in the late Middle Ages, to form a surprisingly consistent model for guidebooks up to our time. The descriptions of must-see monuments, recommended routes, practical information and value-laden instructions have guided travellers to Rome through more than 1000 years.

The purpose of this essay was to investigate how a functional and committed online community was established. We have analyzed a Facebook group named "On Edge - a community for girls who seeks adventures" to explore how On Edge is communicating to create dedication and identification amongst its members in their online community. The study has combined theories such as social identity theory, prosumption, participatory culture and mediatization theory. We have used a multimodal analysis to analyze the administrators and the members posts on Facebook, an online survey for On Edge’s members to answer and an interview with the founder of the community, Ebba Cronqvist. The result of the multimodal analysis showed that On Edge uses text and images to create a united language within the group that leads to dedication and identification to the community. The survey showed that most of the members felt a need of a place where adventurous women could meet other women who are alike. They help each other because of the friendly atmosphere and by the meaningful exchange of thoughts and minds. We also found that there are some fundamental forces that shapes On Edge to such a well working community: the group is driven by a strong “why”, and by using a language appropriate for the target group together with images, it creates a friendly atmosphere amongst the members in the group.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the voice in Elin Wägner’s novel Silverforsen (1924), Selma Lagerlöf’s Löwensköld trilogy (1925–1928) and Klara Johanson’s causeries in the feminist weekly newspaper Tidevarvet 1923–1924, in relation to women’s suffrage. Swedish women were finally granted the right to vote in 1921. The female political voice arroused high expectations of societal change: the female body was supposed to provide a female perspective on politics. However, the connection between the body and the voice was imagined differently by different theorists of emancipation. Therefore, in order to pinpoint the functions of the voice, the functions of corporeality need examination as well. The readings of the novels and causeries by Wägner, Lagerlöf and Johanson reveal striking discrepancies in the functions of the voice in relation to corporeality.

The examination of the functions of the voice includes an account of the genre, the mood and the narrator’s voice as well as the characters’ ability to speak and the workings of the voice in the societies established in Silverforsen, the Löwensköld trilogy and Johanson’s causeries. A central argument of the dissertation concerns Wägner’s, Lagerlöf’s and Johanson’s various constructions of identity. Identity proves to be of equal importance to legitimate political action. Though, while Wägner’s notion of identity is based primarily on sex and inspired by the voice of God, Lagerlöf complicates the criteria for identity, featuring nationality, family and social class as primary distinctions. Johanson, for her part, rejects the idea of a shared gender identity all together. She still emphasises the need for politics to voice identity, although identity in her account includes only one single person.

Contemporary theories on gender by Ellen Key, Mathilde Vaerting, Rosa Mayreder, Otto Weininger, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Alexandra Kollontay and Olive Schreiner form a context for the relations between voice, corporeality and emancipation developed by the novels and causeries. The readings of the literary texts are also, in their turn, intended to shed light on the theories of emancipation. This study proposes a new metatheoretical model instead of the heavily criticized distinction between essentialism and constructivism, by focusing the relation between corporeality and meaning, using the rhetorical tropes to analyse these relations. The tropological model may specify the body of the early twentieth century identity politics.

The main purpose of this quantitative and qualitative study A study in crime: about sexuality, ethnicity and mental illness has been to reveal the relation between how the evening newspaper Aftonbladet and the Internet forum Flashback forum represent two men who has been convicted for the murder of two underaged girls. Hence more than one sixth of the swedish population has a lot of confidence in this newspaper it has been important to see how mental illness, sexuality, masculinity and ethnicity is produced and therefore reproduced through its descriptions of these men.

The central theories which have been used to visualize the representation of masculinity, sexuality, ethnicity and mental illness is R.W. Conell´s theory of hegemonic masculinity, Judith Butler´s hetereosexual matrix, semiotics, media commodification and framing. In addition, previous studies in the media reporting of the convicted rapist ”Hagamannen” and the terrorist Anders Behring Breivik as well as theory of the ideal vicitim and therefore the ideal perpretator has been relevant.

The material consists of a number of articles about the resolution of the homicide of Lisa Holm in 2015 and Helén Nilsson in 2004 in which Nerijus Bilevicus and Ulf Olsson were condemned. Furthermore, comments on Flashback forum where the abovementioned cases have been discussed were analyzed. Denotation and connotation, the heterosexual matrix and the pressethical rules applied as methodological tools.

In the current media landscape of 2016 newpapers´ foremost competitors of the readers’ attention are the complimentary websites and Internet forums. The comparison indicated that the users of Flashback forum discussed similar subjects as Aftonbladet regarding the previous mentioned attributes. Also, we identified that the journal more frequentely violated the pressethical rules in the describtions of the perpetrator who suffered from mental illness and was both bisexual, transsexual and also a pedofile. However, the ethnicity of the second perpetrator appeared early in the reporting of the homicide.

The results of the study have shown that the mechanisms of the commodification of media were more substantial in 2004/2005, concerning the descriptions of the perpetrator. The journal in 2015/2016 does not seem to have delievered such information to satisfy the crowd in comparison to the comments on Flashback forum. This is in contrary to the admitted opinion by media scholars.

Rapport från ett nyligen avslutat forsknings- och samtalsprojekt: "Kod[ex]. Bokmediets omvandling".

Autofiktion är ett omdiskuterat genrebegrepp som fått ökad aktualitet i Sverige under de senaste decennierna genom en rad verk som positionerat sig på gränsen mellan verklighet och fiktion. Med denna uppsats vill jag lyfta fram tre av dessa verk, nämligen Karl Ove Knausgårds Min kamp (2009), Stig Larssons När det känns att det håller på ta slut (2012) och Marcus Birros Släng alla kartor (2012). Syftet är att undersöka texternas litterära tekniker och romantiska idéinnehåll för att urskilja en autofiktionens estetik. Det jag kommer fram till genom mina analyser är att texterna ger uttryck för en antilitterär estetik som styr läsaren mot en självbiografisk läsning. Detta åstadkommer författarna dels genom det självbiografiska anslaget och den strikta subjektiviteten, dels genom inslag av metareflektion och självkritik från berättarjagen som uppenbarar texten som en fortlöpande arbetsprocess. Författarna kringgår litterära konventioner genom ett öppet och tentativt skrivande som inte eftersträvar det formfulländade. De förhåller sig till det låga på ett skrivtekniskt plan genom inslag av talspråklighet och genom att ge illusionen av en konstlös komposition. Även innehållsligt får det låga utrymme i form av berättarjagens bekännelser vad gäller deras destruktiva karaktärsdrag eller tveksamma moraliska handlingar. Berättarjagens destruktiva läggning och deras tendens att framhålla konsten som överordnad livet visar på det romantiska arv som går att spåra i texternas idéinnehåll. I texterna framställs berättarjagen som begåvade men motarbetade outsiders, som bara kan närma sig livet genom att skriva det.

Hjalmar Söderberg är en svensk författare vars verk i allra högsta grad lever kvar i våra dagar, vilket visar sig i de mångtaliga omtolkningar på hans romaner som uppkommit under 2000-talet. Med detta arbete vill jag dels analysera Hjalmar Söderbergs mest uppmärksammande roman Doktor Glas (1905), dels utveckla en didaktisering av de sentida pastischer som sprungit ur verket och belysa pastischernas postmoderna tendenser.

Mitt syfte är också att undersöka hur dagens gymnasielärare ser på användandet av Hjalmar Söderbergs texter i sin undervisning. I arbetet intervjuar jag sex yrkesverksamma svensklärare som pekar på olika förtjänster med att använda sig av Söderbergs texter i elevsammanhang, däribland språket, stockholmsskildringen, de etiska och moraliska frågeställningarna som tas upp i texterna samt Söderbergs texter som förmedlare av ett svenskt kulturarv.

Därutöver har jag själv gått ut i skolan och provat min didaktisering av de sentida omtolkningarna av Söderbergs Doktor Glas med en elevgrupp. Eleverna har sedermera fått besvara en skriftlig uppgift om pastischerna samt en utvärderande enkät om hur de upplevde mitt lektionsmoment. Utifrån detta diskuterar jag hur och varför Söderbergs texter kan ha en plats i skolundervisningen samt vilka förtjänster det finns med att undervisa om postmodernistisk litteratur i skolan.

Resultatet från lärarintervjuerna och elevenkäterna för mitt resonemang in på hur vissa elever kan ha svårigheter att förstå äldre texter och forna tiders moralsyn, men också nyttan av att utmana sina egna perspektiv och sin egen tids tankesätt. Med min ansats om en postmodern litteraturdidaktik i åtanke diskuterar jag undervisningsformens problem, men också dess möjligheter: att utveckla en historisk förståelse för litteratur och att klargöra villkoren för konstnärligt skapande, vilket i förlängningen kan gagna den egna kreativiteten.

The aim of this study was to explore diabetes specialist nurses' (DSNs') perceptions of their professional role in diabetes care.

Exploratory interviews were used to elicit DSNs' perceptions of their professional role. Twenty-nine DSNs working in 23 primary health care centres in northern Sweden were interviewed in focus groups. Data were analysed using qualitative content analysis.

The DSNs described their profession as encompassing five major roles: ‘expert’, ‘fosterer’, ‘executive’, ‘leader’, and ‘role model’. Challenges interpreted as role ambiguities included feeling uninformed, fragmented, resigned, pressed for time, and self-reproachful.

The profession of DSN was interpreted as multifaceted, with various roles and role ambiguities. Patient-centred care and empowerment, which are recommended in diabetes care, can be difficult to achieve when DSNs experience role ambiguity.

Lack of clarity about role demands and difficulty in reconciling different roles may have a negative impact on DSNs' attitudes in clinical encounters and could inhibit patient-centred care. The development of the DSN profession requires improved awareness of the DSN's professional role in the clinical encounter, not only to improve the care of patients with diabetes, but also to retain these professionals.

Abstract

Title: ”A non smoking generation in social media – a semiotic analysis of how a anti-tobacco organisation strive for opinionmaking among youths”A non smoking generation is a swedish organisation that was founded 1979, with a purpose to the create a fashion in being ”a non smoker” among youths. In their launching campaigns they became well known for using popular swedish sportathletes and musicians of that time. Since then they have created severeal more strategies for creating a non smoking generation. The purpose of this study was to investigate how a anti-tobacco organisation like A non smoking generation tries to prevent adolecents from using tobacco in their campaigns on social media platforms like Twitter and Facebook. The theory that laid the foundation of the study was the process for how to create a community campaign with the purpose to make health commuication. Theories related to opinionmaking like framing, push and pull, viral spin, and health communication through social media were also used to answer the purpose. This study consists of three issues: How does A non smoking generation use sociala media in their opinion making? With what strategies do they strive to create opinion making? How important is a persons background for understanding the campaigns message?The methods that were used in this study was semiotic analysis in combination with a analysis with the chosen theories. The material in this study is solely digital pictures from two of the organisations campaigns launched in 2012.The results of this study analysis showed that A non smoking generation are using both humor and terror in their aim to create opinion. They are also using well known references from popular culture to get peoples attention.  Social media is used as a tool in hoping to create a viral spin.

Keywords: A non smoking generation, opinionmaking, health communication, semiotic analysis, social media, framing, push and pull

This study uses a text analysis and an interpretive approach to examine literatures function in three teaching materials for the subject Swedish in upper secondary school and the abilities that reading literature will develop. The analysis has been done on the primary texts, secondary texts and teaching primary texts to determine which readings that are rewarded, which subjectconceptions that occur and how the teaching materials legitimizes reading literature. The results showed that “the action-oriented reading” was rewarded which means that the reading is aimed at sorting out the course of action that is expressed explicitly in the text. It was not possible to derive only one subjectconception. You can see the tendency for everyone and their scope vary. Reading literature and its function legitimized evident in the material's preface with explicit references to the curriculum. The reading will lead to the understanding of the relationship between fiction and social development, writing, and be a tool to develop self-awareness and understanding of other people's experiences, thoughts and imaginary worlds.

Public relations is an important factor in an organisation's survival, it is essential in order to create and maintain excellent relationships with the public. Within an ever changing business environment, PR becomes increasingly important as the range of products and services in the market continues to grow and diversify. As the market grows, we see new marketing methods emerge to engage consumers at new levels. In 2013 the supermarket, Lidl, created a campaign built on guerrilla marketing. Lidl opened a luxury restaurant, hired a high profile chef and offered a very exclusive menu to its customers at a significantly cheaper price. As part of Lidl's campaign they then, three weeks later, facilitated by a TV commercial, revealed that all the food served in the restaurant came from Lidl.

The purpose of this study was to find out what the public opinion is in regards to guerrilla marketing based on the Lidl example. The study will also seek to highlight whether guerrilla marketing is of detriment to the public's trust of the PR industry as it does not always use methods which are deemed ethically correct. To carry out this study a qualitative method was chosen. Four focus group interviews, followed by a structured interview guide which consisted of a total of 16 volunteer participants. The focus groups were divided by the participant’s ages as the study also sought to examine whether there were differences and/or similarities between the generations attitude towards guerrilla marketing. 

The results of this study indicate that the respondents are in favour of guerrilla marketing because they think it is a fun and creative way for companies to market themselves. Despite the fact that Lidl’s campaign was built upon a lie, the respondents believe that the campaign is still ethically acceptable as its consequences do not hurt anyone. The respondents were in agreement that guerrilla marketing is not damaging to the credibility of the PR industry in the current situation. However, if companies frequently use guerrilla marketing as a method of marketing in the future, it could potentially damage the trust in the same way that the public has lost their trust in traditional advertising.

The conclusion of this study is that guerrilla marketing is a good method of marketing that generates instant attention of their target audience, however to create more sustainable relationships this method should be a part of a longer strategy.

The aim of this thesis is to determine how the debate about equality in the culture of video and computer games appears in different kind of web based media. And what underlying reasons may affect the outcome of the discourse. The theoretical perspectives used in this study is based on a gender perspective complemented with the concept of hegemony, myths and stereotypes. This examination is based on a critical discourse analysis and Fairclough’s three dimensional model of discourse, the material has been collected with a quantitative content analysis.

The result of the study shows that inequality in the culture of video and computer games is a big problem. The result is a study of constant repression against women, threats and harassment. The deduction of this study is that the patriarchy is the fundamental structure that has created the current culture of gaming. And as long as the patriarchy exsists, so will the inequality, not only in society, but in the ever growing culture of video and computer games.

On the first of October 2012 the media reported that the women in the Ikea catalogue

had been airbrushed in the Saudi edition. Initially the blame was put on either the

Saudi government the Islamic culture or the Saudi franchise. In the end it was

revealed that the Swedish company Inter Ikea Systems had the full responsibility for

Ikeas actions and therefore was the culprit behind the airbrushing. On whose

initiative or why the airbrushing was done the media never found out. These are

answers only Ikea has, although they remain unresponsive to these questions

throughout the news portrayal.

This study methodology uses a qualitative content analysis as framework to further

investigate the news media with support of theoretical perspectives such as media

theory, power relations and cultural differences. Other theoretical themes included in

this case study are gender, hegemony and discourse analysis.

This study therefore investigates how the presentation of news shape and frame news

in the way that they do from the basis of cultural values and power relations. The

study shows that the perspectives we have of other cultures in some way are

preconceptions that is shaped by the media and society. Furthermore the news media

demonstrate within this discourse that discrimination and inequalities are a portrayal

that is easy to apply on others but difficult to criticize within our own culture. With

that said, the construction of the news portrayal and the concept of power relations

will always be dependent on context and cultural values, therefore the news media

portrayal will remain a complex subject.