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It is important to highlight that infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may trigger chronic inflammation in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), impacting to the key immune cells such B and T lymphocytes, leading to development of autoantibodies which might be potential to developed autoimmune phenomenon. This study represent the first investigation in Sudan designed to evaluate and determine the prevalence of Antinuclear autoantibody (ANA) among people living with HIV/AIDS by systematically charaterizing ANA staining patterns; distribution, frequency and their correlation with estimated endpoint titers and interplay of age -sex specific ANA patterns in the context of HIV infection post antiretroviral therapy era. Using Serum samples of one hundred and sixteen (116) HIV-infected patients admitted to two major Voluntary Testing and Counseling (VTC), of the HIV clinical centers at the Military Hospital and Bahri Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, have been assessed for ANA screening. A total of 116 HIV confirmed cases, were screened for ANA autoantibodies using HEp-2 cell indirect immunofluorescent technique. out of 116 85/116 (73.3%) were showed positivity for ANA. the proportion of ANA positivity among the male group was higher than the female group, 49/65 (75.4%) and 36/51 (70.6%), respectively, but there are no significant statistical differences (p = 0.7). Interestingly, a high proportion of positivity for ANA were found in the older subject groups (aged 42-56 years and > 57 years), with rates of 80% for each. Furthermore, our study also showed that the predominant ANA patterns were nuclear fine-speckled (AC-4, 56.5%) followed by cytoplasmic fine granules (AC-20, 24.7%). This study suggests that HIV might induced chronic inflammation and trigger the production of autoantibodies with variable specificities, needing further studies to better understand the role of HIV-driven chronic inflammation in shaping autoimmune serological profiles in these patients.

Patients with multiple systemic issues, including neurological involvement and seizure development, are not uncommon among nephrologists. Both the central and peripheral neural systems can be impacted by kidney disease. The main symptoms are myopathy, cranial or peripheral neuropathy, cognitive impairment, and seizures. A 22-year-old female with an unusual medical history who had been known to have end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) for a year and regularly had CAPD (continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis) suffered from two episodes of tonic-colonic seizures 2 weeks apart. On physical examination, symptoms of tongue biting, decreased vision in the left eye, and mild bilateral pulmonary air entry were notable. Upon examination, there was evidence of severe hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, a high renal profile (urea and creatinine), anemia, and a severe vitamin D deficiency. Her peritoneal dialysis (PD) prescription was reviewed, her seizures ceased, and she was released from the hospital after the hypocalcemia was treated with intravenous calcium and high doses of vitamin D. The issue of hypocalcemic seizures should be carefully evaluated both at the presentation and after the patient recovers from the postictal stage. By following this, seizure episodes can be prevented with good success if patients strictly adhere to the medication for which they are responsible.

Background: Patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) frequently have hypo-magnesemia, although magnesium (Mg) has proven cardioprotective characteristics. Cardiovascular fatality has been linked to low serum Mg levels; however, the exact mechanism is unknown and results are inconsistent. This study aims to measure the level of serum Mg among patients diagnosed with AMI.

Methods: One hundred AMI patients who came to the Wad Madani Heart Center were included in a cross-sectional research study. Demographic data, clinical data (presenting compliance, medical history, and medication history), laboratory examination, electrocardiography (ECG) findings, and echocardiography findings were collected. Serum Mg was measured for all participants, and hypomagnesemia was considered as a serum Mg level <1.6 mg/dl. Version 21.0 of SPSS was used to analyze the data.

Results: The mean age of 100 patients was 60 ± 2 years, with 55 (or 55%) being female and 45 (or 45%) being male. Chest pain (n = 92; 92%) was the major presenting complaint. Moreover, the most prevalent heart disease determinants among patients were diabetes mellitus (n = 50; 50%) and hypertension (n = 50; 50%). The mean of Mg was 2.5 mg/dl, and hypomagnesemia was found in 10 (10%) patients and significantly associated with arrhythmia, namely supraventricular tachycardia, (P-value = 0.01). Patients with normal or low Mg levels (98%) were more likely to be discharged in stable condition, whereas all fatalities were among patients with elevated Mg levels (2%).

Conclusion: The frequency of hypomagnesemia among AMI patients was 10%. In addition, hypomagnesemia was significantly associated with arrhythmias (mainly supraventricular tachycardia).