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Rajan, A., Palm, E., Trulsson, F., Mundigl, S., Becker, M., Persson, D., . . . Lenman, A. (2021). Heparan Sulfate Is a Cellular Receptor for Enteric Human Adenoviruses. Viruses, 13(2), Article ID 298.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Heparan Sulfate Is a Cellular Receptor for Enteric Human Adenoviruses
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2021 (English)In: Viruses, E-ISSN 1999-4915, Vol. 13, no 2, article id 298Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Human adenovirus (HAdV)-F40 and -F41 are leading causes of diarrhea and diarrhea-associated mortality in children under the age of five, but the mechanisms by which they infect host cells are poorly understood. HAdVs initiate infection through interactions between the knob domain of the fiber capsid protein and host cell receptors. Unlike most other HAdVs, HAdV-F40 and -F41 possess two different fiber proteins-a long fiber and a short fiber. Whereas the long fiber binds to the Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), no binding partners have been identified for the short fiber. In this study, we identified heparan sulfate (HS) as an interaction partner for the short fiber of enteric HAdVs. We demonstrate that exposure to acidic pH, which mimics the environment of the stomach, inactivates the interaction of enteric adenovirus with CAR. However, the short fiber:HS interaction is resistant to and even enhanced by acidic pH, which allows attachment to host cells. Our results suggest a switch in receptor usage of enteric HAdVs after exposure to acidic pH and add to the understanding of the function of the short fibers. These results may also be useful for antiviral drug development and the utilization of enteric HAdVs for clinical applications such as vaccine development.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
capsid proteins, enteric adenovirus, fiber knobs, heparan sulfate, short fibers
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-181795 (URN)10.3390/v13020298 (DOI)000623302300001 ()2-s2.0-85102606288 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-04-01 Created: 2021-04-01 Last updated: 2024-01-17Bibliographically approved
Rafie, K., Lenman, A., Fuchs, J., Rajan, A., Arnberg, N. & Carlson, L.-A. (2021). The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41: A leading cause of diarrhea in children. Science Advances, 7(2), Article ID eabe0974.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The structure of enteric human adenovirus 41: A leading cause of diarrhea in children
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2021 (English)In: Science Advances, E-ISSN 2375-2548, Vol. 7, no 2, article id eabe0974Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Human adenovirus (HAdV) types F40 and F41 are a prominent cause of diarrhea and diarrhea-associated mortality in young children worldwide. These enteric HAdVs differ notably in tissue tropism and pathogenicity from respiratory and ocular adenoviruses, but the structural basis for this divergence has been unknown. Here, we present the first structure of an enteric HAdV-HAdV-F41-determined by cryo-electron microscopy to a resolution of 3.8 angstrom. The structure reveals extensive alterations to the virion exterior as compared to nonenteric HAdVs, including a unique arrangement of capsid protein IX. The structure also provides new insights into conserved aspects of HAdV architecture such as a proposed location of core protein V, which links the viral DNA to the capsid, and assembly-induced conformational changes in the penton base protein. Our findings provide the structural basis for adaptation of enteric HAdVs to a fundamentally different tissue tropism.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 2021
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-180151 (URN)10.1126/sciadv.abe0974 (DOI)000606331400035 ()33523995 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85099241558 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2021-03-01 Created: 2021-03-01 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Rajan, A. (2018). Capsid protein functions of enteric human adenoviruses. (Doctoral dissertation). Umeå: Umeå University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Capsid protein functions of enteric human adenoviruses
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Human adenoviruses (HAdVs) cause respiratory illnesses, epidemic conjunctivitis and infantile gastroenteritis. HAdV types 40 and 41 cause enteric infections in infants worldwide. HAdVs use various receptors for attachment onto different host cells. Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor, CD46, sialic acid, coagulation factors IX and X, lactoferrin and heparan sulfate are some receptors and molecules which the hexon and fiber proteins (components of the capsid) bind for direct or indirect cellular attachment. The penton base protein (another component of the capsid) is responsible for the internalization of the virus into the host cell. An arginine-glycine-aspartic acid amino acid motif is present in most but not all adenovirus penton base proteins and mediates interaction with αv integrins, resulting in internalization.

The enteric HAdVs are unique since they do not have this arginine-glycine-aspartic acid motif on their penton base. Using a library of hamster cells expressing specific human integrins, along with recombinant soluble penton base from HAdV type 41 and commercially available soluble laminins, we identified laminin-binding integrins as co-receptors for entry and infection of human intestinal HT-29 cells by the enteric HAdVs.

HAdV types 40, 41 and 52 are the only three HAdVs that have two different fiber proteins, one long and one short. By performing cell binding and infection experiments, we have found that the receptor for the short fiber of HAdV-52 is sialic acid-containing glycans and the long fiber receptor is CAR although most of the binding was dependent on sialic acid-containing glycans. We also observed that the short fiber of HAdV type 40 interacts with soluble heparin or cell surface heparan sulfate. Further investigation pointed out that the specific sulfate groups on heparin/heparan sulfate (sulfated glycosaminoglycans) are important for this binding. Also, we identified that the interaction and utilization of these glycosaminoglycans as receptors is dependent on exposure to low pH. We also studied the potential mechanism behind the symptoms caused by these enteric HAdVs in enteroendocrine cells called enterochromaffin cells. We could show that the short fiber and the hexon of HAdV type 41 stimulated release of serotonin from the enterochromaffin cells, which can be a cause of vomiting and diarrhea.

These studies have given us insight into the role of enteric HAdV capsid proteins as ligands to hitherto unidentified receptors and co-receptors. We also show that these molecules play important functions in the virus’ infectious cycle and probably also in their disease mechanism of host cells.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2018. p. 70
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 1953
Keywords
Adenovirus, gastroenteritis, capsid proteins, receptor, integrins, heparan sulfate, sialic acid
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146908 (URN)978-91-7601-860-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-05-18, Biomedicinhuset E04, Building 6A, NUS, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-04-27 Created: 2018-04-24 Last updated: 2018-06-09Bibliographically approved
Rajan, A., Persson, B. D., Frängsmyr, L., Olofsson, A., Sandblad, L., Heino, J., . . . Arnberg, N. (2018). Enteric species F human adenoviruses use laminin-binding integrins as co-receptors for infection of Ht-29 cells. Scientific Reports, 8(1), Article ID 10019.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Enteric species F human adenoviruses use laminin-binding integrins as co-receptors for infection of Ht-29 cells
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2018 (English)In: Scientific Reports, E-ISSN 2045-2322, Vol. 8, no 1, article id 10019Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The enteric species F human adenovirus types 40 and 41 (HAdV-40 and -41) are the third most common cause of infantile gastroenteritis in the world. Knowledge about HAdV-40 and -41 cellular infection is assumed to be fundamentally different from that of other HAdVs since HAdV-40 and -41 penton bases lack the αV-integrin-interacting RGD motif. This motif is used by other HAdVs mainly for internalization and endosomal escape. We hypothesised that the penton bases of HAdV-40 and -41 interact with integrins independently of the RGD motif. HAdV-41 transduction of a library of rodent cells expressing specific human integrin subunits pointed to the use of laminin-binding α2-, α3- and α6-containing integrins as well as other integrins as candidate co-receptors. Specific laminins prevented internalisation and infection, and recombinant, soluble HAdV-41 penton base proteins prevented infection of human intestinal HT-29 cells. Surface plasmon resonance analysis demonstrated that HAdV-40 and -41 penton base proteins bind to α6-containing integrins with an affinity similar to that of previously characterised penton base:integrin interactions. With these results, we propose that laminin-binding integrins are co-receptors for HAdV-40 and -41.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2018
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146978 (URN)10.1038/s41598-018-28255-7 (DOI)000437097000036 ()29968781 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85049507353 (Scopus ID)
Note

Originally included in thesis in manuscript form.

Available from: 2018-04-24 Created: 2018-04-24 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved
Westerberg, S., Hagbom, M., Rajan, A., Loitto, V., Persson, D., Allard, A., . . . Svensson, L. (2018). Interaction of Human Enterochromaffin Cells with Human Enteric Adenovirus 41 Leads to Serotonin Release and Subsequent Activation of Enteric Glia Cells. Journal of Virology, 92(7), Article ID e00026-18.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Interaction of Human Enterochromaffin Cells with Human Enteric Adenovirus 41 Leads to Serotonin Release and Subsequent Activation of Enteric Glia Cells
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2018 (English)In: Journal of Virology, ISSN 0022-538X, E-ISSN 1098-5514, Vol. 92, no 7, article id e00026-18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Human adenovirus 41 (HAdV-41) causes acute gastroenteritis in young children. The main characteristics of HAdV-41 infection are diarrhea and vomiting. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism of HAdV-41-induced diarrhea is unknown, as a suitable small-animal model has not been described. In this study, we used the human midgut carcinoid cell line GOT1 to investigate the effect of HAdV-41 infection and the individual HAdV-41 capsid proteins on serotonin release by enterochromaffin cells and on enteric glia cell (EGC) activation. We first determined that HAdV-41 could infect the enterochromaffin cells. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that the cells expressed HAdV-41-specific coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR); flow cytometry analysis supported these findings. HAdV-41 infection of the enterochromaffin cells induced serotonin secretion dose dependently. In contrast, control infection with HAdV-5 did not induce serotonin secretion in the cells. Confocal microscopy studies of enterochromaffin cells infected with HAdV-41 revealed decreased serotonin immunofluorescence compared to that in uninfected cells. Incubation of the enterochromaffin cells with purified HAdV-41 short fiber knob and hexon proteins increased the serotonin levels in the harvested cell supernatant significantly. HAdV-41 infection could also activate EGCs, as shown in the significantly altered expression of glia fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in EGCs incubated with HAdV-41. The EGCs were also activated by serotonin alone, as shown in the significantly increased GFAP staining intensity. Likewise, EGCs were activated by the cell supernatant of HAdV-41-infected enterochromaffin cells.

Keywords
gastroenteritis, enteric adenovirus, EC cells, serotonin, enteric glia cells
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146907 (URN)10.1128/JVI.00026-18 (DOI)000428409800002 ()29367250 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85043776193 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 320301
Available from: 2018-04-23 Created: 2018-04-23 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Lenman, A., Liaci, A. M., Liu, Y., Årdahl, C., Rajan, A., Nilsson, E., . . . Arnberg, N. (2015). Human Adenovirus 52 Uses Sialic Acid-containing Glycoproteins and the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor for Binding to Target Cells. PLoS Pathogens, 11(2), Article ID e1004657.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Human Adenovirus 52 Uses Sialic Acid-containing Glycoproteins and the Coxsackie and Adenovirus Receptor for Binding to Target Cells
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2015 (English)In: PLoS Pathogens, ISSN 1553-7366, E-ISSN 1553-7374, Vol. 11, no 2, article id e1004657Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Most adenoviruses attach to host cells by means of the protruding fiber protein that binds to host cells via the coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR) protein. Human adenovirus type 52 (HAdV-52) is one of only three gastroenteritis-causing HAdVs that are equipped with two different fiber proteins, one long and one short. Here we show, by means of virion-cell binding and infection experiments, that HAdV-52 can also attach to host cells via CAR, but most of the binding depends on sialylated glycoproteins. Glycan microarray, flow cytometry, surface plasmon resonance and ELISA analyses reveal that the terminal knob domain of the long fiber (52LFK) binds to CAR, and the knob domain of the short fiber (52SFK) binds to sialylated glycoproteins. X-ray crystallographic analysis of 52SFK in complex with 2-O-methylated sialic acid combined with functional studies of knob mutants revealed a new sialic acid binding site compared to other, known adenovirus: glycan interactions. Our findings shed light on adenovirus biology and may help to improve targeting of adenovirus-based vectors for gene therapy.

National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-103565 (URN)10.1371/journal.ppat.1004657 (DOI)000352083400038 ()25674795 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84924368482 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2015-05-25 Created: 2015-05-21 Last updated: 2023-04-24Bibliographically approved
Majhen, D., Calderon, H., Chandra, N., Alberto Fajardo, C., Rajan, A., Alemany, R. & Custers, J. (2014). Adenovirus-based vaccines for fighting infectious diseases and cancer: progress in the field. Human Gene Therapy, 25(4), 301-317
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Adenovirus-based vaccines for fighting infectious diseases and cancer: progress in the field
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2014 (English)In: Human Gene Therapy, ISSN 1043-0342, E-ISSN 1557-7422, Vol. 25, no 4, p. 301-317Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The field of adenovirology is undergoing rapid change in response to increasing appreciation of the potential advantages of adenoviruses as the basis for new vaccines and as vectors for gene and cancer therapy. Substantial knowledge and understanding of adenoviruses at a molecular level has made their manipulation for use as vaccines and therapeutics relatively straightforward in comparison with other viral vectors. In this review we summarize the structure and life cycle of the adenovirus and focus on the use of adenovirus-based vectors in vaccines against infectious diseases and cancers. Strategies to overcome the problem of preexisting antiadenovirus immunity, which can hamper the immunogenicity of adenovirus-based vaccines, are discussed. When armed with tumor-associated antigens, replication-deficient and oncolytic adenoviruses can efficiently activate an antitumor immune response. We present concepts on how to use adenoviruses as therapeutic cancer vaccines and consider some of the strategies used to further improve antitumor immune responses. Studies that explore the prospect of adenoviruses as vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer are underway, and here we give an overview of the latest developments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Mary Ann Liebert, 2014
National Category
Medical Biotechnology (with a focus on Cell Biology (including Stem Cell Biology), Molecular Biology, Microbiology, Biochemistry or Biopharmacy) Medical Genetics and Genomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-89232 (URN)10.1089/hum.2013.235 (DOI)000334915500006 ()2-s2.0-84899059158 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2014-05-26 Created: 2014-05-26 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
Rajan, A., Lenman, A., Trulsson, F., Palm, E., Mundigl, S. & Arnberg, N.Low pH primes short fibers of enteric human adenoviruses to use heparan sulfate as a cellular receptor.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Low pH primes short fibers of enteric human adenoviruses to use heparan sulfate as a cellular receptor
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(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Microbiology in the medical area
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-146979 (URN)
Available from: 2018-04-24 Created: 2018-04-24 Last updated: 2018-06-09
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-4873-8528

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