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This chapter provides an analysis of persons who receive medicalized early retirement pensions. This program is by far the most significant in terms of early retirement in both countries. The chapter deals with the situation in Norway, continue with a brief sketch of the Swedish pattern and describes the main differences and similarities between the countries. In Norway, 80 percent of the working early retirees are participating on a full-year basis, and the average number of hours per week amounts to 27, which is four-fifths of the average number of hours per week among the non-retired part of the population. Some commentators who are worried about the future of work have suggested that the whole concept of paid work be abolished. They argue that the concept of work should include all activities that could be considered necessary to maintain societal institutions.

Background: Sick leave rates due to mental and behavioural disorders have increased in Sweden during the last decades. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate changes in the level of burnout in a working subset of the general population and to identify how such changes relate to changes in work situation and self-perceived economic situation. Methods: A cohort of 1000 persons from a subset of the 2004 northern Sweden MONICA (Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) general population survey was followed over a five-year period (2004-2009). In total, 623 persons (323 women and 300 men) were included in the analysis. Burnout levels were measured at baseline and follow-up using the Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire. Risk factors were assessed at both measuring points. Results: In the whole study cohort, a small (-0.15) but statistically significant reduction in burnout level was found. No differences in change of burnout were found between men and women. Constant strain at work, an increased risk of unemployment, and a perceived worsening of economic situation during the study time period were related to an increased burnout level. An accumulation of these risk factors was associated with increased burnout level. Conclusions: Risk factors in work situation and self-perceived economy are related to changes in burnout level, and special attention should be directed towards persons exposed to multiple risk factors.

Background: Sick leave rates due to mental and behavioural disorders have increased in Sweden during the last decades. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate changes in the level of burnout in a working subset of the general population and to identify how such changes relate to changes in work situation and self-perceived economic situation.

Methods: A cohort of 1000 persons from a subset of the 2004 northern Sweden MONICA (Multinational Monitoring of Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease) general population survey was followed over a five-year period (2004–2009). In total, 623 persons (323 women and 300 men) were included in the analysis. Burnout levels were measured at baseline and follow-up using the Shirom Melamed Burnout Questionnaire. Risk factors were assessed at both measuring points.

Results: In the whole study cohort, a small (−0.15) but statistically significant reduction in burnout level was found. No differences in change of burnout were found between men and women. Constant strain at work, an increased risk of unemployment, and a perceived worsening of economic situation during the study time period were related to an increased burnout level. An accumulation of these risk factors was associated with increased burnout level.

Conclusions: Risk factors in work situation and self-perceived economy are related to changes in burnout level, and special attention should be directed towards persons exposed to multiple risk factors.

Begreppen struktur, kultur och ledarskap bildar tillsammans ett skarpt verktyg i analysen av en skolas förmåga att uppnå sina mål. Denna tes har varit vägledande i ett forskningsprojekt som författarna bedrivit, och som 2011 resulterade i en bok med titeln: Struktur, kultur, ledarskap – förutsättningar för framgångsrika skolor. Föreliggande bok fördjupar våra kunskaper om vad som kännetecknar framgångsrika skolor, och ska ses som en vidareutveckling av resultaten från 2011.

Begreppen struktur, kultur och ledarskap bildar tillsammans ett skarpt verktyg i analysen av en skolas förmåga att uppnå sina mål. Denna tes har varit vägledande i ett forskningsprojekt som författarna bedrivit, och som 2011 resulterade i en bok med titeln: Struktur, kultur, ledarskap – förutsättningar för framgångsrika skolor. Föreliggande bok fördjupar våra kunskaper om vad som kännetecknar framgångsrika skolor, och ska ses som en vidareutveckling av resultaten från 2011.

I denna andra bok diskuteras: hur rektorer förstår sambandet mellan struktur och kultur; förståelsen av skolan som organisation; pedagogiskt ledarskap; rektors förändringsledarskap; ­modeller för rektors beslutsfattande; lärares olika identiteter som påverkar hur skolans kultur konstrueras och dess mål ­prioriteras; rektors balans mellan etik,ansvar och auktoritet; skolans mångkulturalitet; samt rektorers syn på mobbning och forskningen om mobbning.

Framgångsrika skolor diskuterar en mängd spännande områden av betydelse för ­rektors ledarskap och ger en ökad förståelse av skolan ur ett organisatoriskt helhetsperspektiv.Boken är lämplig som kurs­litteratur på skolledarutbildningar samt inom lärarutbildningen, men passar även utmärkt som fortbildningslitteratur för verksamma skolledare och lärare.