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The aim of this clinical longitudinal study on adolescents with Eating Disorders (ED) was to further explore the data using a multivariate statistical method, known as path analysis, and to apply theoretical hypotheses to our results. Two psychological self-report instruments, ASQ and SASB, measuring attachment style and perceived self-image, respectively, and two clinical outcome measures BMI and CGAS, have been used before and after treatmentat an intensive outpatient program. In our two earlier publications, we found significant changes in the insecure attachment style towards secure, especially in Need for Approval (ASQ4), and improvements in several of the SASB scales, especially in Self-love (SASB3). The changes, indicated by ∆ (delta), these variables were also found to be related to the outcome variables: ∆ASQ4 is related to an increase in weight gain (BMI) but not to well-being (CGAS). As aresult of this third study, we found several alternative solutions with path analysis. One of the best models included ∆BMI as the dependent and ∆ASQ4 as the independent variable, and Self-affirmation (∆SASB2), Self-love (∆SASB3), Self-blame (∆SASB6), and Self-neglect (∆SASB8) as mediators. All criteria foran acceptable model were fulfilled. It is interpreted as the negative self-image becomes more positive by a more secure attachment and promotes weight gain. In another model rise in Self-love (∆SASB3) seems to be the most important variable predicting an increase in CGAS. The path analysis showed that Self-neglect (∆SASB8) was a mediator and significantly influenced the whole model. The conclusion is that path analysis can be used as a complement to validate earlier results from different self-report instruments and demonstrates how they may be combined with both this multivariate statistical technique and theoreticalassumptions. The result underlines the importance of a relational perspective in the treatment of ED adolescent patients, who need to have a safe base and the treatment to be ongoing for a relatively long time to enable new ways of relating, developing a positive self-image and leaving the ED as an emotion regulatorand attachment figure.

The increasing use of digital screens—computers, smartphones, tablets, and televisions—has significant psychological effects on human behaviour, cognition, emotions, and well-being. Known as "screen time", this phenomenon has been widely studied, but its impact on identity formation in the digital age is less understood. This literature review aims to explore how screen time influences identity formation, focusing on four aspects of identity: biological, psychological, social, and cultural. Additionally, the study considers screen time from four perspectives: biological, psychological, social, and cultural time. By analysing existing research, we identified overlapping approaches and interconnected relationships between these identity aspects and screen time. Based on this analysis, we propose a unified model called the "Screen Time Identity Formation"-model (STIF-model), which provides a framework for examining the relationship between screen use and identity formation. This model offers a comprehensive approach to understanding how individuals form their identities in the context of digital screens, how these screens influence their relationships with others, and how they shape overall life experiences in a screen-dominated environment. The STIF model offers a new perspective on identity formation in the digital age, emphasizing the deep connection between screen time and personal development.

Purpose: We wanted to evaluate the impact of a relational focus in the treatment of adolescent ED-patients and their parents at an intensive outpatient ward, based on attachment theory, combined with a family approach and psychodynamic principles. Our aim was to investigate the distribution of different attachment styles among the adolescent ED-patients and their parents, and to find out if they could change by the treatment.

Methods: Swedish adolescents (n = 33; 3 boys, 30 girls) and their parents (n = 60; 34 mothers, 26 fathers) participated. Measures: Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ), Body Mass Index (BMI) and Children’s Global Assessment Scale (CGAS) before and after treatment.

Results: The adolescents were high on Need for Approval (ASQ4) of the Insecure/Anxious scale before treatment (in contrast to the parents). The patients had a significant decrease in ASQ4 after treatment, which correlated inversely to the increase in BMI but not to CGAS. The mothers showed features of the Secure/Confident style, fathers of the Insecure/Avoidant with elevated Relationships as Secondary (ASQ2).

Conclusions: Treatment with a relational and a family focus has impact on attachment insecurity in adolescent ED-patients and outcomes in terms of BMI. It is important to engage the parents, who need to help the adolescents to separate at that developmental stage. A secure therapeutic context, which enables mentalizations and allows new relational experiences, is essential. The ASQ-instrument is useful in indicating how the treatment of ED-adolescents is proceeding.

Mål: Denna uppföljningsstudie om upplevd självbild och psykofysisk nöd/psykiska symptom baserades på en ranomiserad kontrollerad studie av konstterapi på kvinnor med bröstcancer.

Metod: Syftet var att undersöka de långsiktiga effekterna av tidsbegränsad konstterapi med hjälp av instrumenten Strukturanalys av socialt beteende (SASB) och Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90).

Resultat: Tre anslutningskluster i SASB visade signifikanta förändringar efter terapin: Autonomt jag (kluster 1), Accepterande själv (kluster 2) och Älskande själv (kluster 3). Klusterna 2 och 3 fortsatte att förändras till förmån för interventionsgruppen vid den 5-åriga uppföljningen. Det fanns inga signifikanta skillnader i SCL-90-resultaten mellan interventionsgruppen och kontrollgruppen i uppföljningsstudien.

Betydelse av resultat: Konstterapiinterventionen var både terapeutisk och psyko-pedagogisk. Slutsatsen av denna studie är att närmar sig känslor genom tidsbegränsad konstterapi verkar ha en långvarig effekt på det vidhäftande beteende som visas i SASB-modellen efter intervention, och denna effekt förblev 5 år senare.

Objective: This follow-up study on perceived self-image and psychophysical distress/psychic symptoms was based on a ranomized contolled study of art therapy on women with breast cancer.

Method: The aim was to examine the long-term effects of time-limited art therapy using the instruments of Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB) and Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90).

Results: Three attachment clusters of the SASB showed significant changes post therapy: Autonomous self (cluster 1), Accepting self (cluster 2), and Loving self (cluster 3). Clusters 2 and 3 continued to change in favor of the intervention group at the 5-year follow-up. There were no significant differences in the SCL-90 results between the intervention group and the control group in the follow-up study.

Significance of results: The art therapy intervention was both therapeutic and psycho-educative. The conclusion of this study is that approaching emotions through time-limited art therapy seems to have a long-lasting effect on the attachment behavioral system shown in the SASB model post intervention, and this effect remained 5 years later.

Despite the increasing interest in understanding screen time and its e ects, there are very few papers published on how the notion of "screen time" is conceptualized – both in terms of what "time" refers to in this context and in terms of what a "screen" denotes nowadays. In an attempt to contribute to this lack of theoretical grounding, the authors outline four theoretical grounds for understanding time. Further, they suggest that the notion of "screen" needs to be problematized in similar ways. In this chapter, the authors illustrate how the four di erent conceptualizations of "time" in relation to this broader understanding of screens open up for a new range of studies of "screen time", and they suggest that this conceptualization is necessary in order to move toward.

Background/Aim: Anxiety disorders are associated with impairments in several aspects of cognitive processing. In this study we investigated three such aspects, i.e., time perspective, repetitive negative thinking (worry and rumination),and executive functioning, in persons with anxiety disorders compared to healthy controls and examined the influence of negative past and negative future time perspective and executive functioning on worry and rumination.

Method: Thirty-six psychiatric outpatients with anxiety disorders (mean age = 30.83, SD = 11.74; 30 females and 6 males) and 44 healthy controls (mean age = 28.89, SD = 9.54; 24 females and 20 males) completed inventories of time perspective and repetitive negative thinking, and tasks measuring executive functioning (shifting and inhibition).

Results: The groups (patient vs. control) differed significantly on all time perspective dimensions (past, present, and future), with largest effect sizes observed for negative past and negative future. Regression analyses with executive functioning, negative past, and negative future time perspectives as predictors, and worry and rumination as outcomes, showed that negative past time perspective was the best predictor for rumination, whereas negative future time perspective more strongly predicted worry. Executive functioning was not a significant predictor of either worry or rumination.

Conclusions: Individuals with anxiety disorders demonstrated systematic biases in all time perspective dimensions, particularly negative past and negative future time perspective, which was further related to worry and rumination. Thus, interventions targeting temporal focus may be one way of reducing repetitive negative thinking. A major limitation of this study was the use of a cross-section design. 

Balanced time perspective (BTP) is characterized by flexible switching between a person's past, present and future time orientations, depending on situational demands, personal resources, experiences, and social evaluations. The present study aimed to explore the psychological characteristics of people with a BTP profile and attain a deeper understanding of the BTP construct. Seven people with BTP profiles were investigated using in-depth interviews, self-report instruments, and a projective test. By testing the participants on two occasions within an 18-month interval, we investigated the stability of BTP. Analyses showed that participants were aware of the "now" and had a synchronicity between the present and the past, and also between the present and the future. Results indicated a degree of temporal stability in the BTP profile and that people's interpretations and interactions within the surrounding context of events influences their time perspectives.

Purpose The main aim of this clinical study was to explore how adolescent patients with eating disorders and their parents report their perceived self-image, using Structural Analysis of Social Behavior (SASB), before and after treatment at an intensive outpatient program. Another aim was to relate the self-image of the young patients to the outcome measures body mass index (BMI) and Children's Global Assessment Scale (C-GAS) score.

Methods A total of 93 individuals (32 adolescents, 34 mothers, and 27 fathers) completed the SASB self-report questionnaire before and after family-based treatment combined with an individual approach at a child and youth psychiatry day care unit. The patients were also assessed using the C-GAS, and their BMI was calculated.

Results The self-image (SASB) of the adolescent patients was negative before treatment and changed to positive after treatment, especially regarding the clusters self-love (higher) and self-blame (lower). A positive correlation between change in self-love and in C-GAS score was found, which rose significantly. Increased self-love was an important factor, explaining a variance of 26 %. BMI also increased significantly, but without any correlation to change in SASB. The patients' fathers exhibited low on the cluster self-protection. Mothers' profiles were in line with a non-clinical group.

Conclusions Results indicate that the self-image of adolescent patients change from negative to positive alongside with a mainly positive outcome of the ED after treatment. Low self-protection according to SASB among fathers suggests the need for greater focus on their involvement.

This chapter provides a detailed analysis of one of the central concepts of Zimbardo and Boyd’s time perspective theory: the balanced time perspective. Since their earliest works in the area, the issue of temporal harmony attracted attention of researchers and practitioners alike, especially within the field of positive psychology. Here, we provide a deepened consideration of the nature of balanced time perspective, its origins, and consequences. Moreover, we review the existing empirical operationalizations of temporal harmony, both those derived from the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory and those created independently from it. We analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each method and reflect on future directions in research on the balanced time perspective issue.