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Westin, Lars, ProfessorORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-6121-377X
Alternative names
Biography [eng]

Regional economics, urban economics, infrastructure investments and spatial development

Publications (10 of 170) Show all publications
Westin, L. & Westin, J. (2026). Det svenska inrikesflyget och kollektivtrafiken. Umeå: Umeå university
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Det svenska inrikesflyget och kollektivtrafiken
2026 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Vilken roll kan inrikesflyget ges i svensk regional kollektivtrafik? Det är det övergripande temat för denna rapport. Sveriges inrikes flygnätverk är idag huvudsakligen nationellt med Arlanda som hubb. Antalet passa­gerare har i princip stått stilla sedan 1990. På senare år har passagerantalet minskat, medan utrikes­flyget ökat. Produkten ”inrikesflyg” har inte klarat konkurrensen från ”järnvägsprodukten” och digital kommunikation. Flyget har inte förnyat, utvecklat och snabbat upp flödena till, från och igenom flygplat­serna och deras säkerhetskontroller. Till det kommer att inrikes resenärer verkar beakta flygets faktiska fossila utsläpp i sina resebeslut, trots att betydande delar av flyget ingår i EUs utsläppshandel. Inrikesflygets oförmåga till förnyelse visar sig även i relationen till regionernas kollektivtrafik. Flyg upphandlas från mindre orter med Stockholm som huvudsaklig destination. Upphandlat flyget är idag ett nationellt flyg med positiv effekt på tillgängligheten. Effekten av flyg på regional tillgänglighet inom och mellan regioner är näst intill obefintlig. Flyget borde kunna erbjuda snabba resor på avstånd under 50 mil där järnväg saknas, över större vatten och berg. Inte heller det nationella inrikesflyget kan erbjuda en dörr-till-dörr resa som klarar konkurrensen med konkurrenterna. Det reser frågan om vilken roll inrikesflyget vill ta i såväl nationell som regional kollektivtrafik? Ett fossil­fritt flyg baserat på elektriska drivlinor eller SAF skulle i teorin kunna erbjuda en ny generation flygplan för ökad inom- och mellanregional tillgänglighet. Med en ny generation flygplatsterminaler som designas för snabb och enkel genomströmning skulle flyget kunna bidra till den regionala kollektivtrafiken. Här finns givetvis tekniskt-ekonomiska utmaningar, men även institutionella problem. I strid med transportpolitikens krav hanteras luftfartens bidrag till kollektivtrafiken skilt från landbaserade transportslag. De regionala kollektiv­trafikmyndigheterna får inte heller upphandla flyg. I rapporten görs en översyn av institutionella strukturer, regel­verk och lagar för upphandlat flyg och för markbaserad kollektivtrafik. Hinder återfinns främst på nationell nivå. Genom att eliminera olika hinder kan ett fossilfritt flyg som stärker kommunernas, regionernas och den nationella transport-infrastrukturen skapas. Förslag ges för en utveckling mot en multimodal regional kollektiv­trafik och ett konkurrenskraftigt inrikesflyg.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå university, 2026. p. 55
Series
TRUM Rapport, ISSN 1403-6924 ; 2026:03
Keywords
Inrikesflyg, kollektivtrafik, allmän trafikplikt, upphandlad flyglinje, Trafikverket, Rikstrafiken, konkurrensutsatt flygmarknad, regional tillväxt, Regional kollektivtrafikmyndighet, transportpolitik, samhällsekonomisk analys
National Category
Economics Political Science (Excluding Peace and Conflict Studies)
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-259106 (URN)978-91-6850-169-7 (ISBN)
Projects
Norrflyg
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, 202100-2874
Available from: 2026-09-23 Created: 2026-09-23 Last updated: 2026-09-30Bibliographically approved
Westin, J. & Westin, L. (2026). Flygplatsekonomi - Svenska flygplatsers förutsättningar i en tid av osäkra passagerarvolymer. In: Fredrik Hellman; Mattias Haraldsson (Ed.), Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2026: . Paper presented at Transportforum 2026, Linköping, Sverige, 14-15 januari, 2026 (pp. 512-513). Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Flygplatsekonomi - Svenska flygplatsers förutsättningar i en tid av osäkra passagerarvolymer
2026 (Swedish)In: Sammanställning av referat från Transportforum 2026 / [ed] Fredrik Hellman; Mattias Haraldsson, Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI) , 2026, p. 512-513Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Introduktion: Många svenska flygplatser står inför betydande ekonomiska utmaningar. Osäkrapassagerarvolymer, ökade driftskostnader, höga säkerhetskrav och nya regelverk gör att lönsamhetenär svag. Många flygplatser är, liksom annan infrastruktur, beroende av statliga och kommunala stöd.Samtidigt har inrikesflyget en strategisk roll i ett avlångt land som Sverige, där flyget säkerställertillgänglighet för arbete, utbildning, vård och näringsliv, samt utgör en del av totalförsvaret.Framtiden för flyget och speciellt inrikesflyget är osäker. Konkurrens och förändrade resvanor,digitala alternativ och klimatpolitiska mål sätter press på sektorn som måste genomföra en tekniskomvandling i en omgivning som försvårar nyinvesteringar.

Metod: Projektet FLYGPLATSEKONOMI undersöker de ekonomiska förutsättningarna försvenska flygplatser. Analysen fokuserar på samspelet mellan kostnader, intäkter, passagerarvolymeroch säkerhetskrav. Intäkter, kostnader, bidrag och subventioner kartläggs med data frånTrafikverket, Transportstyrelsen och ett antal regionala flygplatser. Det kombineras medbokningsstatistik och befolkningsdata för att analysera upptagningsområden och resepotentialer somunderlag för att bedöma flygplatsernas långsiktiga ekonomiska förutsättningar.

Resultat: Projektet skapar en systemmodell över de mindre flygplatsernas ekonomi, som visar hurolika faktorer påverkar bärkraften och vilka passagerarvolymer som krävs för att täcka kostnader.Särskild vikt läggs vid att analysera säkerhetskravens påverkan på kostnadsstrukturen samt hurförändringar i avgifter, subventioner eller teknik kan förändra förutsättningarna för flygplatserna.Resultaten jämförs med internationella erfarenheter och större flygplatser för att belysa skillnaderoch möjliga vägar framåt.

Slutsats: Många svenska flygplatsers ekonomi riskerar att försvagas till följd av osäkra resandevolymer och ökade kostnader. Genom att utveckla en modell som fångar samspelet mellan ekonomi,regelverk och passagerarvolymer bidrar FLYGPLATSEKONOMI till ett nytt kunskapsunderlag förbeslut om inrikesflygets framtid. Projektet ger underlag för Trafikverket, flygplatser och politiskabeslutsfattare att identifiera åtgärder som kan stärka ekonomin, bevara tillgängligheten ochmöjliggöra en långsiktigt hållbar flyginfrastruktur.

Referenser: Eriksson, M. (2007). Framväxten av ett nationellt infrasystem för civilflyget. Umeå Papers inEconomic History.Große, C. (2019). Airports as critical infrastructure: The role of the transportation-by-air system forregional development and crisis management. IEEE IEEM.Westin, J., Olsson, L., & Åhag, P. (2024). Network Design Optimization for Regional ElectricAviation in Northern Scandinavia. IEEE IEEM.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linköping: Statens väg- och transportforskningsinstitut (VTI), 2026
National Category
Economics Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-248699 (URN)
Conference
Transportforum 2026, Linköping, Sverige, 14-15 januari, 2026
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration
Available from: 2026-01-19 Created: 2026-01-19 Last updated: 2026-01-19Bibliographically approved
Westin, J., Westin, L., Kristoffersson, I., Liu, C., Aradóttir, E. & Bjurulf, H. (2026). Förutsättningar för fossilfritt regionalt flyg i norra Sverige. Umeå: Umeå University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Förutsättningar för fossilfritt regionalt flyg i norra Sverige
Show others...
2026 (Swedish)Report (Refereed)
Abstract [sv]

Den pågående industriella omställningen i norra Sverige ökar efterfrågan på arbetskraft, företagstjänster och offentlig service. Samtidigt känne­tecknas regionen av långa avstånd, delvis gles befolkning och ett transport­system med stora geografiska variationer i kapacitet och servicenivå. Mot denna bakgrund är en central utmaning att utveckla transport­lösningar som möter den denna utveckling på ett kostnads­effektivt och hållbart sätt.

Denna rapport analyserar förutsättningarna för fossilfri regional luftfart i ett multimodalt transportsystem i norra Sverige. Studien kombinerar en analys av regelverk, styrning och upphandling med en nätverksbaserad optimerings­modell för att beräkna hur regionala flygnätverk kan utformas under givna tekniska och ekonomiska förutsättningar. Analysen visar att flyget i Sverige i dag endast i begränsad utsträckning är integrerat i den regionala kollektivtrafikplaneringen. Ansvarsfördelningen mellan staten och de regionala kollektivtrafikmyndigheterna innebär att flyg­trafiken hanteras separat från andra trafikslag vilket försvårar utvecklingen av sammanhängande transportlösningar. Samtidigt pekar en genom­gång av EU:s regelverk att det inte finns några grundläggande hinder för att inkludera flyg i kollektivtrafiksystem utan att möjligheterna främst begränsas av regelverket för närvarande tillämpas i Sverige.

Den tekniska utvecklingen inom el- och hybridflygplan förväntas på längre sikt möjliggöra nya former av regional luftfart. Med lägre kapacitet och kortare räckvidd än reguljära flygplan lämpar de sig för kortare sträckor vilket möjliggör en mer finmaskig nätverksstruktur. Modellresultaten indikerar att sådana system, under vissa förutsättningar, kan förbättra tillgängligheten i regionen och skapa nya resmöjligheter, särskilt där restiderna med marktransporter är långa.

Samtidigt är räckvidd, laddinfrastruktur och ekonomisk bärkraft avgörande förutsättningar för utvecklingen av framtida regional luftfart inom ett multi­modalt transportsystem. Analysen visar också att en övergång till fler direktförbindelser med flera regionala noder kan skapa fler resmöjligheter än det nuvarande hub-and-spoke-systemet (nav-och-eker-systemet) med Stockholm Arlanda som centrum. För att realisera denna potential krävs ökad samordning mellan trafik­slag, inklusive integrering av tidtabeller, biljettsystem och fysisk infra­struktur.

Rapporten identifierar flera centrala institutionella hinder för en sådan utveckling. Dessa inkluderar begränsningar i de regionala kollektiv­trafik­myndigheternas mandat att upphandla flygtrafik, otillräcklig användning av samhälls­ekonomiska analyser vid upphandling av flyglinjer samt en otydlig ansvars­fördelning mellan nationella och regionala aktörer. Som en följd är dagens planering i stor utsträckning trafikslagsspecifik snarare än baserad på ett övergripande tillgänglighetsperspektiv.

För att möjliggöra en mer sammanhållen transportplanering behöver både regelverk och styrningsstrukturer anpassas. Konkreta förslag omfattar ett stärkt regionalt inflytande över flygtrafiken, utvecklade metoder för samhällsekonomisk analys av flygets roll samt förbättrad samordning i planering och upphandling mellan trafikslagen.

Fossilfri regional luftfart kan fylla en viktig kompletterande funktion i det framtida transportsystemet i norra Sverige. Hur stort genomslag den får är dock avhängigt av i vilken utsträckning den integreras med övriga trafikslag inom en sammanhållen, multimodal planeringsram.

Abstract [en]

The ongoing industrial transformation in northern Sweden is increasing demand for labour, business services, and public services. At the same time, the region is characterised by long distances, sparsely populated areas, and a transport system with considerable variations in capacity and service levels. A central challenge is to develop transport solutions that meet this development cost-effectively and sustainably.

This report analyses the conditions for fossil-free regional aviation within a multimodal transport system in northern Sweden. The study combines an analysis of regulations, governance and procurement with a network-based optimisation model to calculate how regional aviation networks can be designed under given technical and economic conditions. The analysis shows that aviation in Sweden today is only integrated to a limited extent in regional public transport planning. The division of responsibilities between the state and regional public transport authorities means that air traffic is managed separately from other modes of transport, hindering the development of integrated multimodal transport solutions. At the same time, a review of EU regulations suggests that there are no fundamental obstacles to including aviation in public transport systems, and that the limitations are primarily a result of how current regulations are applied in Sweden.

Technological developments in electric and hybrid aircraft are expected to enable new forms of regional aviation in the longer term. With lower capacity and shorter range than conventional aircraft, they are suited to shorter routes, allowing for a more fine-grained network structure. Model results indicate that such systems, under certain conditions, can improve accessibility in the region and create new travel opportunities, particularly where land travel times are long.

Range, charging infrastructure, and economic viability are also critical prerequisites for the development of future regional aviation within a multimodal transport system. The analysis shows that a transition to more direct connections between multiple regional nodes could create more travel opportunities than the current hub-and-spoke system centred on Stockholm Arlanda. Realising this potential requires greater coordination between modes of transport, including the integration of timetables, ticketing systems and physical infrastructure.

The report identifies several key institutional barriers to this development. These include limitations on the mandate of regional public transport authorities to procure air services, insufficient use of cost-benefit analysis in the procurement of air routes, and an unclear division of responsibilities between national and regional actors. As a result, current planning is largely mode-specific rather than grounded in an overarching intermodal accessibility perspective.

Enabling more integrated transport planning will require adapting both regulations and governance structures. Concrete proposals include strengthened regional influence over air traffic, improved methods for socioeconomic analysis of aviation's role, and enhanced coordination in planning and procurement across modes of transport.

Fossil-free regional aviation has the potential to play an important complementary role in the future transport system of northern Sweden. The extent of its impact, however, will depend on how well it is integrated with other modes of transport within a coherent, multimodal planning framework.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2026. p. 50
Series
TRUM-rapport, ISSN 1403-6924 ; 2026:01
Keywords
fossilfritt flyg; regional luftfart; elflyg; hybridflyg; norra Sverige; multimodala transportsystem; regional kollektivtrafik; tillgänglighet; transportplanering; upphandling av flygtrafik; PSO; allmän trafikplikt; regional utveckling; flygnätverk; optimeringsmodell
National Category
Computational Mathematics Economics Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-253180 (URN)978-91-6850-049-2 (ISBN)
Funder
Swedish Energy Agency, P2023-01429
Available from: 2026-05-17 Created: 2026-05-17 Last updated: 2026-05-18Bibliographically approved
Nilsson, P. A. & Westin, L. (2025). Managing international academic collaboration in a turbulent world: Swedish perspectives. In: Clay Harmon; Krishna Bista (Ed.), Navigating the future of international enrollment management: insights and strategies (pp. 67-74). Baltimore: STAR Scholars Network
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Managing international academic collaboration in a turbulent world: Swedish perspectives
2025 (English)In: Navigating the future of international enrollment management: insights and strategies / [ed] Clay Harmon; Krishna Bista, Baltimore: STAR Scholars Network , 2025, p. 67-74Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Increasing geopolitical tensions have created an environment where international collaboration is under scrutiny. This study examines Sweden's transition froma non aligned country to a member of a regional security-oriented regime. To preserve the advantages of an open academic environment and adapt to the new challenges posed by heightened security demands, this shift represents a crucial research area. It broadens the discussion on security threats and contributes to studies on how international academic mobility is perceived and managed by nations facing increased insecurity. The study focuses on inbound PhD students, revealing that Sweden has a relatively high proportion of doctoral students from China, Iran, and Russia - countries identified by the Swedish Security Service as problematic from a national security perspective. Russia's war in Ukraine, occurring in Sweden's immediate vicinity, along with Finland’s and Sweden's subsequent NATO memberships, has heightened public awareness of this new security stance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Baltimore: STAR Scholars Network, 2025
Series
AIRC Series on Enrollment Management ; 1
Keywords
International doctoral students, Security threats, Sweden
National Category
Economics and Business
Research subject
Social and Economic Geography
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-245776 (URN)10.32674/zhaw2s80 (DOI)9798895240304 (ISBN)9798895240311 (ISBN)
Available from: 2025-10-21 Created: 2025-10-21 Last updated: 2026-02-24Bibliographically approved
Westin, L. (2025). Norrbotniabanan - möjlighet och hot. Västerbottens Kuriren (2025-04-07), pp. 1
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Norrbotniabanan - möjlighet och hot
2025 (Swedish)In: Västerbottens Kuriren, ISSN 1104-0246, no 2025-04-07, p. 1-Article in journal, News item (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.)) Published
Abstract [sv]

Större städer måste bli Norrlands primära fokus, då skapas även underlag för infrastruktur, universitet och universitetssjukhus.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Stiftelsen VK-press, 2025
Keywords
Norrbotniabanan, Botniabanan, Umeå, Kramfors, Örnsköldsvik, Nordmaling, Norra Sverige, Norrland, Befolkning
National Category
Economics Economic Geography
Research subject
Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-237930 (URN)
Available from: 2025-04-23 Created: 2025-04-23 Last updated: 2025-04-23Bibliographically approved
Nilsson, P. A. & Westin, L. (2024). Impact of tuition fees on international student mobility in Sweden: a decade of reflection. In: Jing Luan; Leilt Habte; David L. Di Maria; Krishna Bista (Ed.), Entry points to US education: accessing the next wave of growth (pp. 268-283). Baltimore: STAR Scholars Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impact of tuition fees on international student mobility in Sweden: a decade of reflection
2024 (English)In: Entry points to US education: accessing the next wave of growth / [ed] Jing Luan; Leilt Habte; David L. Di Maria; Krishna Bista, Baltimore: STAR Scholars Press , 2024, p. 268-283Chapter in book (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

In 2009, the Swedish parliament introduced tuition for students outside the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland. In 2011, the first feeypaying students arrived. Before the decision was made, industrial leaders, students, and representatives of higher education institutions had debated and questioned the decision. In this chapter, we reflect on the intervention of the introduction of tuition for postsecondary education in Sweden within a European contect. What were the experiences, impacts and development of student mobility 10 years after tuition was introduced? Did tuition turn out to be a serious mistake, or are the objectives fulfilled with the reform? A direct consequence was a decrease of 80% in the number of students in Sweden from outside the EEA and Switzerland. However, today, the number of students from outside Europe has increased, but the mix of students from different countries has changed. The analytical research of the chapter holds significance for policy making that affects entry points to education.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Baltimore: STAR Scholars Press, 2024
Series
Comparative and international education
Keywords
Tuition fees, Fee-Paying Students, Sweden, Student Mobility, Post -Secondary Education, International Students, Higher Education Institutions, European Context, Entry Points, Internationella studenter, studieavgifter, Sverige, Universitet, Högskolor
National Category
Economics Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified Economic Geography Pedagogy
Research subject
Economics; Social and Economic Geography; education
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-225628 (URN)10.32674/481fyy64 (DOI)9781957480404 (ISBN)9781957480435 (ISBN)
Note

How to cite this chapter: Nilsson, P. A., & Westin, L. (2024). Impact of tuition fees on internationalstudent mobility in Sweden: A decade of refection. In J. Luan, L. Habte,D. L. Di Maria, & K. Bista (Eds.), Entry points to US education: Accessing thenext wave of growth (pp. 268-283). STAR Scholars Press.

Available from: 2024-06-05 Created: 2024-06-05 Last updated: 2025-02-27Bibliographically approved
Nilsson, P. A. & Westin, L. (2024). International academic mobility in a time of security threats: policies and institutional adaptations to maintain the benefits of an open academy – the Swedish case. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, Article ID 101007.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>International academic mobility in a time of security threats: policies and institutional adaptations to maintain the benefits of an open academy – the Swedish case
2024 (English)In: Social Sciences & Humanities Open, ISSN 2590-2911, Vol. 10, article id 101007Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Increasingly, the extensive benefits of international academic networks, mobility and exchange have become linked with an awareness of the threats this also may imply. International student mobility has been a success story. The number of students has grown significantly in response to the globalisation of academic life. Generally, this has been seen as beneficial for the countries involved and especially for the cities where the students move. However, various attempts to get unauthorised access to critical sources and to knowledge, as well as to contest scientifically based conclusions with disinformation, have become a challenge for nations and higher education institutions (HEIs). In this study the increased number of international doctoral students in Sweden is examined, while we observe that the Swedish government, due to the rising conflict level in Europe and internationally, recently illustrated by the membership in NATO by Sweden, has initiated a review of its policies to enhance the awareness among HEIs of the risks that may be associated with international academic mobility. The US has long had an active policy involving various restrictions on academic immigration, so far this has not – at least not as an explicitly communicated policy – been the case in Sweden. Given this, the aim of the paper is to scrutinise the origin of doctoral students, identify countries from which the number of students has increased most and relate this to the risk profile those countries are given by the Swedish Security Service. Open and available data are retrieved from the Swedish Higher Education Authority. Our analysis of the ongoing transition in Sweden suggests that recruitment of international doctoral students will continue, since they are critical for the knowledge oriented small open economy, but it will increasingly be combined with a stronger focus on various security issues, as those have been identified by the government and communicated with the academic community and the managements of HEIs. Clearly, Sweden and its HEIs are in a phase of transition into a new environment. It will take time for the HEIs to find appropriate and reasonable measures, although other countries have discussed similar problems. We place the discussion regarding the benefits of international academic exchange in a context where HEIs also must consider the threats that may be associated with international academic mobility. We then highlight that sensitivity is needed in the choice of measures to reduce possible threats and risks.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Doctoral students, International student mobility, International academic mobility, Sweden, Higher education institutions, Security threats
National Category
Educational Sciences Peace and Conflict Studies Other Social Sciences not elsewhere specified
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-227607 (URN)10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.101007 (DOI)2-s2.0-85197028553 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-07-01 Created: 2024-07-01 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
Nilsson, P. A. & Westin, L. (2024). Ten years after: reflections on the introduction of tuition fees for some international students in Swedish post-secondary education. Education Inquiry, 15(4), 527-547
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ten years after: reflections on the introduction of tuition fees for some international students in Swedish post-secondary education
2024 (English)In: Education Inquiry, E-ISSN 2000-4508, Vol. 15, no 4, p. 527-547Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In 2011, Sweden introduced tuition fees for students from countries outside the European Economic Area (EEA) and Switzerland when they enrolled at higher education institutions (HEIs). As a direct consequence, the number of students in Sweden from those countries decreased by 80% that year. Since then, the number of students has increased again and, before COVID-19, was on its way to reaching the same level as before 2011. Nevertheless, the number of tuition fee-paying students only dropped by 3% for the academic year 2020/21, after nine consecutive years of growth. In this article we are assessing changes in inbound student flows and compare the outcome with the ambitions expressed by the Swedish government when the fees were introduced. The introduction of tuition fees in Sweden and the experiences from this offer quite unique possibilities to learn how students, HEIs, other actors, and societies react and adapt. By use of previous studies and new empirics we analyse and reflect on the outcome given the motives behind the reform, especially with regard to the ambition to continue internationalising post-secondary education and, furthermore, on the reform’s possible benefits and costs for post-secondary education in Sweden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Routledge, 2024
Keywords
Tuition, fee-paying students, Sweden, student mobility, post-secondary education, international students, Internationella studenter, utbildningsavgift, universitetsstudier, studentmobilitet
National Category
Educational Sciences Social and Economic Geography Economics
Research subject
Social and Economic Geography; Economics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-200636 (URN)10.1080/20004508.2022.2137912 (DOI)000874741900001 ()2-s2.0-85141023476 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-11-11 Created: 2022-11-11 Last updated: 2025-01-13Bibliographically approved
Lundgren, A., Löfving, L. & Westin, L. (2023). Cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region: an introduction. Stockholm: Nordregio
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region: an introduction
2023 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Throughout history, transport infrastructure has played a crucial role inindustrialisation, economic growth and regional development and continues to do so. In recent decades, international trade, the growth potential of extended crossborder labour markets and new connections, such as the Öresund bridge (finalised in2000) and the Fehmarn Belt connection between Denmark and Germany (to beopened in 2029), have further increased interest in cross-border transportinfrastructure.

This is the first report in the NORDINFRA project, aiming at increasing knowledge ofcross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region. The project covers four Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden) and explores institutional and other challenges and opportunities associated with better and more coordinated cross-border transport infrastructure planning.

NORDINFRA is a research project financed by the Swedish Transport Administration(Trafikverket) and run by Nordregio and Umeå University. Its research methods consist of literature and document studies as well as interviews with stakeholders.Three Nordic cross-border transport infrastructure case studies have been selected:a new fixed link between Sweden and Denmark, namely the Helsingborg–Helsingör road and rail tunnel; an improved railway connection between Stockholm and Oslo; and the road and ferry connection from Mo i Rana in Norway, via Umeå in Sweden, to Vasa in Finland.

This report begins with an overview of the transport infrastructure planning systemsin Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, with a focus on the policy goals, the main actors and their responsibilities within the transport infrastructure planning system, central elements of the planning process, analytical tools and tools for impact analysis.

Overall, we find many similarities between the Nordic countries, although there are also important differences. In terms of transport goals, all four countries share important commonalities in that they focus on efficiency, accessibility, sustainability, and safety – although the specific goals are formulated in different ways and with different emphases. We find that, to a large extent, the countries share the same timeframe when it comes to the planning period (Denmark 2021–2035, Finland2021–2032, Norway 2022–2033 and Sweden 2022–2033).

These commonalities are positive and can be expected to facilitate the planning of cross-border transport infrastructure objects. The analysis of the countries’ national infrastructure and transportation plans shows that although Nordic cross-border transport is mentioned, the focus is primarily on national transport infrastructure that is not adjacent to a border. In all the countries, planning takes place via step-bystep, formalised processes, including impact assessments. Here, too, the similarities between the countries can be expected to increase the potential for cross-border collaboration.

We also find similarities between the Nordic countries studied when it comes to the main actors involved in transport infrastructure planning. At national level, the relevant ministry holds the responsibility for transport infrastructure, along with one or several national authorities in the field. However, one important difference between the Nordic countries is that, according to the Danish and Norwegian public administration models, the national transport authorities have less independence from the transport ministry than the equivalent agencies in Sweden and Finland.

In all of the countries, the regional councils are responsible for elaborating a regional development strategy and are frequently involved in public transportation. The municipalities are responsible for local physical planning but may also have other tasks relating to transport infrastructure, such as local roads, local public transport, ports and airports. Looking closer, the division of transport infrastructure tasks between different levels of government varies depending on the country, and there can sometimes be territorial differences within the country, too.

However, a general pattern can be observed whereby actors at national level have overall responsibility for the national transport infrastructure system, whereas regional and local actors are endowed with specific tasks and responsibilities within the transport infrastructure system. In order to facilitate cross-border transport infrastructure planning it is important that those actors involved in cross-border transport infrastructure planning have knowledge about these differences between the countries and regions involved to be able to better understand the prerequisites for cross-border infrastructure planning and adapt to the circumstances involved.

Although transport infrastructure planning primarily takes place within a national context, also the European Union plays an important role for cross-border transport infrastructure planning. A policy area of great importance is EU transport policy – for example, the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) which aims to link territories across the EU via a core network of corridors, of which the Scandinavian –Mediterranean (Scan-Med) and North Sea–Baltic corridors are most important for the Nordic countries. The EU’s policy for regional development and its Cohesion Policy are both central to cross-border collaboration – not least the Interreg A programmes, which are targeted at cross-border co-operation. Just as the EU regional development policy is connected to measures and financing mechanisms such as the Interreg, the implementation of EU transport policy is facilitated by, e.g.the Connecting Europe Facility (CEF). While EU policies in the fields of regional development and transport support cross-border transport infrastructure planningin the Nordic Region, it is less evident to what extent Nordic co-operation supports cross-border transport infrastructure planning. Even though the national transport authorities are involved in knowledge-sharing networks (e.g. Nordisk Vejforum, and NJS – Forum for Nordisk Jernbanesamarbeid), since the dissolution of the Council of Ministers for Transport in 2005, there has been a lack of a Nordic political platform to discuss cross-border transport infrastructure.

Previous research and literature show that cross-border transport infrastructure faces challenges in many different fields. Challenges relating to governance involve, for example, many stakeholders at different levels of government. Economic challenges may relate to, for example, only calculating benefits on one side of a national border or increased costs due to higher insecurity. Among the legal and administrative challenges, we find conflicting laws and regulations; and among the political challenges, a lack of political interest or the risk of altering the balance of power between countries or within a country. Other challenges may relate to differences in technology, calculation models or language.

However, research literature and previous findings also highlight opportunities to overcome those challenges. These include establishing clear common goals, promoting transparency, working with relevant stakeholders and ensuring their commitment, allocating benefits and risks, and promoting effective governance. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Nordregio, 2023. p. 67
Series
Nordregio Report, ISSN 1403-2503 ; 2023:3
Keywords
Cross-border infrastructure, transport planning, Nordic, Regions, Kvarken Council, EGTC, Gränsöverskridande infrastruktur, transportplannering, Norden, nordisk, Kvarkenrådet, EGTC
National Category
Economics Economic Geography Public Administration Studies
Research subject
Economics; Social and Economic Geography; political science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-204323 (URN)10.6027/R2023:3.1403-2503 (DOI)978-91-8001-037-5 (ISBN)978-91-8001-036-8 (ISBN)
Projects
NORDINFRA
Available from: 2023-02-01 Created: 2023-02-01 Last updated: 2025-02-21Bibliographically approved
Lundgren, A., Löfving, L. & Westin, L. (2023). Facilitating cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region. Stockholm: Nordregio
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Facilitating cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region
2023 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Denna rapport är den andra rapporten i forskningsprojektet. Institutionella hinder och möjligheter tillsamordning (Nordic Transport infrastructure planning. Institutional barriers andopportunities for coordination) (2021–2023). Syftet med NORDINFRA är att öka kunskapen om gränsöverskridande transportinfrastruktur i Norden genom att identifiera hinder för gränsöverskridande transportinfrastruktur, peka påmöjligheter och föreslå åtgärder för att underlätta planering av gränsöverskridande transportinfrastruktur. Projektet, som har finansierats av Trafikverket, har letts av Nordregio, och genomförts av forskare från Nordregio och Umeå universitet.

I den första rapporten, "Cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region - An introduction" (2023) gavs en bakgrund och fördjupning av hur gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering bedrivs inom ramen för de olika planeringssystemen i Danmark, Finland, Norge och Sverige, samt vilken roll den nordiska och EU-kontexten spelar. Den här andra och sista rapporten i projektet bygger på empiri från intervjuer i tre fallstudier av infrastrukturprojekt i tidiga skeden; den fasta HH-förbindelsen mellan Helsingborg och Helsingör, järnvägsförbindelsen Stockholm–Oslo, och länken från Mo i Rana, via Hemavan och Umeå, över Kvarken till Vasa. I intervjuerna med intressenter från fallstudieprojekten har vi ställt frågor om hur de ser på formella och informellahinder för gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering, och hur dessa hinder skulle kunna överbryggas. De båda rapporterna är komplementära. Precis som skrivbordsstudierna i den första rapporten visade, bekräftar intervjuerna att gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering involverar många aktörer på olika administrativa nivåer, från ministerier och transportmyndigheter på den nationella nivån, till regioner, kommuner, gränsöverskridande organisationer, privata företag och lobbygrupper. Intervjuerna visar också att den nationella nivån och regeringarna har en särskilt central roll då dessa i stor utsträckning sätter ramarna och på så sätt påverkarde övriga aktörernas agerande. Även om våra resultat visar stora utmaningar för gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering, har vi även fått exempel på framgångsrika planeringsinsatser och förslag på åtgärder för att ytterligare utveckla transportplaneringen över nationsgränserna. Utmaningarna har sammanfattats i sju nyckelområden:

Att acceptera att gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering är komplext

Att ha förståelse för att den nationella planeringen förtransportinfrastruktur har en nyckelroll

Att hantera bristen på tydliga uppdrag och mandat för gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering

Att systematiskt dela information och kunskap omtransportinfrastrukturplanering

Att beakta att gränsöverskridande transportinfrastruktur när allt kommer omkring är en fråga om prioritieringar

Att involvera regionala och andra intressenter i den gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplaneringen

Att lära hantverket om hur man samarbetar kring gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering

Den främsta potentialen för att förbättra gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplanering i Norden är beroende av att de nationella regeringarna i högre grad prioriterar det nordiska politiska samarbetet inom transportinfrastruktur. För att utveckla det nordiska samarbetet kring transportinfrastruktur, ska vikten av tydliga mandat och uppdrag inte underskattas. Även om regioner, kommuner, gränsöverskridande organisationer och andra aktörer är viktiga kan de inte ersätta de nationella myndigheternas centrala roll.Genom att skapa en gemensam nordisk kunskapsbas om transportflödena i det nordiska transportsystemet, transportsystemets funktionssätt och om hur investeringar i transportinfrastruktur i ett land påverkar flödena i de andra nordiska länderna, skulle den samlade kunskapsnivån kunna höjas. Denna skulle också kunna fungera som en gemensam nordisk plattform för kunskaps- och erfarenhetsutbyte som bas och för att utveckla strukturer för fördjupat samarbete kring bl.a. gemensamma analysverktyg. Sammantaget bedöms dessainsatser kunna bidra till att underlätta den nordiska gränsöverskridande transportinfrastrukturplaneringen och till att utveckla ett transportsystem som gynnar de nordiska länderna och Norden som helhet.

Abstract [en]

This report is the second report in the research project titled NORDINFRA –“Nordic transport infrastructure planning – institutional barriers andopportunities for coordination” (2021-2023). The aim of NORDINFRA is to increase knowledge about cross-border transportinfrastructure planning in the Nordic countries by identifying barriers, highlighting opportunities and proposing measures to facilitate the planning of cross-border transport infrastructure. The project has been financed by the Swedish Transport Administration. It was led by Nordregio and carried out by researchers from Nordregio and Umeå University. NORDINFRA –“Nordic transport infrastructure planning – institutional barriers andopportunities for coordination” The first report, Cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic Region – An introduction(2023) provided background information and in-depth insight into how cross-border transport infrastructure planning is shaped by the different planning systems in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden and by the Nordic and EU context. This report is based on empirical data from three case studies of infrastructure projects in early phases, namely the fixed HH link between Helsingborg and Helsingør, the Stockholm-Oslo rail link, and the link from Mo i Rana, via Hemavan and Umeå, across the Kvarken Strait to Vaasa. In interviews with stakeholders from these regions, we asked how they view formal and informal barriers to the development of cross-border transport infrastructure and how these barriers could be reduced. The two reports are complementary. As the desk studies in the first report showed, the interviews confirm that cross-border transport infrastructure planning involves many players at different levelsof government, from national ministries and transport authorities through toregions, municipalities, cross-border organisations, private companies and lobbygroups. However, the interviews in the case study areas also show that governments at the national level have a central role and that their actions are pivotal as they largely shape the framework and influence the actions of the other players. Although our findings show that cross-border transport infrastructure planning poses major challenges, we also found examples of successful planning efforts and proposals for measures to enhance transport planning across national borders. The challenges have been summarised and grouped into seven key areas:

Recognising the complexity of cross-border transport infrastructure planning

Understanding that transport infrastructure planning at the national government level plays a key role

Addressing the lack of clear assignments/mandates to perform cross-border transport infrastructure planning

Sharing information and knowledge on transport infrastructure planning in a systematic way

Acknowledging that cross-border transport infrastructure is ultimately a matter of priority

Involving regional and other stakeholders in cross-border transport infrastructure planning

Learning the “craftsmanship” of cooperation in cross-border transportinfrastructure planning

The main potential for improving cross-border transport infrastructure planning in the Nordic countries lies in the interest of the national governments in prioritising Nordic political cooperation in the field of transport infrastructure.The importance of clear assignments and mandates from the political leaders to the national transport authorities to work on and enhance cooperation should not be underestimated. Although regions, municipalities, cross-border organisations and other players are important actors, they cannot replace the national authorities. By creating a common Nordic knowledge base on the Nordic transport system's flows, its functioning and how investments in transport infrastructure in one country affect flows in the other Nordic countries, the overall level of knowledge would be raised. A joint Nordic knowledge base could also serve as a common Nordic platform for the exchange of knowledge and experiences and for developing structures for in-depth cooperation on matters such as common analytical tools. All in all, such a knowledge base can be expected to contribute tof acilitating Nordic cross-border transport infrastructure planning and the development of a transport system that benefits all countries and the Nordic Region as a whole.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stockholm: Nordregio, 2023. p. 36
Series
Nordregio report, ISSN 1403-2503 ; 2023:6
Keywords
Nordic transport infrastructure planning, The Swedish Transport Administration, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Nordic Region, Cross-border transport planning, Norden, Nordisk transportinfrastrukturplanering, infrastrukturplannering, transporter, Gränsöverskridande transportplanering, Sverige, Trafikverket, Norge, Danmark, Finland, Kvarken, E12, Stockholm-Oslo, HH-förbindelsen
National Category
Social Sciences Economics Public Administration Studies
Research subject
Economics; political science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-216476 (URN)10.6027/R2023:6.1403-2503 (DOI)978-91-8001-065-8 (ISBN)978-91-8001-064-1 (ISBN)
Available from: 2023-11-13 Created: 2023-11-13 Last updated: 2025-02-21Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-6121-377X

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