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  • 51.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University.
    Herbivory and plant community structure in a subarctic altitudinal gradient1993Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The object of this thesis was to study plant community structure, especially in relation to vertebrate herbivory, in an altitudinal gradient in the Fennoscandian mountain chain.

    A sowing experiment in a high alpine Ranunculus glacialis population showed that seeds germinated better in cleared microsites than under established individuals. This is contrasted with a hypothesis that predicts positive plant-plant interactions in high alpine environments. It was concluded that plant-plant interactions in die studied population varied from neutral to negative, whereas no indications for positive interactions were found.

    An exclosure experiment in a snow-bed showed that a lemming population consumed 33 % of the available graminoids and 66 % of the mosses from August to June during a population peak. The results shows that grazing needs to be considered as a structuring factor in snow-bed vegetation.

    The vegetation in exclosures in another snow-bed changed from a graminoid-dominated to a herb-dominated plant community during a long-term (six years) experiment No changes of the same magnitude were seen in a tall herb meadow on a lower altitude. Survival of transplanted adult shoots from the tall herb meadow was equally high in the snow-bed as on the meadow, and germination was also high on bare ground in the snow-bed. Grazing seemed to be a more important structuring factor in the snow-bed than in the more productive tall herb meadow.

    Raising the grazing pressure during one growing season by introducing microtine rodents into enclosures did not cause any large short-term effects on plant community structure in a tall hob meadow or in a snow-bed. Marked shoots showed that some preferred plant species had a high shoot mortality, but biomass for pooled categories of plants was not significantly affected. It was predicted that the tall herb meadow would be more grazing sensitive than die snow-bed, but productivity on the meadow seemed to be sufficiently high for the plants to compensate for the grazing during the growing season.

    A greenhouse experiment showed that voles, when grazing freely, have the potential to deplete productive field layer vegetation contrary to predictions from plant defence theories. A nitrogen-based defence did not prevent heavy shoot mortality for toxic tall herbs.

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  • 52.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University.
    Storslagen fjällmiljö – men hur länge?2007In: Mat, råvaror och energi: En kunskapsresa i Linnés anda, Formas, Stockholm , 2007, p. 107-111Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 53.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Cairns, D.M.
    Lafon, C.W.
    Factors structuring the treeline ecotone in Fennoscandia2008In: Plant Ecology & Diversity, ISSN 1755-0874, E-ISSN 1755-1668, Vol. 1, no 1, p. 77-87Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the structure and position of alpine treelines. The spatial complexity of the ecotone, ranging from sharp boundaries to networks of tree patches within a heath matrix, may explain why no consensus has been reached. In this paper, we discuss factors from abiotic disturbances to herbivory that may help understand the spatial structure of the alpine treeline ecotone in Fennoscandia. The ecotone is dominated by mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. tortuosa), and may show a wide range of spatial structures. We discuss the influence of topography, seed limitations, seedling establishment, growth limitations, abiotic disturbances and herbivory as structuring factors. All of these factors may operate, but their relative importance in space and time is unknown. There is a basic difference between factors that prevent the establishment of trees, and thus act on early life history stages, and factors that thin out a previously dense forest, and thus act on adult trees. Mortality caused directly or indirectly by geometrid moths may belong to the latter category. We suggest that seedling and sapling mortality is more important than seed limitation for the establishment of new individuals in the treeline ecotone. Important mortality factors may be abiotic disturbances, competition (or allelopathy) from field layer plants and herbivory. The relative role of these factors needs to be examined further.

  • 54.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Forbes, Bruce C.
    Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, Finland.
    Löf, Annette
    Department for Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
    Horstkotte, Tim
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Tipping points and regime shifts in reindeer husbandry: a systems approach2022In: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change: pastoralism in Fennoscandia / [ed] Tim Horstkotte; Øystein Holand; Jouko Kumpula; Jon Moen, Routledge, 2022, p. 265-277Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This chapter addresses the challenges to reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia from a systems perspective. Drawing on information in other chapters in this book, the specific focus is on so called tipping points, or abrupt changes in the coupled social-ecological system. Tipping points may occur when external drivers push a system to an alternative system state, characterized by different feedbacks than in the original state. Compared to ‘ideal’ or traditional reindeer husbandry, examples of alternative states include reliance on supplementary feeding to compensate for losses of pastures, fencing herds to provide protection from predation, becoming a meat-processing industry based on more centralized herding practices and a total loss of reindeer husbandry. All of these states are seen as undesirable by the herders. Reindeer husbandry, as it is currently practised, requires intact social-ecological relationships within the herding districts, as well as in their interaction with the external society. These system qualities need to be strengthened as they innately provide resilience, and will demand structural, institutional and legislative changes, but also discursive changes of how we imagine what sustainability is, and whether herders are treated as one of many stakeholders or as the rights holders that they really are according to the law.

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  • 55.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ecology and Environmental Science.
    Fredman, Peter
    Effects of climate change on alpine skiing in Sweden2007In: Journal of Sustainable Tourism, Vol. 15, no 4, p. 418-437Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Climate change has already affected and will continue to affect physical and biological systems in many parts of the world. For example, annual snow cover extent in the northern hemisphere has decreased by about 10% since 1966, and in Sweden, the last decade was wetter and warmer than the preceding 30-year period. These changes will affect many aspects of utilisation patterns that are dependent on the physical environment, such as alpine winter tourism. In this paper, we discuss the future development of the downhill skiing industry in Sweden. We first review trends in alpine winter tourism in relation to climate change together with regional projections of climate change. Secondly, we examine trends in climate parameters relevant to alpine winter tourism in Sweden during the last 30 years. Thirdly, we take these parameters, together with regional projections of climate change, and predict effects on the number of skiing days in order to estimate the monetary loss for the skiing industry in Sweden. The analyses show predicted losses that are larger than current ski-ticket sales. Adaptation strategies such as the development of year-round tourist activities should be developed as soon as possible.

  • 56.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Horstkotte, Tim
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Holand, Øystein
    Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway.
    Kumpula, Jouko
    Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Finland.
    Final reflections2022In: Reindeer husbandry and global environmental change: pastoralism in Fennoscandia, Routledge, 2022, p. 289-292Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The global challenges that humanity faces are addressed in various global agreements, such as the Paris Agreement and the Convention on Biological Diversity. However, all global goals require local implementation and must be locally accepted. Adaptation and transformation will claim large land resources, such as infrastructures, wind farms, mines and intense land use for bioenergy. This may exacerbate already existing conflict over land use and the rights to resources, not least in northern peripheral areas. Reindeer pastoralism is affected by all of these interwoven processes, which gives a need for more holistic regional land use planning. This chapter summarizes some of the factors that have contributed to a lack of such planning and points to the importance of including reindeer herders as ‘rightsholders’ and their traditional knowledge in a transition to a just and sustainable society.

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  • 57.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Keskitalo, E Carina H
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social and Economic Geography.
    Interlocking panarchies in multi-use boreal forests in Sweden2010In: Ecology & Society, E-ISSN 1708-3087, Vol. 15, no 3, article id 17Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This paper uses northern Sweden as a case study of a multi-use social-ecological system, in which forestry and reindeer husbandry interact as different land use forms in the same area. We aim to describe the timeline of main events that have influenced resource use in northern Sweden, that is, to attempt a historical profiling of the system, and to discuss these trends in the system in terms of adaptive cycles and resilience. The study shows that key political decisions have created strong path dependencies and a situation in which forestry today is characterized by low flexibility and low resilience due to the highly optimized harvesting of tree resources. Since forestry is the overwhelmingly strongest actor, trends in forestry from the mid-19th century forward are, to a large part, driving dynamics in reindeer husbandry and environmental protection, resulting in a system of interlocking panarchies with large implications for the competing land uses.

  • 58.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
    Lagerström, Anna
    Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
    High species turnover and decreasing plant species richness on mountain summits in Sweden: reindeer grazing overrides climate change?2008In: Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine research, ISSN 1523-0430, E-ISSN 1938-4246, Vol. 40, no 2, p. 382-395Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    We investigated changes in vascular plant species richness in nine summit floras in the central part of the Fennoscandian mountain range compared to historical data from 1950. We revisited the summits (defined as the top 50 altitudinal meters of each mountain) in 2002, and recorded all species. The changes in species richness were tested against both species and mountain characteristics. Species richness had declined on eight of the nine summits. Five of the species were new since the 1950s, while 17 species were lost from the summits. However, species turnover was even higher: 57 of our recorded species occurrences had established on at least one mountain since the 1950s, while we could not find 132 of the recorded occurrences in 1950 on one or more mountains. Temperature had increased since 1950 by about 1 oC and precipitation by 12%. The reindeer population has more than doubled. No correlations between plant responses, plant characteristics, and mountain characteristics were found, suggesting individualistic and mountain-specific responses. We conclude that climate changes may be responsible for an increased establishment and reindeer trampling for increased mortality of established individuals. However, the net result is a decline in species richness.

  • 59.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Lagerström, Anna
    Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
    High species turnover and decreasing plant species richness on mountain summits in Sweden: reindeer grazing overrides climate change? Reply2009In: Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine research, ISSN 1523-0430, E-ISSN 1938-4246, Vol. 41, no 1, p. 152-152Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 60.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Nordin, Annika
    Larsson, Stig
    Future Forests scenarios 2050: Possible futures, future possibilities2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This foresight brief summarises the findings of a scenario process on possible futures for Sweden’s forests and forest sector. The purpose of the process was to build interdisciplinary skills within the research programme Future Forests and to initiate discussions about the future with our stakeholders. A group of 21 researchers from different disciplines, ranging from the natural and social sciences to the humanities, took part in the process. Stakeholders and interest groups were involved in the initial steps and in discussions of the final scenarios. The process involved four steps: identifying external drivers, defining critical uncertainties to be discussed, developing the scenarios, and discussing implications with interest groups.

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  • 61.
    Moen, Jon
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Rist, Lucy
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Bishop, Kevin
    Chapin, F. S. , I I I
    Ellison, David
    Kuuluvainen, Timo
    Petersson, Hans
    Puettmann, Klaus J.
    Rayner, Jeremy
    Warkentin, Ian G.
    Bradshaw, Corey J. A.
    Eye on the taiga: removing global policy impediments to safeguard the boreal forest2014In: Conservation Letters, E-ISSN 1755-263X, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 408-418Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The absence of boreal forests from global policy agendas on sustainable development and climate change mitigation represents a massive missed opportunity for environmental protection. The boreal zone contains some of the world's largest pools of terrestrial carbon that, if not safeguarded from a conversion to a net source of greenhouse gases, could seriously exacerbate global climate change. At the same time, boreal countries have a strong tradition of forest management-expertise that could be effectively leveraged toward global and national carbon mitigation targets and sustainable development. Current obstacles against such contributions include weak incentives for carbon sequestration and a reluctance to embrace change by forest managers and policy makers. We discuss possible solutions to overcome these obstacles, including the improvement of ineffective incentives, the development of alternative forest management strategies, and the need to maintain ecosystem resilience through the pursuit of policy and management options.

  • 62.
    Mårald, Erland
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Arts, Department of historical, philosophical and religious studies.
    Langston, Nancy
    Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.
    Sténs, Anna
    Umeå University, Faculty of Arts, Department of historical, philosophical and religious studies.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Changing ideas in forestry: A comparison of concepts in Swedish and American forestry journals during the early twentieth and twenty-first centuries2016In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 45, p. 74-86Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    By combining digital humanities text-mining tools and a qualitative approach, we examine changing concepts in forestry journals in Sweden and the United States (US) in the early twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. Our first hypothesis is that foresters at the beginning of the twentieth century were more concerned with production and less concerned with ecology than foresters at the beginning of the twenty-first century. Our second hypothesis is that US foresters in the early twentieth century were less concerned with local site conditions than Swedish foresters. We find that early foresters in both countries had broader—and often ecologically focused—concerns than hypothesized. Ecological concerns in the forestry literature have increased, but in the Nordic countries, production concerns have increased as well. In both regions and both time periods, timber management is closely connected to concerns about governance and state power, but the forms that governance takes have changed.

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  • 63.
    Nilsson, Christer
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Jansson, Roland
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Keskitalo, E. Carina H.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Social and Economic Geography.
    Vlassova, Tatiana
    Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
    Sutinen, Marja-Liisa
    The Finnish Forest Research Institute, Rovaniemi, Finland.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Chapin III, F. Stuart
    Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
    Challenges to adaptation in northernmost Europe as a result of global climate change2010In: Ambio, ISSN 0044-7447, E-ISSN 1654-7209, Vol. 39, no 1, p. 81-84Article in journal (Other academic)
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  • 64.
    Nordin, Annika
    et al.
    SLU, Umeå.
    Larsson, Stig
    SLU, Uppsala.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Linder, Sune
    SLU, Alnarp.
    Science for trade-offs between conflicting interests in future forests2011In: Forests, ISSN 1999-4907, E-ISSN 1999-4907, Vol. 2, no 3, p. 631-636Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Forests deliver multiple ecosystem services to society. Management of forests must be able to deal with trade-offs when the delivery of different ecosystem services comes in conflict with each other. The research program Future Forests (http://www.futureforests.se) attempts to form a scientific basis for managing such trade-offs between conflicting interests in northern boreal forests. Some key characteristics of the research program are interdisciplinary and participatory research and a clear communication agenda for stakeholders. This paper gives a brief overview of the underlying ideas behind the program, and an introduction to the papers published in this Special Issue.

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  • 65.
    Olofsson, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Oksanen, Lauri
    Effects of herbivory on competition intensity in two arctic-alpine tundra communities with different productivity2002In: Oikos, ISSN 0030-1299, E-ISSN 1600-0706, Vol. 96, no 2, p. 265-272Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The effects of long-term (I I yr) exclusion of vertebrate herbivores on competition intensity and plant community structure ere studied using manipulative field experiment,; in two arctic-alpine plant communities with contrasting productivity : an unproductive snowbed and a considerably more productive tall herb meadow. In the snowbed. the exclusion of herbivorous mammals resulted in a significant increase in the biomasses of vascular plants and cryptogams, whereas no corresponding response Lis observed on the tall herb meadow. The intensity of competition. measured with a neighbour removal experiment, did not differ significantly between three of the four habitat x treatment combinations - snowbed exposures. meadow exclosures and open meadow plots but as significantly loader on open snowbed plots, Our results thud, suggest that the low competition intensity in the unproductive snow bed is caused by herbivorous mammals, which tend to depress plant biomass in relatively unproductive habitats When herbivorous mammals have been excluded for a sufficiently long time to allots the build-up of plant biomass even in Unproductive habitat,. between-habitat differences in competition intensity disappear.

  • 66.
    Olofsson, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Oksanen, Lauri
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    On the balance between positive and negative plant interactions in harsh environments1999In: Oikos, ISSN 0030-1299, E-ISSN 1600-0706, Vol. 86, no 3, p. 539-543Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Positive interactions between plants typically occur where the presence of a species ameliorates the abiotic environment for another. However, there is also a potential for resource competition to act at the same time, which creates a situation where the net outcome is a balance between positive and negative interactions. We present data from a nine-year study in two extreme high alpine habitats that was designed to test whether the effects of established Ranunculus glacialis individuals on germination and growth of Oxyria, digyna are primarily positive or negative at the altitudinal limit of vascular plants. We show net effects ranging from neutral to negative, but no positive effects were detected. We also argue that close associations between plants in these harsh environments may both ameliorate and deteriorate the abiotic environment, and that experimental manipulations are necessary to tell the difference.

  • 67.
    Olofsson, Johan
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Östlund, Lars
    Effects of reindeer on boreal forest floor vegetation: does grazing cause vegetation state transitions?2010In: Basic and Applied Ecology, ISSN 1439-1791, E-ISSN 1618-0089, Vol. 11, no 6, p. 550-557Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Intensive reindeer grazing has been hypothesized to drive vegetation shifts in the arctic tundra from a low-productive lichen dominated state to a more productive moss dominated state Although the more productive state can potentially host more herbivores, it may still be less suitable as winter grazing grounds for reindeer, if lichens, the most preferred winter forage, are less abundant Therefore, such a shift towards mosses may have severe consequences for reindeer husbandry if ground-growing lichens have difficulties to recover We tested if reindeer cause this type of vegetation state shifts in boreal forest floor vegetation, by comparing plant species composition and major soil processes inside and outside of more than 40-year-old exclosures Lichen biomass was more than twice as high inside exclosures than in grazed controls and almost 5 times higher than in heavily grazed patches Contrary to our predictions, net N mineralization and plant production were higher in the exclosures than in the grazed controls The lack of response of phytometer plants in a common garden bioassay indicated that changed soil moisture may drive effects of reindeer on plant productivity in these dry Pine forest ecosystems

  • 68. Rist, L.
    et al.
    Felton, A.
    Nyström, M.
    Troell, M.
    Sponseller, Ryan A.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Bengtsson, J.
    Österblom, H.
    Lindborg, R.
    Tidåker, P.
    Angeler, D. G.
    Milestad, R.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Applying resilience thinking to production ecosystems2014In: Ecosphere, ISSN 2150-8925, E-ISSN 2150-8925, Vol. 5, no 6, p. 73-Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Production ecosystems typically have a high dependence on supporting and regulating ecosystem services and while they have thus far managed to sustain production, this has often been at the cost of externalities imposed on other systems and locations. One of the largest challenges facing humanity is to secure the production of food and fiber while avoiding long-term negative impacts on ecosystems and the range of services that they provide. Resilience has been used as a framework for understanding sustainability challenges in a range of ecosystem types, but has not been systematically applied across the range of systems specifically used for the production of food and fiber in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine environments. This paper applied a resilience lens to production ecosystems in which anthropogenic inputs play varying roles in determining system dynamics and outputs. We argue that the traditional resilience framework requires important additions when applied to production systems. We show how sustained anthropogenic inputs of external resources can lead to a "coercion'' of resilience and describe how the global interconnectedness of many production systems can camouflage signals indicating resilience loss.

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  • 69. Rist, Lucy
    et al.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Sustainability in forest management and a new role for resilience thinking2013In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 310, p. 416-427Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Forest management faces a substantial challenge with ever-more-pervasive anthropogenic impacts and growing demands on forests coupled with the increasing certainty of global change. If the capacity of forests to provide valued ecological goods and services in the future is to be maintained, new tools and approaches will be needed. Several approaches have been influential in dealing with sustainability challenges in forest management and forestry to date, two of the most notable being the ecosystem approach and adaptive management. Resilience-based approaches have now emerged as a new paradigm to deal with these challenges. This paper considers how resilience thinking might inform forest management by exploring its conceptual basis in comparison with the ecosystem approach and adaptive management as two earlier influences. We identify three novel conceptual contributions and outline some of the key challenges encountered when applying resilience thinking to the management of forests. Resilience thinking offers new conceptual contributions for dealing with large and uncertain changes, the relationships between social and ecological components of forest systems, and a new perspective on sustainability. However, there are several barriers to it informing forest management in a practical way, including means by which resilience can be measured and valued within a management context, and most importantly, how resilience can be maintained and enhanced within systems focused on resource production or service provision. Resilience thinking's contributions are largely conceptual at this stage and offer more in terms a problem-framing approach than analytical or practical tools. Decision-relevant, science-based, and solution-oriented approaches are required to tackle future forest management challenges. Resilience thinking, if developed to become more solution-orientated could offer a needed complement to current management paradigms.

    (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

  • 70.
    Sandström, Camilla
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Widmark, Camilla
    Department of Forest Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden.
    Danell, Öje
    Reindeer Husbandry Unit, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Progressing toward Co-management through collaborative learning: forestry and reindeer husbandry in dialogue2006In: The International Journal of Biodiversity Science and Management, ISSN 1745-1590, Vol. 2, no 4, p. 326-333Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    With complex common pool resources, it is important to balance the multitude of interests in order to generate a sustainable management regime. This is not the case in the northern parts of Sweden, where forest resources are used for different extractive purposes by forest companies and the reindeer herding industry. In many respects, the present situation represents a classic collective-action problem with a number of reasons why no cooperative behaviour might be expected. This article illuminates the relationship between the two industries in an historical, ecological and institutional perspective in order to explain the limited scope of coordinated action between the two actors. It also, through the use of collaborative learning techniques and scenario methods, explores the possibilities for the two industries to consider each other's needs and to identify strategies for co-existence and co-management. The testing of a broad range of scenarios among a selected group of stakeholders leads to the identification of possibilities for improving the management of the forest and lichen resource by changing institutional arrangements and improving coordination between the stakeholders.

  • 71. Setten, Gunhild
    et al.
    Stenseke, Marie
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Ecosystem services and landscape management: three challenges and one plea2012In: International Journal of Biodiversity Science, Ecosystem Services & Management, ISSN 2151-3732, E-ISSN 2151-3740, Vol. 8, no 4, p. 305-312Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article identifies three interrelated challenges concerning the ecosystem services (ES) framework and the nature of landscape dynamics within the context of landscape management. These challenges are set within a problematic externalization of nature inherent in the ES framework. The first challenge concerns the lack of compatibility between the ES framework and the logics of landscapes. The second challenge addresses the complexity of ecosystems, unsubstitutable values, and intangible dimensions in economic valuation when applied to landscapes. The third challenge points at how the ES framework has problems in accounting for how and why sociocultural processes are crucial to environmental attitudes and behavior. We argue that the idea of landscape and its inherent landscape dynamics, a crosscutting dimension of these challenges, is a missed opportunity for the ES framework in order to take immeasurable and context-specific social and cultural processes more seriously and consequently deliver sounder advice on landscape management. We thus make a plea for the importance of creating platforms for dialogue across research communities working to improve the understanding of human–nature dynamics.

  • 72. Sinclair, Paul
    et al.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Crumley, Carole L.
    Historical ecology and the longue durée2018In: Issues and concepts in historical ecology: the past and future of landscapes and regions / [ed] Carole L. Crumley, Tommy Lennartsson, Anna Westin, Cambridge University Press, 2018, p. 13-40Chapter in book (Refereed)
  • 73. Skarin, A.
    et al.
    Danell, Ö.
    Bergström, R.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ecology and Environmental Science.
    Summer habitat preferences of GPS-collared reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus2008In: Wildlife Biology, Vol. 14, p. 1-15Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Reindeer Rangifer tarandus tarandus husbandry in Sweden commonly uses the Scandinavian mountain chain as grazing area during the snow-free season and the coniferous forests in the east during winter. Current knowledge of habitat use by reindeer is primarily based on traditional or local knowledge, or on investigations carried out on wild reindeer and caribou in other parts of the world. We identified spatial and temporal habitat use of free-ranging semi-domesticated reindeer by following 48 GPS-equipped reindeer in three summer ranges in the Swedish reindeer herding area. The GPS equipment registered positions every hour or every second hour, during two snow-free seasons. The GPS-collared reindeer were randomly chosen from herds with several thousand animals. Estimated home-range utilisation distributions were used to fit resource utilisation functions (RUFs) including various topographical features, vegetation types, and the vicinity to water and hiking trails. The GPS-equipped reindeer used different parts of the range throughout the snow-free season. Preferred vegetation types were consistently meadows, grass heaths, and other heaths. Avoided vegetation types were all types of forests, sparsely vegetated areas, and bare rocks. The reindeer were seemingly indifferent to hiking trails within their home ranges, which, however, usually coincided with preferred vegetation types, but they avoided areas with houses and holiday huts during early summer. Later in the season, the reindeer preferred higher elevated areas where human constructions were sparse. The home ranges of the GPS-equipped reindeer overlapped considerably during early parts of the season, indicating a dense use of the range by the entire herds. Crowding within the herds appeared to make individual reindeer select non-optimal habitats. However, in our study, we found a nonsignificant tendency of less predictable individual home ranges when there were large range overlaps. Vegetation types, direction of slopes, time within the season and the possibilities of avoiding insect harassment appear to be key factors for predicting valuable reindeer habitats in novel areas in a land management context.

  • 74. Skarin, Anna
    et al.
    Danell, Öje
    Bergström, Roger
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Reindeer movement patterns in alpine summer ranges2010In: Polar Biology, ISSN 0722-4060, E-ISSN 1432-2056, Vol. 33, no 9, p. 1263-1275Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    To evaluate the movement rates of semidomesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) during the bare-ground season, we used successive GPS positions from 48 female reindeer. Data were collected  during the summers of 2002 and 2003 in two Sámi reindeer herding districts in the Swedish mountains, Handölsdalen, and Sirges. The movement rates were analysed at different time periods: over the whole season, and over the sub-seasons spring, and early summer, mid summer and early autumn. Variation in movements were analysed in relation to vegetation type, altitude, terrain ruggedness, temperature, wind speed, and proximity to hiking trails. We hypothesised that the foraging quality and different weather conditions is an important factor in determining movement rates. We found that reindeer movement rates were similar between study areas and were dependent on vegetation type and on weather conditions. Studying the circadian movements, in mid summer period when daytime oestrid activity are expected to be high, the reindeer stayed at higher altitudes where food quality was low, but moved to low altitudes at night where the food quality was higher. Therefore, we suggest that oestrid activity forces the reindeer to stay in low-quality vegetation types. Reindeer movements were linked to disturbance in areas of intermediate human activity. We found that in Handölsdalen, where hikers are abundant, the movement rates of reindeer decreased closer to the trails whereas in Sirges, where hikers are less abundant, the movement rates of reindeer increased closer to the trails.

  • 75.
    Sköld, Peter
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Arts, Centre for Sami Research.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Introduction: conflicts over natural resources: causes, consequences, and solutions2012In: Rivers to cross: Sami land use and the human dimension / [ed] Peter Sköld & Krister Stoor, Umeå: Vaartoe, Centrum för samisk forskning, Umeå universitet , 2012, p. 7-13Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 76. Snäll, Tord
    et al.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Berglund, Håkan
    Bengtsson, Jan
    Mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services: The Swedish Forest Pilot2014Report (Other academic)
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  • 77.
    Snäll, Tord
    et al.
    SLU Swedish Species Information Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Triviño, María
    Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland; School of Resource Wisdom, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.
    Mair, Louise
    School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.
    Bengtsson, Jan
    Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    High rates of short-term dynamics of forest ecosystem services2021In: Nature Sustainability, E-ISSN 2398-9629, Vol. 4, p. 951-957Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Currently, the main tools for assessing and managing ecosystem services at large scales are maps providing snapshots of their potential supply. However, many ecosystems change over short timescales; thus, such maps soon become inaccurate. Here we show high rates of short-term dynamics of three key forest ecosystem services: wood production, bilberry production and topsoil carbon storage. Almost 85% of the coldspots and 65% of the hotspots for these services had changed into a different state over a ten-year period. Wood production showed higher rates of short-term dynamics than bilberry production and carbon storage. The high rates of dynamics mean that static snapshot ecosystem service maps provide limited information for assessing and managing multifunctional, dynamic landscapes, such as forests. We advocate that dynamic, spatially explicit tools to assess and manage ecosystem service dynamics be further developed and applied in post-2020 biodiversity and ecosystem service policy supporting frameworks.

  • 78.
    Stoessel, Marianne
    et al.
    Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Lindborg, Regina
    Department of Physical Geography, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; The Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
    Mapping cumulative pressures on the grazing lands of northern Fennoscandia2022In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 12, no 1, article id 16044Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Traditional grazing areas in Europe have declined substantially over the last century. Specifically, in northern Fennoscandia, the grazing land is disturbed by cumulative land-use pressures. Here we analysed the configuration of the grazing land for reindeer and sheep in northern Fennoscandia in relation to the concurrent land-use pressures from tourism, road and railway networks, forestry, industrial and wind energy facilities, together with predator presence and climate change. Our results show that 85% of the region is affected by at least one land-use pressure and 60% is affected by multiple land-use pressures, co-occurring with predator presence and rising temperatures. As such, a majority of the grazing land is exposed to cumulative pressures in northern Fennoscandia. We stress that, if the expansion of cumulative pressures leads to grazing abandonment of disturbed areas and grazing intensification in other areas, it could irreversibly change northern vegetation and the Fennoscandian mountain landscape.

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  • 79.
    Sundqvist, Maja K.
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Center for Macroecology, Evolution and Climate, The Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Björk, Robert G.
    Vowles, Tage
    Kytöviita, Minna-Maarit
    Parsons, Malcolm A.
    Olofsson, Johan
    Experimental evidence of the long-term effects of reindeer on Arctic vegetation greenness and species richness at a larger landscape scale2019In: Journal of Ecology, ISSN 0022-0477, E-ISSN 1365-2745, Vol. 107, no 6, p. 2724-2736Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Large herbivores influence plant community structure and ecosystem processes in many ecosystems. In large parts of the Arctic, reindeer (or caribou) are the only large herbivores present. Recent studies show that reindeer have the potential to mitigate recent warming‐induced shrub encroachment in the Arctic and the associated greening of high‐latitude ecosystems. This will potentially have large scale consequences for ecosystem productivity and carbon cycling.

    To date, information on variation in the interactions between reindeer and plants across Arctic landscapes has been scarce. We utilized a network of experimental sites across a latitudinal gradient in the Scandinavian mountains where reindeer have been excluded from 59 study plots for at least 15 years. We used this study system to test the effect of long‐term exclusion of reindeer on the abundance of major plant functional groups, the greenness indexes Leaf Area Index (LAI) and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), soil mineral nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), and species richness, and to determine whether the effect of reindeer exclusion is dependent on reindeer density, productivity, soil fertility or climate.

    We found that NDVI and LAI, lichen and deciduous shrub abundances were largely reduced while soil mineral N was enhanced by reindeer. The direction and amplitude of other plant functional group responses to reindeer exclusion differed between forest and tundra as well as shrub‐ and herbaceous‐dominated vegetation. Higher reindeer densities were related to decreased plant species richness in low‐productive sites and to increased species richness in productive sites.

    The relative reduction in LAI and associated absolute reductions of deciduous shrubs in response to reindeer were positively related to reindeer density, while the relative reduction in NDVI was not. Further, relative reductions in LAI and NDVI in response to reindeer were unrelated to climate and soil fertility.

    Synthesis. Our results provide long‐term experimental evidence highlighting the role of reindeer density in regulating plant species richness, global climate change induced greenness patterns and shrub encroachment at regional scales in the Arctic. These findings emphasize the need to consider reindeer in models predicting vegetation patterns and changes in high‐latitude ecosystems.

  • 80.
    Uboni, Alessia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Ahman, Birgitta
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Can management buffer pasture loss and fragmentation for Sami reindeer herding in Sweden?2020In: Pastoralism, E-ISSN 2041-7136, Vol. 10, no 1, article id 23Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Today, climate change and competing land use practices are threatening rangelands around the world and the pastoral societies that rely on them. Reindeer husbandry practised by the indigenous Sami people is an example. In Sweden, approximately 70% of the most productive lichen pastures (important in winter) has been lost, either completely or because of a reduction in forage quality, as a result of competing land use (primarily commercial forestry). The remaining pastures are small and fragmented. Yet, the number of reindeer in Sweden shows no general decline. We investigated the strategies that have allowed reindeer herders to sustain their traditional livelihood despite a substantial loss of pastures and thus natural winter forage for their reindeer. Changes in harvest strategy and herd structure may partially explain the observed dynamics, and have increased herd productivity and income, but were not primarily adopted to counteract forage loss. The introduction of supplementary feeding, modern machinery, and equipment has assisted the herders to a certain extent. However, supplementary feeding and technology are expensive. In spite of governmental support and optimized herd productivity and income, increasing costs provide low economic return. We suggest that the increased economical and psychosocial costs caused by forage and pasture losses may have strong effects on the long-term sustainability of reindeer husbandry in Sweden.

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  • 81.
    Uboni, Alessia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
    Blochel, Alexander
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Kodnik, Danijela
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Modelling occurrence and status of mat-forming lichens in boreal forests to assess the past and current quality of reindeer winter pastures2019In: Ecological Indicators, ISSN 1470-160X, E-ISSN 1872-7034, Vol. 96, p. 99-106Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Lichens play an essential role in northern ecosystems as important contributors to the water, nutrient and carbon cycles, as well as the main winter food resource for reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, also called caribou in North America), the most abundant herbivores in arctic and subarctic regions. Today, climate change and several types of land use are rapidly transforming northern ecosystems and challenging lichen growth. Since lichens are important indicators of ecosystem health and habitat suitability for reindeer, large-scale assessments are needed to estimate their past, present and future status. In our study, we aimed to develop models and equations that can be used by stakeholders to identify the occurrence of lichen-dominated boreal forests and to determine lichen conditions in those forests. Data were collected in Sweden and most input data are publicly available. We focused on mat-forming lichens belonging to the genera Cladonia and Cetraria, which are dominant species in the reindeer and caribou winter diet. Our models described lichen-dominated forests as being dominated by Scots pine (Pines sylvestris), having low basal area and thin canopy cover, and being located in south-and west-facing areas with high summer precipitation, low winter precipitation and temperature, and on gentle slopes. Within those forests, lichen biomass was positively related to tree canopy cover and summer precipitation, while negatively and exponentially related to intensity of use of the area by reindeer. Forest, meteorological, topographic and soil data can be used as input in our models to determine lichen conditions without having to estimate lichen biomass through demanding and expensive fieldwork.

  • 82.
    Uboni, Alessia
    et al.
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Horstkotte, Tim
    Kaarlejärvi, Elina
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences. Plant Biology and Nature Management, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.
    Seveque, Anthony
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Stammler, Florian
    Olofsson, Johan
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Forbes, Bruce C.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Long-Term Trends and Role of Climate in the Population Dynamics of Eurasian Reindeer2016In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 6, article id e0158359Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Temperature is increasing in Arctic and sub-Arctic regions at a higher rate than anywhere else in the world. The frequency and nature of precipitation events are also predicted to change in the future. These changes in climate are expected, together with increasing human pressures, to have significant impacts on Arctic and sub-Arctic species and ecosystems. Due to the key role that reindeer play in those ecosystems, it is essential to understand how climate will affect the region's most important species. Our study assesses the role of climate on the dynamics of fourteen Eurasian reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) populations, using for the first time data on reindeer abundance collected over a 70-year period, including both wild and semi-domesticated reindeer, and covering more than half of the species' total range. We analyzed trends in population dynamics, investigated synchrony among population growth rates, and assessed the effects of climate on population growth rates. Trends in the population dynamics were remarkably heterogeneous. Synchrony was apparent only among some populations and was not correlated with distance among population ranges. Proxies of climate variability mostly failed to explain population growth rates and synchrony. For both wild and semi-domesticated populations, local weather, biotic pressures, loss of habitat and human disturbances appear to have been more important drivers of reindeer population dynamics than climate. In semi-domesticated populations, management strategies may have masked the effects of climate. Conservation efforts should aim to mitigate human disturbances, which could exacerbate the potentially negative effects of climate change on reindeer populations in the future. Special protection and support should be granted to those semi-domesticated populations that suffered the most because of the collapse of the Soviet Union, in order to protect the livelihood of indigenous peoples that depend on the species, and the multi-faceted role that reindeer exert in Arctic ecosystems.

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  • 83. Young, Amanda B.
    et al.
    Cairns, David M.
    Lafon, Charles W.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Geometrid moth outbreaks and their climatic relations in northern Sweden2014In: Arctic, Antarctic and Alpine research, ISSN 1523-0430, E-ISSN 1938-4246, Vol. 46, no 3, p. 659-668Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The alpine treeline in northern Fennoscandia is composed primarily of mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii), a deciduous tree that experiences episodic defoliation due to outbreaks of the autumnal moth (Epirrita autumnata) and winter moth (Operophtera brumata). Here, we use an extensive dendroecological data set to reconstruct historic defoliating outbreaks and relate them to climatic conditions. Our data are from 25 sites in eight valleys in northern Sweden. We used the computer program OUTBREAK to reconstruct moth outbreaks. The reconstructed outbreak record matches the historical record well. There is a significant, but weak relationship between the outbreak severity and temperatures in February, April, July, and August of the outbreak year. Temperatures in the previous May and November were also positively correlated with outbreak severity. For seasonally aggregated temperatures, only autumn temperatures are correlated with outbreak severity. There was no significant correlation between NAO index and outbreak severity. A spatiotemporal semivariogram analysis showed that sites within approximately 100 km of each other show similar patterns in outbreak severity. Our analyses suggest that moths are affected by climatic variations. The influence of climate on outbreaks is weak because background climatic conditions alone cannot induce an outbreak. Outbreaks also depend on nonclimatic factors, such as tree age, and the outbreak status of neighboring areas.

  • 84. Young, Amanda B.
    et al.
    Cairns, David M.
    Lafon, Charles W.
    Moen, Jon
    Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences.
    Martin, Laura E.
    Dendroclimatic relationships and possible implications for mountain birch and Scots pine at treeline in northern Sweden through the 21st century2011In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, ISSN 0045-5067, E-ISSN 1208-6037, Vol. 41, no 3, p. 450-459Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Changing climate in the Arctic is expected to have significant effects on the pattern and distribution of terrestrial vegetation. Species characteristic of specific zones in the mountains of northern Sweden have been shown to migrate up- and down-slope with changes in climate over the Holocene. This study evaluates the potential for Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) to become a treeline dominant at Fennoscandian treelines, replacing mountain birch (Betula pubescens subsp. czerepanovii (Orlova) Hämet-Ahti). Data from paired mountain birch and Scots pine tree-ring chronologies for eight locations in northern Sweden are used to develop climate – tree ring width index (RWI) relationships. Modeled climate–RWI relationships are then used to predict the relative RWI values of the two species under a suite of climate-forcing scenarios using an ensemble of three global climate models. Results indicate that mountain birch and Scots pine RWI are both correlated with summer temperatures, but Scots pine is more likely than mountain birch to be influenced by moisture conditions. Predictions of RWI under future climate conditions indicate that mountain birch is unlikely to be replaced by Scots pine within the next century.

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