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Background: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype is a virulent pathogenlinked to severe periodontitis and systemic diseases. Honey and royal jelly (RJ) havedemonstrated bioactive properties against this microorganism. This study aims to assessthe bioactive properties of honeys and RJ against this key periodontal pathogen and topreliminarily identify key compounds with antibacterial potential.

Methods: The antibacterialactivity of honeys and commercial products (manuka, L-Mesitran® as a medical-gradehoney-based formulation (MGHF), and Honix® RJ) against A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2was evaluated using the agar well diffusion method and microdilution assays. Extensivephysicochemical characterization (e.g., hydrogen peroxide level, total phenolic content,and total flavonoid content) was conducted to correlate the bioactive compounds withthe antimicrobial activity.

Results: All tested samples exhibited varying antibacterial potency,with inhibition zones ranging from 21 to 37 mm. The MICs ranged from 40.7 to104.3 mg/mL. MGHF, RJ, and multifloral honeys showed the lowest MICs. The pH ofsix out of eight samples could not induce enamel decalcification while the pH of threesamples may not influence cementum demineralization. Vitamin C, zinc, magnesium, andpotassium were present in measurable quantities, and were not associated with significantantibacterial activity. MGHF showed the highest hydrogen peroxide activity andTFC values. TFC and H2O2 content were statistically correlated with lower MIC values.

Conclusions: Honey and RJ showed antibacterial activity against A. actinomycetemcomitansJP2, partly attributed to their content of hydrogen peroxide and flavonoids. Clinical trialsare needed to confirm the potential role of honey, RJ, and their bioactive compounds inmanaging periodontitis.

The Gram-positive organism Filifactor alocis is implicated in multiple oral diseases including periodontitis, and approximately 50% of known strains encode and produce a recently identified repeat-in-toxin (RTX) protein, FtxA, partly homologous to the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin. By assessing a longitudinal Ghanaian study population of adolescents, we recently identified a possible correlation between F. alocis levels, ftxA gene carriage, and progression of clinical attachment loss (CAL). To extend knowledge on the possible significance of F. alocis and its FtxA in periodontal disease, we have in the present work analyzed saliva samples in an independent cohort of periodontitis (n=156), collected at two private periodontal specialist practices in Perth, Western Australia. The present results corroborate that high loads of F. alocis and the presence of its ftxA gene together are associated with parameters of periodontal tissue destruction and severity. Moreover, among the individuals carrying A. actinomycetemcomitans, a majority also exhibited an ftxA-positive F. alocis, supporting the notion of the synergistic behavior of these two species. This emphasizes that F. alocis and its ftxA are involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis and may have ecological roles, with diagnostic and prognostic implications for the disease.

The Gram-positive bacterium, Filifactor alocis is an oral pathogen, and approximately 50% of known strains encode a recently identified repeat-in-toxin (RTX) protein, FtxA. By assessing a longitudinal Ghanaian study population of adolescents (10-19 years of age; mean age 13.2 years), we recently discovered a possible correlation between deep periodontal pockets measured at the two-year follow-up, presence of the ftxA gene, and a high quantity of F. alocis. To further understand the contribution of F. alocis and FtxA in periodontal disease, we used qPCR in the present study to assess the carriage loads of F. alocis and the prevalence of its ftxA gene in subgingival plaque specimens, sampled at baseline from the Ghanaian cohort (n=500). Comparing these results with the recorded clinical attachment loss (CAL) longitudinal progression data from the two-year follow up, we concluded that carriers of ftxA-positive F. alocis typically exhibited higher loads of the bacterium. Moreover, high carriage loads of F. alocis and concomitant presence of the ftxA gene were two factors that were both associated with an enhanced prevalence of CAL progression. Interestingly, CAL progression appeared to be further promoted upon the simultaneous presence of F. alocis and the non-JP2 genotype of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Taken together, our present findings are consistent with the notion that F. alocis and its ftxA gene promotes CAL during periodontal disease.

Microbial ecosystems experience spatial and nutrient restrictions, leading to the coevolution of cooperation and competition among cohabiting species. To increase their fitness for survival, bacteria exploit machinery to antagonizing rival species upon close contact. As such, the bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) nanomachinery, typically expressed by pathobionts, can transport proteins directly into eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells, consequently killing cohabiting competitors. Here we demonstrate first time that oral symbiont Aggregatibacter aphrophilus possesses a T6SS and can eliminate its close relative oral pathobiont Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans using its T6SS. These findings bring newer the anti-bacterial prospects of symbionts against cohabiting pathobionts while introducing presence of an active T6SS in the oral cavity.

Microbial contamination causes environmental and costly problems in paper production. Today, chemical-based biocides are used to control these problems. We have developed a biocide substitute that consists of fermented rest products from the cereal industry. Rye bran is a suitable nutrient for growth of a selected strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Previous studies have shown that fermented rye bran contains bioactive metabolites that powerfully limit virtually all bacterial growth. The cereals also contain fibres with potential to be a supplement in the raw material (pulp) of paper production. Our intention with this study was to investigate the potential of fermented rye bran as an antibacterial raw material in paper production. We will specifically determine the antibacterial effect of fermented rye bran on bacterial strains isolated from pulp and process water at a paper mill. In addition, to analyse the effect of the single metabolites discovered in the fermented rye bran. The results showed that fermented rye bran inhibited growth of the majority of the bacterial strains isolated from the paper mill. The pure metabolites showed also antibacterial properties, but less potent in comparison to the crude fermented rye bran product. The Lactobacillus strain used in the present study was resistant to all the tested metabolites. In conclusion, fermented rye bran shows properties indicating potential to be used as a bioactive raw material, limiting the need to add antimicrobial chemicals in paper production

Microbial contamination causes environmental and costly problems in paper production (gas formation in stored pulp, and biofilm/slime) and waste water systems (biofilm formation causing corrosion of the pipes). Today, chemical-based biocides are used to control these problems. We have developed a biocide substitute consisting of industrial rest products; rye bran or spruce bark. Rye bran is a suitable nutrient for growth of a selected strain of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum. Previous studies have shown that fermented rye bran, as well as spruce bark extracts, contains bioactive metabolites with the power to limit virtually all bacterial growth. These products also contain fibres with potential to be a supplement as raw material in the pulp.

Our intention with this study was to investigate the potential of these rest materials as an antibacterial raw material in paper production. We will specifically determine the antibacterial effect on strains isolated from pulp, process water from the paper mill, and waste water pipes. In addition, likewise analyse the antimicrobial activity of single metabolites discovered in the crude extracts. The results so far, show that the products efficiently inhibit growth of the bacterial strains isolated from waste water and the paper mill. The pure metabolites showed also antibacterial properties, but were less potent as compared to the crude products. The Lactiplantiobacillus strain, used to ferment the rye bran in the present study, was resistant to all the tested products.

In conclusion, fermented rye bran and spruce bark extracts show properties indicating a potential to be used as a bioactive raw material, limiting the need of adding synthetic biocides in paper production and waste water systems.

Aggressive forms of periodontitis, especially in young patients, are often associated with an increased proportion of the Gram-negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans of the microbiota of the affected periodontal sites. One of the virulence factors of A. actinomycetemcomitans is a leukotoxin (LtxA) that induces a pro-inflammatory cell death process in leukocytes. A. actinomycetemcomitans exhibits a large genetic diversity and different genotypes vary in LtxA production capacity. The genotype JP2 is a heavy LtxA producer due to a 530-base pair deletion in the promoter for the toxin genes, and this trait has been associated with an increased pathogenic potential. The present study focused on the production and release of LtxA by different A. actinomycetemcomitans genotypes and serotypes under various growth conditions. Four different strains of this bacterium were cultured in two different culture broths, and the amount of LtxA bound to the bacterial surface or released into the broths was determined. The cultures were examined during the logarithmic and the early stationary phases of growth. The JP2 genotype exhibited the highest LtxA production among the strains tested, and production was not affected by the growth phase. The opposite was observed with the other strains. The composition of the culture broth had no effect on the growth pattern of the tested strains. However, the abundant release of LtxA from the bacterial surface into the culture broth was found in the presence of horse serum. Besides confirming the enhanced leucotoxicity of the JP2 genotype, the study provides new data on LtxA production in the logarithmic and stationary phases of growth and the effect of media composition on the release of the toxin from the bacterial membrane.

Adolescent carriers of the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype have an increased risk of developing periodontitis, due to the bacterium’s high leukotoxin (LtxA) production. LtxA contributes to marginal bone loss by killing immunity cells, thus activating the proinflammatory interleukin-1β (IL-1β), which, in turn, activates the osteoclasts. A possible strategy to prevent periodontitis might be to neutralize LtxA in JP2-infected individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate whether extracts from Matcha or Guava leaves can prolong the viability of macrophages in cell cultures by neutralizing the highly leukotoxic JP2 genotype bacteria. The A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype was pretreated with extracts from either Matcha or Guava leaves. Later, the extracts were rinsed off, before JP2 bacteria were exposed to macrophage cell cultures. The experiment was repeated, where JP2 bacteria were persistently treated with the extracts instead, i.e., the extracts were not rinsed off. The macrophage viability after bacterial exposure was analyzed and compared with that of macrophages exposed to untreated JP2 bacteria. IL-1β secretion in the cell culture medium was quantified in all group samples. Pretreatment of the A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype with Matcha or Guava leaf extracts moderately neutralized LtxA activity, which resulted in prolonged macrophage viability and decreased IL-1β secretion. These effects of prolonged macrophage viability were enhanced when extracts were persistently present during the exposure period. The results indicate that Matcha and Guava leaf extracts have effects on the virulence of the A. actinomycetemcomitans JP2 genotype that may be useful in future treatment strategies to prevent periodontitis in JP2 bacterium carriers.

Scope: This study aims to identify the gut enterotypes that explain differential responses to intervention with whole grain rye by proposing an “enterotype - metabolic” model.

Methods and results: A 12-week randomized controlled trial is conducted in Chinese adults, with 79 subjects consuming whole grain products with fermented rye bran (FRB) and 77 consuming refined wheat products in this exploratory post-hoc analysis. Responders or non-responders are identified according to whether blood glucose decreased by more than 10% after rye intervention. Compared to non-responders, responders in FRB have higher baseline Bacteroides (p < 0.001), associated with reduced blood glucose (p < 0.001), increased Faecalibacterium (p = 0.020) and Erysipelotrichaceae_UCG.003 (p = 0.022), as well as deceased 7β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (p = 0.033) after intervention. The differentiated gut microbiota and metabolites between responders and non-responders after intervention are enriched in aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis.

Conclusion: The work confirms the previously suggested importance of microbial enterotypes in differential responses to whole grain interventions and supports taking enterotypes into consideration for improved efficacy of whole grain intervention for preventing type 2 diabetes. Altered short-chain fatty acids and bile acid metabolism might be a potential mediator for the beneficial effects of whole grain rye on glucose metabolism.

This paper aims to investigate the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and to assess potential indicators of the risk of severe form(s) of periodontitis. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 156 consecutive patients with periodontitis was conducted. Subgingival plaque samples were collected from the participants. The identification of A. actinomycetemcomitans was performed using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A descriptive analysis, a chi-square test, and a binary logistic regression statistical evaluation were performed. The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans in this population of 156 participants was 17.30% (27 patients). The prevalence of stage-III periodontitis was 75.6% and greater in older men, while the prevalence of stage-IV periodontitis was 22.4% and greater in younger women. We observed a significant relation between the risk of severe periodontitis (stage-IV) and poor oral hygiene (p = 0.006), attendance at dental appointments (p ≤ 0.001), and familial history of periodontitis (p = 0.032). In conclusion, twenty-seven individuals were positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans. Poor oral hygiene, family history of periodontitis, and irregular attendance at dental appointments were identified as potential risk factors for severe periodontitis in this cohort.