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• 201.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Flames with Realistic Thermal Expansion in a Time-Dependent Turbulent Flow2005In: Combustion, Explosion and Shock Waves, Vol. 41, p. 363-Article in journal (Refereed)
• 202.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Velocity of weakly turbulent flames of finite thickness2005In: Combustion theory and modelling, ISSN 1364-7830, E-ISSN 1741-3559, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 323-351Article in journal (Refereed)

The velocity increase of a weakly turbulent flame of finite thickness is investigated using analytical theory developed in previous papers. The obtained velocity increase depends on the flow parameters: on the turbulent intensity, on the turbulent spectrum and on the characteristic length scale. It also depends on the thermal and chemical properties of the burning matter: thermal expansion, the Markstein number and the temperature dependence of transport coefficients. It is shown that the influence of the finite flame thickness is especially strong close to the resonance point, when the wavelength of the turbulent harmonic is equal to the cut off wavelength of the Darrieus-Landau instability. The velocity increase is almost independent of the Prandtl number. On the contrary, the Markstein number is one of the most important parameters controlling the velocity increase. The relative role of the external turbulence and the Darrieus-Landau instability for the velocity increase is studied for different parameters of the flow and the burning matter. The velocity increase for turbulent flames in methane and propane fuel mixtures is calculated for different values of the equivalence ratio. The present theoretical results are compared with previous experiments on turbulent flames. In order to perform the comparison, the theoretical results of the present paper are extrapolated to the case of a strongly corrugated flame front using the ideas of self-similar flame dynamics. The obtained theoretical results are in a reasonable agreement with the experimental data, taking into account the uncertainties of both the theory and the experiments. It is shown that in many experiments on turbulent flames the Darrieus-Landau instability is more important for the flame velocity than the external turbulence.

• 203.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Flow-flame interaction in a closed chamber2008In: Physics of fluids, ISSN 1070-6631, E-ISSN 1089-7666, Vol. 20, no 5, p. 055107-055121Article in journal (Refereed)

Numerous studies of flame interaction with a single vortex andrecent simulations of burning in vortex arrays in open tubesdemonstrated the same tendency for the turbulent burning rate$\propto U_{rms}\lambda^{2/3}$, where  $U_{rms}$ is theroot-mean-square velocity and $\lambda$ is the vortex size. Here itis demonstrated that this tendency is not universal for turbulentburning. Flame interaction with vortex arrays is investigated forthe geometry of a closed burning chamber using direct numericalsimulations of the complete set of gas-dynamic combustion equations.Various initial conditions in the chamber are considered, includinggas at rest and several systems of vortices of different intensitiesand sizes. It is found that the burning rate in a closed chamber(inverse burning time) depends strongly on the vortex intensity; atsufficiently high intensities it increases with $U_{rms}$approximately linearly in agreement with the above tendency. On thecontrary, dependence of the burning rate on the vortex size isnon-monotonic and qualitatively different from the law$\lambda^{2/3}$. It is shown that there is an optimal vortex size ina closed chamber, which provides the fastest total burning rate. Inthe present work the optimal size is 6 times smaller than thechamber height.

• 204.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Numerical Study of Turbulent Flame Velocity2007In: Combustion and Flame, ISSN 0010-2180, Vol. 151, no 3, p. 452-471Article in journal (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
• 205.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Accelerating flames in cylindrical tubes with nonslip at the walls2006In: Combustion and Flame, ISSN 0010-2180, E-ISSN 1556-2921, Vol. 145, no 1-2, p. 206-219Article in journal (Refereed)

An analytical theory of flame acceleration in cylindrical tubes with one end closed is developed. It is shown that all realistic flames with a large density drop at the front accelerate exponentially because of the nonslip at the tube walls. Such acceleration mechanism is not limited in time and, eventually, it may lead to detonation triggering. It is found that the acceleration rate decreases with the Reynolds number of the flow. On the contrary, the acceleration rate grows with the thermal expansion of the burning matter. It is shown that the flame shape and the velocity profile remain self-similar during the flame acceleration. The theory is validated by extensive direct numerical simulations. The simulations are performed for the complete set of combustion and hydrodynamic equations including thermal conduction, diffusion, viscosity, and chemical kinetics. The simulation results are in very good agreement with the analytical theory.

• 206.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Physics.
Flame oscillations in tubes with nonslip at the walls2006In: Combustion and Flame, ISSN 0010-2180, E-ISSN 1556-2921, Vol. 145, no 4, p. 675-687Article in journal (Refereed)

A laminar premixed flame front propagating in a two-dimensional tube is considered with nonslip at the walls and with both ends open. The problem of flame propagation is solved using direct numerical simulations of the complete set of hydrodynamic equations including thermal conduction, diffusion, viscosity, and chemical kinetics. As a result, it is shown that flame interaction with the walls leads to the oscillating regime of burning. The oscillations involve variations of the curved flame shape and the velocity of flame propagation. The oscillation parameters depend on the characteristic tube width, which controls the Reynolds number of the flow. In narrow tubes the oscillations are rather weak, while in wider tubes they become stronger with well-pronounced nonlinear effects. The period of oscillations increases for wider tubes, while the average flame length scaled by the tube diameter decreases only slightly with increasing tube width. The average flame length calculated in the present work is in agreement with that obtained in the experiments. Numerical results reduce the gap between the theory of turbulent flames and the experiments on turbulent combustion in tubes.

• 207.
Nuclear Safety Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences B. Tulskaya 52, 115191 Moscow, Russia.
Department of Physics and Power Engineering, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 141700 Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, Russia. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Turbulent flow produced by Piston Motion in a Spark-ignition engine2009In: Flow Turbulence and Combustion, ISSN 1386-6184, E-ISSN 1573-1987, Vol. 82, no 3, p. 317-337Article in journal (Refereed)

Turbulence produced by the piston motion in spark-ignition engines is studied by 2D axisymmetric numerical simulations in the cylindrical geometry as in the theoretical and experimental work by Breuer et al (Flow Turb. Combust. 74 (2005) 145, Ref. [1]). The simulations are based on the Navier-Stokes gas-dynamic equations including viscosity, thermal conduction and non-slip at the walls. Piston motion is taken into account as a boundary condition. The turbulent flow is investigated for a wide range of the engine speed, 1000-4000 rpm, assuming both zero and non-zero initial turbulence. The turbulent rms-velocity and the integral length scale are investigated in axial and radial directions. The rms-turbulent velocity is typically an order-of-magnitude smaller than the piston speed. In the case of zero initial turbulence, the flow at the top-dead-center may be described as a combination of two large-scale vortex rings of a size determined by the engine geometry. When initial turbulence is strong, then the integral turbulent length demonstrates self-similar properties in a large range of crank angles. The results obtained agree with the experimental observations of [1].

• 208.
Princeton University.
Princeton University. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Self-similar accelerative propagation of expanding wrinkled flames and explosion triggering2011In: Physical Review E, Statistical, nonlinear and soft matter physics, ISSN 1539-3755 (print), 1550-2376 (online), Vol. 83, p. 026305-Article in journal (Refereed)

﻿The formulation of Taylor on the self-similar propagation of an expanding spherical piston with constant velocity was extended to an instability-wrinkled deflagration front undergoing acceleration with RF∝tα, where RF is the instantaneous flame radius, t the time, and α a constant exponent. The formulation describes radial compression waves pushed by the front, trajectories of gas particles, and the explosion condition in the gas upstream of the front. The instant and position of explosion are determined for a given reaction mechanism. For a step-function induction time, analytic formulas for the explosion time and position are derived, showing their dependence on the reaction and flow parameters including thermal expansion, specific heat ratio, and acceleration of the front.﻿

• 209.
Princeton University.
Princeton University. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics. CTH.
Analysis of flame acceleration induced by wall friction in open tubes2010In: Physics of fluids, ISSN 1070-6631, E-ISSN 1089-7666, Vol. 22, p. 053606-Article in journal (Refereed)

Spontaneous flame acceleration leading to explosion triggering in open tubes/channels due to wall friction was analytically and computationally studied. It was first demonstrated that the acceleration is affected when the thermal expansion across the flame exceeds a critical value depending on the combustion configuration. For the axisymmetric flame propagation in cylindrical tubes with both ends open, a theory of the initial (exponential) stage of flame acceleration in the quasi-isobaric limit was developed and substantiated by extensive numerical simulation of the hydrodynamics and combustion with an Arrhenius reaction. The dynamics of the flame shape, velocity, and acceleration rate, as well as the velocity profile ahead and behind the flame, have been determined.

• 210.
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States .
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
Effect of gas compression on flame acceleration in obstructed cylindrical tubes2016Conference paper (Other academic)

The role of gas compression on the process of extremely fast flame acceleration in obstructed cylindrical tubes is studied analytically and validated by computational simulations. The acceleration leading to a deflagration-to-detonation transition is associated with a powerful jet-flow produced by delayed combustion in spaces between the obstacles. This acceleration mechanism is Reynolds-independent and conceptually laminar, with turbulence playing only a supplementary role. In this particular work, the incompressible formulation [Combust. Flame 157 (2010) 1012], Ref. 15 is extended to account for small but finite initial Mach number up to the first-order terms. While flames accelerate exponentially during the initial stage of propagation, when the compressibility is negligible, with continuous increase in the flame velocity with respect to the tube wall, the flame-generated compression waves subsequently moderate the acceleration process by affecting the flame shape and velocity, as well as the flow driven by the flame. It is demonstrated that the moderation effect is substantial, and as soon as gas compression is relatively small, the present theory is in good quantitative agreement with the computational simulations. The limitations of the incompressible theory are thereby underlined, and a critical blockage ratio for with this acceleration mechanism can be evaluated.

• 211.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Institute of Design.
The relationship between industrial design and interaction design in product development activities2012In: Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) International Conference, Austin, TX, USA, May 5-10, 2012 (on DVD), Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
• 212.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Institute of Design.
Istanbul Technical University.
The role of interaction design in information and communication technologies embedded product development activities2010Conference paper (Refereed)
• 213.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Institute of Design.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Institute of Design.
Yours or mine?: Role sharing between industrial design and interaction design2012In: Design Research Society (DRS) International Conference, Bangkok, Thailand, July 1-5, 2012, 2012Conference paper (Refereed)
• 214.
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS).
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Science and Technology). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular Biology (Faculty of Medicine). Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS).
Translocation of surface-localized effectors in type III secretion2011In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, ISSN 0027-8424, E-ISSN 1091-6490, Vol. 108, no 4, p. 1639-1644Article in journal (Refereed)

Pathogenic Yersinia species suppress the host immune response by using a plasmid-encoded type III secretion system (T3SS) to translocate virulence proteins into the cytosol of the target cells. T3SS-dependent protein translocation is believed to occur in one step from the bacterial cytosol to the target-cell cytoplasm through a conduit created by the T3SS upon target cell contact. Here, we report that T3SS substrates on the surface of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis are translocated into target cells. Upon host cell contact, purified YopH coated on Y. pseudotuberculosis was specifically and rapidly translocated across the target-cell membrane, which led to a physiological response in the infected cell. In addition, translocation of externally added YopH required a functional T3SS and a specific translocation domain in the effector protein. Efficient, T3SS-dependent translocation of purified YopH added in vitro was also observed when using coated Salmonella typhimurium strains, which implies that T3SS-mediated translocation of extracellular effector proteins is conserved among T3SS-dependent pathogens. Our results demonstrate that polarized T3SS-dependent translocation of proteins can be achieved through an intermediate extracellular step that can be reconstituted in vitro. These results indicate that translocation can occur by a different mechanism from the assumed single-step conduit model.

• 215.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Hur upplever landstingsanställda farmaceuter i VästraGötalandsregionen sin yrkesroll?2015Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
• 216.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Legemiddelbruk hos eldre på sykehjem: Identifisering av potensielt uhensiktsmessige legemidler utfra NORGEP-NH kriteriene hos pasienter boende på sykehjem i to norske kommuner2016Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
• 217. Aksenova, N.A.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Structure studies of C60 polymerized at low pressures1997In: Fullerenes: Recent Advances in the Chemistry and Physics of Fullerenes and Related Materials, vol. 5, Pennington, NJ: The Electrochemical Society , 1997, p. 687-694Conference paper (Refereed)

The structure and lattice properties of a polymerized C60 sample were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction over the range from liquid-nitrogen to room temperature. The aim of these studies was to establish the effect of low-pressure compression (up to 1.1 GPa) on the phase composition of the sample, to determine the structure of the phases involved, to obtain the variation of the lattice parameters with temperature, to observe eventual phase transformation in polymerized C60, and to elucidate the evolution of the orientational order with varying temperature. Analysis of the room-temperature diffraction patterns indicates that the sample contained at least two major phases, namely rhombohedral and and tetragonal with the polymerization array close to two-dimensional. Our data obtained on samples annealed at 300 C in the air allow us to conclude that polymerized C60 converts to a mixture of the fcc structure plus a new phase, presumably C60O.

• 218. Aksmann, Anna
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology.
The mechanism of anthracene interaction with photosynthetic apparatus: A study using intact cells, thylakoid membranes and PS II complexes isolated from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii2011In: Aquatic Toxicology, ISSN 0166-445X, E-ISSN 1879-1514, Vol. 104, no 3-4, p. 205-210Article in journal (Refereed)

Intact cells of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii as well as isolated thylakoid membranes and photosystem II complexes were used to examine a possible mechanism of anthracene (ANT) interaction with the photosynthetic apparatus. Since ANT concentrations above 1 mM were required to significantly inhibit the rate of oxygen evolution in PS II membrane fragments it may indicate that the toxicant did not directly interact with this photosystem. On the other hand, stimulation of oxygen uptake by ANT-treated thylakoids suggested that ANT could either act as an artificial electron acceptor in the photosynthetic electron transport chain or function as an uncoupler. Electron transfer from excited chlorophyll to ANT is impossible due to the very low reduction potential of ANT and therefore we propose that toxic concentrations of ANT increase the thylakoid membrane permeability and thereby function as an uncoupler, enhancing electron transport in vitro. Hence, its unspecific interference with photosynthetic membranes in vitro suggests that the inhibitory effect observed on intact cell photosynthesis is caused by uncoupling of phosphorylation.

• 219.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
Rörelseanalyssystem2014Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 180 HE creditsStudent thesis

Idag ses ett ökat intresse för användandet av rörelseanalys inom olika sammanhang t.ex. övervakning, dataspel och diagnostisk undersökning av personers rörelsemönster med mera. Optisk rörelseanalys är den teknik som finns mest idag, men de systemen är dyra och saknar lämplig mjukvara för klinisk användning.

En forskargrupp vid centrum för medicinsk teknik och strålningsfysik (CMTS) forskning och utvecklings avdelning (MT-FoU) vid Norrlands universitetssjukhus har sedan 2007 jobbat med en produktidé som bygger på att skapa ett nytt mobilt system för rörelseanalys som kan användas i medicinska undersökningar. Ett Arduino pro mini kort samt ett 9-axligt prototypkort som består av MPU-6000 och en magnetometer HMC5883L är anskaffat för att tillverka ett system i detta syfte.

Syftet med projektet har varit att skapa ett verktyg som kan samla in rörelsemönster för att sedan presentera resultatet i ett diagram. Systemet skulle kunna samla in data från en sensor som inkluderar en 3D-accelerometer ett 3D-gyroskop och en 3D magnetometer för att därefter skicka det vidare till en dator där mätdata presenteras visuellt och sparas undan i en textfil.

En viktig detalj att ta hänsyn till vid konstruktionen av det nya systemet var att konstruktionen gjordes med hjälp av billiga standardkomponenter och kretskort. Projektet har genomförts och några testmätningar har gjorts. Ett resultat sparades undan i en textfil och ett diagram har tagits fram som beskriver ett lårs rörelsemönster vid normal gång.

• 220.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Evaluation of the separation capacity of different GC columns for tetra- to octachlorinated PCDD/Fs2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
• 221.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
The Thing about gaming experience2013Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis

Despite the increasing popularity in the academic and practical fields of digital gaming, little has been explored and documented about gaming experience, especially firsthand account. This study uses Bruno Latour’s concept of the Thing while investigating digital gaming experience from frequent gamers’ standpoint using focus groups methodology. Additionally in-depth interviews were conducted with developers in order to gain a business perspective on the status of digital games development with regard to gamers. From the findings, Reality, Game, and Player were identified as agencies and their associations with the experiences of the gamers were gathered in making the Thing about gaming experience a matter of concern providing new meanings and further understandings of the abstract sets of experiences.

• 222.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
School of Computer Science & Communication, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.
Template-based Search: A Tool for Scene Analysis2016In: 12th IEEE International Colloquium on Signal Processing & its Applications (CSPA): Proceeding, IEEE, 2016, article id 7515772Conference paper (Refereed)

This paper proposes a simple and yet effective technique for shape-based scene analysis, in which detection and/or tracking of specific objects or structures in the image is desirable. The idea is based on using predefined binary templates of the structures to be located in the image. The template is matched to contours in a given edge image to locate the designated entity. These templates are allowed to deform in order to deal with variations in the structure's shape and size. Deformation is achieved by dividing the template into segments. The dynamic programming search algorithm is used to accomplish the matching process, achieving very robust results in cluttered and noisy scenes in the applications presented.

• 223. Ala-aho, P.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
Permafrost and lakes control river isotope composition across a boreal Arctic transect in the Western Siberian lowlands2018In: Environmental Research Letters, ISSN 1748-9326, E-ISSN 1748-9326, Vol. 13, no 3, p. =20-=20, article id 034028Article in journal (Refereed)

The Western Siberian Lowlands (WSL) store large quantities of organic carbon that will be exposed and mobilized by the thawing of permafrost. The fate of mobilized carbon, however, is not well understood, partly because of inadequate knowledge of hydrological controls in the region which has a vast low-relief surface area, extensive lake and wetland coverage and gradually increasing permafrost influence. We used stable water isotopes to improve our understanding of dominant landscape controls on the hydrology of the WSL. We sampled rivers along a 1700 km South-North transect from permafrost-free to continuous permafrost repeatedly over three years, and derived isotope proxies for catchment hydrological responsiveness and connectivity. We found correlations between the isotope proxies and catchment characteristics, suggesting that lakes and wetlands are intimately connected to rivers, and that permafrost increases the responsiveness of the catchment to rainfall and snowmelt events, reducing catchment mean transit times. Our work provides rare isotope-based field evidence that permafrost and lakes/wetlands influence hydrological pathways across a wide range of spatial scales (10-105 km2) and permafrost coverage (0%-70%). This has important implications, because both permafrost extent and lake/wetland coverage are affected by permafrost thaw in the changing climate. Changes in these hydrological landscape controls are likely to alter carbon export and emission via inland waters, which may be of global significance.

• 224. Ala-aho, P.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
Using stable isotopes to assess surface water source dynamics and hydrological connectivity in a high-latitude wetland and permafrost influenced landscape2018In: Journal of Hydrology, ISSN 0022-1694, E-ISSN 1879-2707, Vol. 556, p. 279-293Article in journal (Refereed)

Climate change is expected to alter hydrological and biogeochemical processes in high-latitude inland waters. A critical question for understanding contemporary and future responses to environmental change is how the spatio-temporal dynamics of runoff generation processes will be affected. We sampled stable water isotopes in soils, lakes and rivers on an unprecedented spatio-temporal scale along a 1700 km transect over three years in the Western Siberia Lowlands. Our findings suggest that snowmelt mixes with, and displaces, large volumes of water stored in the organic soils and lakes to generate runoff during the thaw season. Furthermore, we saw a persistent hydrological connection between water bodies and the landscape across permafrost regions. Our findings help to bridge the understanding between small and large scale hydrological studies in high-latitude systems. These isotope data provide a means to conceptualise hydrological connectivity in permafrost and wetland influenced regions, which is needed for an improved understanding of future biogeochemical changes.

Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Cluster size distributions in gas jets for different nozzle geometries2017In: Journal of Instrumentation, ISSN 1748-0221, E-ISSN 1748-0221, Vol. 12, article id C06020Article in journal (Refereed)

Cluster size distributions were investigated in case of different nozzle geometries in argon and xenon using Rayleigh scattering diagnostics. Different nozzle geometries result in different behaviour, therefore both spatial- and temporal cluster size distributions were studied to obtain a well-characterized cluster target. It is shown that the generally used Hagena scaling can result in a significant deviation from the observed data and the behaviour cannot be described by a single material condensation parameter. The results along with the nanoplasma model applied to the data of previous high harmonic generation experiments allow the independent measurement of cluster size and cluster density.

• 226. Alagna, F.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC). Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology.
The Paradox of Self-Fertile Varieties in the Context of Self-Incompatible Genotypes in Olive2019In: Frontiers in Plant Science, ISSN 1664-462X, E-ISSN 1664-462X, Vol. 10, article id 725Article, review/survey (Refereed)

Olive, representing one of the most important fruit crops of the Mediterranean area, is characterized by a general low fruit yield, due to numerous constraints, including alternate bearing, low flower viability, male-sterility, inter-incompatibility, and self-incompatibility (SI). Early efforts to clarify the genetic control of SI in olive gave conflicting results, and only recently, the genetic control of SI has been disclosed, revealing that olive possesses an unconventional homomorphic sporophytic diallelic system of SI, dissimilar from other described plants. This system, characterized by the presence of two SI groups, prevents self-fertilization and regulates inter-compatibility between cultivars, such that cultivars bearing the same incompatibility group are incompatible. Despite the presence of a functional SI, some varieties, in particular conditions, are able to set seeds following self-fertilization, a mechanism known as pseudo-self-compatibility (PSC), as widely reported in previous literature. Here, we summarize the results of previous works on SI in olive, particularly focusing on the occurrence of self-fertility, and offer a new perspective in view of the recent elucidation of the genetic architecture of the SI system in olive. Recent advances in research aimed at unraveling the molecular bases of SI and its breakdown in olive are also presented. The clarification of these mechanisms may have a huge impact on orchard management and will provide fundamental information for the future of olive breeding programs.

• 227.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics.
A Comparison of Tests for Ordered Alternatives With Application in Medicine1997Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis

A situation frequently encountered in medical studies is the comparison of several treatments with a control. The problem is to determine whether or not a test drug has a desirable medical effect and/or to identify the minimum effective dose. In this Bachelor’s thesis, some of the methods used for testing hypotheses of ordered alternatives are reviewed and compared with respect to the power of the tests. Examples of multiple comparison procedures, maximum likelihood procedures, rank tests and different types of contrasts are presented and the properties of the methods are explored.

Depending on the degree of knowledge about the dose-responses, the aim of the study, whether the test is parametric or non-parametric and distribution-free or not, different recommendations are given which of the tests should be used. Thus, there is no single test which can be applied in all experimental situations for testing all different alternative hypotheses.

• 228.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Applied Physics and Electronics.
Framtidsmöjligheter med 5G mobilnät2014Independent thesis Basic level (university diploma), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis

This report introduces various mobile network technologies, 1G to 5G. Focus is on the future 5G mobile networks, how it works and what opportunities will come with it. The report also covers the base stations that will be used in the future mobile network, with a brief description of the terminal in 5G network and the services that will be available with it. The protocol stack in 5G network is also covered. Moreover the report presents the Wi-Fi 802.11u standard that will be a part of the future mobile network. We can also read about how the 5G network will solve certain problems that are related to today's networks technologies. Finally, the report describes different access technologies that are used in the telecommunications systems.

• 229.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Fabrication of surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) active substrates based on vertically aligned nitrogen doped carbon nanotube forest2015Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis

This thesis work describes the fabrication and surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) characterization of vertically aligned nitrogen (N) doped multi walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) forests coated by silver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles. In the present work, the CNT forests were grown from a catalyst metal layer by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process at temperature of 800 oC and a physical vapor deposition (PVD) and annealing processes were applied subsequently for the evaporation and diffusion of noble metal nanoparticles on the forest.

Transistor patterning of 20, 50 and 100 μm were made onto the silicon-oxide (SiO2) wafers through the photolithography process with and without depositing a thickness of 10 nm titanium (Ti) buffer layer on the Si-surfaces. Iron (Fe) and cobalt (Co) were used together to deposite a thickness of 5 nm catalyst layer onto the Single Side Polished (SSP) wafers. As carbon and nitrogen precursor for the CNT growth was used pyridine. Two different treatment times (20 and 60 minutes) in the CVD process determined the CNT forest height. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) imaging was employed to characterize the CNT forest properties and Ag and Au nanoparticle distribution along the CNT walls.

The existence of “hot spots” created by the Ag and Au nanoparticles through the surface roughness and plasmonic properties was demonstrated by the SERS measurements. Accordingly, the peak intensity at wave number of 1076 cm-1 was picked up from each SERS spectra to establish the Ag- and Au-trend curves with different concentrations of 4-ATP solution. The SERS mapping was also carried out to study the Ag- and Au-coated CNT surface homogeneity and “hot spots” distribution on the CNT surface. The SERS enhancement factors (EF) were calculated by applying an analyte solution of ethanolic 4-ATP on the CNT surface. The calculated values of EF from Ag- and Au-coated CNT forests were 9×106 and 2.7×105 respectively.

• 230.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Fluorescence Studies of Lipid Distribution in Bilayers under Oxidative Stress2019In: Biophysical Journal, ISSN 0006-3495, E-ISSN 1542-0086, Vol. 116, no 3, p. 508A-508AArticle in journal (Other academic)
• 231. Al-Anati, Lauy
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Hydroxyl metabolite of PCB 180 induces DNA damage signaling and enhances the DNA damaging effect of benzo[a]pyrene2015In: Chemico-Biological Interactions, ISSN 0009-2797, E-ISSN 1872-7786, Vol. 239, p. 164-173Article in journal (Refereed)

Non-dioxin-like (NDL) polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their hydroxyl metabolites (OH-PCBs) are ubiquitous environmental contaminants in human tissues and blood. The toxicological impact of these metabolites is poorly understood. In this study rats were exposed to ultrapure PCB180 (10-1000 mg/kg bw) for 28 days and induction of genotoxic stress in liver was investigated. DNA damage signaling proteins (pChk1Ser317 and gamma H2AXSer319) were increased dose dependently in female rats. This increase was paralleled by increasing levels of the metabolite 3'-OH-PCB180. pChk1 was the most sensitive marker. In in vitro studies HepG2 cells were exposed to 1 mu M of PCB180 and 3'-OH-PCB180 or the positive control benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, 5 mu M). 3'-OH-PCB180, but not PCB180, induced CYP1A1 mRNA and gamma H2AX. CYP1A1 mRNA induction was seen at 1 h, and gamma H2AX at 3 h. The anti-oxidant N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine (NAC) completely prevented, and 17 beta-estradiol amplified the gamma H2AX induction by 3'-OH-PCB180. As 3'-OH-PCB180 induced CYP1A1, a major BaP-metabolizing and activating enzyme, interactions between 3'-OH-PCB180 and BaP was also studied. The metabolite amplified the DNA damage signaling response to BaP. In conclusion, metabolism of PCB180 to its hydroxyl metabolite and the subsequent induction of CYP1A1 seem important for DNA damage induced by PCB180 in vivo. Amplification of the response with estradiol may explain why DNA damage was only seen in female rats.

• 232.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
Soil geochemical mapping of manganese in Norrbotten: Delineation of the spatial and statistical distribution of manganese and correlated elements in glacial tills2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis

Information from soil geochemical mapping programmes is useful within a number of different fields including for example mineral exploration and environmental research. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the relationship between soil metal concentrations and geological factors such as bedrock lithology, structural geology, mineralizations etc. The study used data acquired in association with a nationwide soil geochemical mapping programme conducted by the Geological Survey of Sweden, SGU. These data contained both total element concentrations measured via X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and acid leached concentrations measured with plasma technique. Basic statistical compilations were made, including classification of element concentrations into percentiles according to SGU standards, calculation of leachability and correlation analyses. Spatial analyses were also done, using GIS-software. The results showed that all investigated elements except zinc had elevated median values for total concentrations in the project area compared to the natural median values. The strongest correlation for total element concentrations was that between iron and cobalt with Spearman ρ=0.88. Furthermore, the results of this study indicated that sampling sites superimposing volcanic rocks contained the highest total concentrations of manganese. The results also suggested that manganese content increased with increasing age of the underlying bedrock. The highest median concentration of 0.80 g/kg was found in Archean rocks. Known mineralizations were often reflected in the form of positive element anomalies in the till geochemistry. The obtained results were also consistent with the average composition of the bedrock. No clear connections with any of the other investigated geological factors could be made.

• 233.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Computing Science.
Cell-phone Travel Planner GUI for SpaceTime2010Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis

Global positioning systems have been having an increasing interest recently and been integrated and used in many applications to service positioning, navigation and travel planning. This project has set to design and test an interface of a travel planner for cell phones. A pre-study was made to investigate other travel planners to help the design of this application that has targeted a user friendly interface that people can use regardless of their background. A special feature, carpooling, has been introduced to ease the environmental, economical, and social aspects of navigation. The test was done as walk-through mockup images case scenarios. The test subjects were pleased with the interface’s friendliness, invoked carpooling issues, presented contradictory opinions regarding the interface's design, and offered future integration with other applications suggestions all of which were discussed. Overall, the test results were positive and few problems with the overall design were identified. A future study with more participants and a deeper analysis of the interface would be one way to further investigate the proposed interface.

• 234.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Mathematics Education.
Lusten till matematik och vägen dit: En studie om hur lärare arbetar med matematik och motivation på lågstadiet2016Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis

Motivation promotes learning and a lack of motivation is a problem in school. According to research, students easily distance themselves to mathematics if teaching is monotone. Research also shows that teachers possess a great potential to influence the motivation of their pupils. The first aim of my study is to investigate teachers’ opinions about motivation in mathematics and how they plan and implement these thoughts in the classroom. Another is to find out what the teachers think about the physical classroom environment and its design when learning mathematics. To get an as expanded knowledge as possible, I have used interviews, observations and pupil questionnaires. The result of my study showed that the three teachers all used the pupils’ workbooks as a framework when planning, but they used it in various extents in their teaching. Attitudes among the pupils to their mathematic lessons and to the subject differed, but one class was much more positive then the others - this study shows some of the contributing factors regarding to that fact.

• 235.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Läkemedelsbehandling hos för tidigt födda barn: Läkemedelsbehandling och biverkningar hos barn med lungproblem2013Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
• 236.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Små molekyler från bakterier i kampen mot antibiotikaresistens: Marina aktinomyceter som en lovande källa mot multiläkemedelsresistent Staphylococcus aureus2013Independent thesis Basic level (professional degree), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
• 237.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
Exploratory statistical study of long-term variability in echocardiographic indices (echocardiovariability) in healthy and diseased1987Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis

Heart rate variability, HRV, has been well researched for some decades. The oscillations of the heart rate is studied over a time period of some minutes up to 24 hours, it is measured with electrocardiography, ECG. From this one has concluded that the heart rate signal oscillates in accordance with the respiration, the resistance in the vessels etc.

The most frequently used examination method of the heart is done with ultrasound, called echocardiography. One interesting variable at a time is measured and it is measured for a single heartbeat. With inspiration ofthe HRV studies this project focuses on some of the variables measured with ultrasound but over time andsimultaneously. The variables of interest are the myocardial motion and the blood flow in the left part ofthe heart, they are measured over two minutes. To complement these variables the well known variables HRand Resp are measured with ECG and added to the analysis.

The methods used for analysing the variables are first of all descriptive statistics like mean and standard deviation. Secondly spectral analysis is performed to investigate in which frequencies the variables oscillates. Through coherence this is compared with the spectrum for HR where the three peaks have known origin. Finally principal component analysis, PCA, is performed as a method to compare all variables at the same time.

The analyses are performed on seven measurements from five (5) healthy persons and five measurementsfrom four (4) patients with the disease FAP (“Skelleftesjukan”). The variables are investigated and described for the healthy persons first, then the healthy persons and patients are compared.

The result from the study shows that most of the echo-variables oscillate in accordance with the respirationand the heart rate. For a healthy person the oscillations are within normal values and the relative deviation isaround 10%. The patients with FAP are most affected in the variables connected to the myocardium apartfrom HR, which is known since before.

The coherence between the echo-variables and HR is low in one of VLF, very low frequency, or LF, lowfrequency, region and high in the other. In HF, high frequency, region the coherence is high for all variables.

Finally the PCA was conducted on measurements from all healthy persons as one data set, from one ofthe healthy persons and from one of the patients with FAP. The analysis showed that for healthy personsrespiration is the process causing most variation and all of the echo-variables have a correlation to therespiration. For a patient with FAP the respiration is not as salient. A PCA over blocks of data at different time points however show that the signals are not oscillating in the same way multivariately over the wholetime series.

• 238.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry.
Synthesis and investigation of bacterial effector molecules2016Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)

• 239.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Biologisk inventering av havsbottnar kring Örefjärden, Snöan och Bonden: Marinbiologisk inventering och naturvärdesbedömning av planerat marint naturreservat2009Report (Other academic)
• 240.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Inventering och naturvärdesbedömning av fyra kustnära havsområden i Västerbotten - Tavasten, Ostnäs, Juviken/Lillhavet och Kinnbäcksfjärden2017Report (Other academic)

En inventering och naturvärdesbedömning av fyra kustnära havsområden i Västerbottens län har genomförts. Inventeringen fokuserade på undervattensvegetation och består huvudsakligen av en visuell transektinventering genom video och dykning utförd av Umeå marina forskningscentrum 2007-2008. Kunskapsunderlaget har utökats genom att inkludera flera andra undersökningar. Totalt spänner underlaget över tidsperioden 1997-2012.

• 241.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Miljöövervakning i Gaviksfjärden, Västernorrlands län: sammanställning och resultatanalys2014Report (Other academic)
• 242.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Trophic interactions involving mysid shrimps (Mysidacea) in the near-bottom habitat in the Baltic Sea2004In: Aquatic Ecology, ISSN 1386-2588, E-ISSN 1573-5125, Vol. 38, no 3, p. 457-469Article in journal (Refereed)

In a six month mesocosm tank experiment, hypotheses were tested concerning the role of benthopelagic mysid shrimps (Mysidacea) in the near-bottom food web of the Bothnian Sea, in the northern Baltic Sea. The first hypothesis tested was that the mysids interact, through predation, with benthic deposit-feeding Monoporeia affinis amphipods. A second hypothesis tested was that the sediment type is important for the overwintering success of the mysids. Changes in abundance and mass were recorded for M. affinis and mysids when separate and when coexisting, in two sediment types differing in organic content (food level); soft muddy clay (rich) and fine sand (poor). Despite the fact that newborn M. affinis offspring, a plausible target for predation by mysids, were present in substantial numbers in the tanks, no consistent evidence for any interaction between these taxa was found. The biomass of mysids was slightly higher in the muddy clay than in the sand tanks, and the mechanism behind this substrate effect is discussed. A third hypothesis, that the mysids interact with near-bottom zooplankton, was investigated. The tanks were continually supplied with in situ near-bottom sea-water containing a seminatural assemblage of near-bottom plankton. As a result of mysid predation, tanks with mysids had lower abundance and biomass of cyclopoid copepods than tanks without mysids. Thus, the major interaction found was predation on near-bottom zooplankton by mysids and it is suggested that this interaction could potentially be an important food link, especially during periods with low food availability in the pelagic system.

• 243.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Undervattensvegetation i Holmöarnas naturreservat: Inventeringar och miljöövervakningar genomförda under åren 1997, 2004 och 20072008Report (Other academic)
• 244.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Uppföljning av naturtypen 1140 blottade ler- och sandbottnar i Bottenviken och Södra Östersjön: En pilotstudie2016Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
• 245.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Övervakning av makrovegetation i Bottniska viken: En utvärdering av pågående undersökningar och underlag för vidareutveckling2014Report (Other academic)
• 246.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Deposit-feeding amphipods (Monoporeia affinis) reduce the recruitment of copepod nauplii from benthic resting eggs in the northern Baltic Sea2001In: Marine Biology, ISSN 0025-3162, E-ISSN 1432-1793, Vol. 138, no 4, p. 793-801Article in journal (Refereed)

We experimentally investigated the effect of different densities of the burrowing, deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis on the recruitment of zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Intact sediment cores with in situ density and species composition of zooplankton resting eggs and benthic fauna were collected in the northern Bothnian Sea, part of the Baltic Sea. We removed as many M, affinis as possible from the cores and then added different numbers of ill. affinis to the cores to generate a range of densities. The cores were exposed to different densities of M. affinis for either 3 or 40 days, after which the hatched zooplankton was registered. One subset of the cores were initially incubated under low temperature (2-3 degreesC, to prevent hatching) for 37 days (the resting phase), to allow for effects of M. affinis on unhatched resting eggs. These cores were then incubated under higher temperature (13 degreesC) for 3 days (the hatching phase), to induce hatching and allow for effects on hatching or hatched specimens. In a second subset of cores with the same time and temperature schedule, the M. affinis density was experimentally reduced at the start of the hatching phase, to evaluate the effect of M. affinis during the hatching phase. To a third subset of cores, we immediately initiated the hatching phase, without an experimental resting phase, to evaluate the effects induced during the resting phase. The most common zooplankton species that hatched was Eurytemora affinis (Copepoda), followed by Bosmina longispina maritima (Cladocera). In all cores that were subjected to a resting phase, the numbers of hatched E. affinis were log-linearly negatively related to density of M. affinis. An increase of M. affinis density from 1,000 to 5,000 individuals m(-2), normal field densities, reduced the hatching by 60-70%. The negative impact was mainly exerted during the hatching phase, suggesting predation on, burial of or physical injury of hatching nauplii or eggs in a late development stage as likely mechanisms. Also, the number of B. longispina maritima that hatched was reduced by M. affinis during the hatching phase, but no clear relation to density of M. affinis could be identified. The results show that M. affinis can reduce recruitment to zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Such impact by the benthos on resting stages of zooplankton is therefore a potentially significant link between the benthic and pelagic systems.

• 247.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Marine Sciences Centre (UMF).
Impact of a borrowing deposit-feeder, Monoporeia affinis, on viable zooplankton resting eggs in the northern Baltic Sea2000In: Marine Biology, ISSN 0025-3162, E-ISSN 1432-1793, Vol. 136, no 4, p. 611-619Article in journal (Refereed)

We investigated the effect of different densities of the burrowing deposit-feeding amphipod Monoporeia affinis on the potential for recruitment of zooplankton from benthic resting eggs. Hatching of resting eggs was induced in the laboratory on sliced and resuspended 1-cm depth-sections of sediment cores, collected at six stations ill an archipelago area of the Gulf of Bothnia, Baltic Sea. The uppermost 5 cm of the sediment was studied. The most common species that hatched was Eurytemor affinis (Copepoda). Individuals from another copepod genus, Acartia, hatched in significant numbers only in the cores from two stations with low amphipod abundance. Cores from stations with high amphipod densities showed a deeper distribution of emerging E. affinis nauplii compared with stations with few amphipods: the oxidised sediment layer was also deeper at high M. affinis densities than at low. Total (0 to 5 cm strata pooled) number of hatched E. affinis nauplii was independent of amphipod density. This indicates that the effect of M. affinis on E. affinis eggs involves deeper burial due to bioturbation, rather than predation. Decreased benthic recruitment of zooplankton at localities with high M. affinis density is suggested, since more deeply positioned eggs are less likely to hatch. When hatching was induced in intact, non-sliced cores from one station, the number of E. affinis nauplii that hatched was on average 43% of the number that hatched in the upper centimetre of the sliced cores from the same station. This fraction (43%), if applied to the other stations, implied a potential for benthic recruitment of up to 80000 ind m(-2) for E. affinis. Due to its high abundance, M. affinis is likely to greatly reduce benthic recruitment of zooplankton in this system.

• 248.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Science and Mathematics Education.
Åtgärder efter nationella prov för skolår 3 i matematik: Ett undervisningsförsök2009Independent thesis Advanced level (professional degree), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis

The purpose of this essay is to study how to support students who have not achieved the objectives for grade 3 in mathematics. This was done using a teaching experiment with students in grade 4 who have failed the target in grade 3. The research tools were literature searches, mentoring, diary entries, interviews, analysis of student responses from the primary sample, and photographs of critical moments of the teaching.

The teaching experiment was made at an elementary school outside a major city in Sweden. Out of 49 students 17 needed to be given extra support in one or more milestones from national tests grade 3. The paper reports one of the targets, which is written algorithms, where nine students participated in 15 lessons á 30 minutes. All nine participating students enhanced to fulfill their objectives and passed the level approved in the fractional G "Written algorithms". The average changed from 5 to 12 correct out of 14 possible after the teaching experiment. The students worked in a small temporary group linked to the present case by virtue of a special teacher who used formative assessment.

The students chose to use the arrangement as written calculation method instead of using intermediaries in the sub sample.

• 249. Albrectsen, B R
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ecology and Environmental Science.
Slugs, willow seedlings and nutrient fertilization: intrinsic vigor inversely affects palatability2004In: Oikos, ISSN 0030-1299, E-ISSN 1600-0706, Vol. 105, p. 268-278Article in journal (Refereed)
• 250.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Plant Physiology. Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC).
Does the differential seedling mortality caused by slugs alter the foliar traits and subsequent susceptibility of hybrid willows to a generalist herbivore?2007In: Ecological Entomology, Vol. 32, p. 211-220Article in journal (Refereed)

Abstract. 1. Many Salicaceae species naturally form hybrid swarms with parental and hybrid taxa that differ in secondary chemical profile and in resistance to herbivores. Theoretically, the differential mortality in the seedling stage can lead to changes in trait expression and alter subsequent interactions between plants and herbivores. This study examines whether herbivory by the generalist slug Arion subfuscus, which causes extensive mortality in young willow seedlings, causes shifts in (a) the foliar chemistry of F2 willow hybrids (Salix sericea and Salix eriocephala), and (b) the subsequent susceptibility to Japanese Beetles, Popillia japonica.

2. In 2001, two populations of F2 seedlings were generated: those that survived slug herbivory (80–90% of seedlings placed in the field were killed by the slugs) were designated as S-plants, whereas C-plants (controls) experienced no mortality.

3. Common garden experiments with cuttings from these populations, in 2001 and 2002, revealed extensive variation in the phenolic chemistry of F2 hybrids, but revealed no significant difference between S- and C-plants, although the levels of foliar nutrients, proteins and nitrogen tended to be higher in S-plants.

4. Concentrations of salicortin and 2'-cinnamoylsalicortin explained 55 and 38% of the the variation in leaf damage caused by Japanese beetles, and secondary chemistry was highly correlated within replicate clones (salicortin R2 = 0.85, 2-cinnamoylsalicortin R2 = 0.77, condensed tannins R2 = 0.68).

5. Interestingly, Japanese beetle damage and condensed tannins were positively correlated within the S-plants, but not in the C-plants, suggesting that slugs had selected for plants with a positive relationship between tannins and P. japonica damage. This is unlikely to be a consequence of a preference for tannins, but is suggested to be related to the elevated nutrient levels in the S-plants, perhaps in combination with the complex-binding properties of tannins.

6. The damage was highly correlated within replicate clones and a model choice analysis suggested that Japanese beetle damage may be explained by four factors: concentrations of salicortin, condensed tannins, and nitrogen, as well as the specific leaf area (thick leaves were damaged less).

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