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Återanvändning av arkeologiska forsknings-och undersökningsdata förutsätter inte bara dataläskunnighet utan också en omfattande förståelse av hur data kommer till (t.ex. Voss, 2012; Faniel och Yakel, 2017).

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to examine how contemporary fact-checking is discursively constructed in Swedish news media; this serves to gain insight into how this practice is understood in society.

Design/methodology/approach: A selection of texts on the topic of fact-checking published by two of Sweden's largest morning newspapers is analyzed through the lens of Fairclough's discourse theoretical framework.

Findings: Three key discourses of fact-checking were identified, each of which included multiple sub-discourses. First, a discourse that has been labeled as "the affirmative discourse," representing fact-checking as something positive, was identified. This discourse embraces ideas about fact-checking as something that, for example, strengthens democracy. Second, a contrasting discourse that has been labeled "the adverse discourse" was identified. This discourse represents fact-checking as something precarious that, for example, poses a risk to democracy. Third, a discourse labeled "the agency discourse" was identified. This discourse conveys ideas on whose responsibility it is to conduct fact-checking.

Originality/value: A better understanding of the discursive construction of fact-checking provides insights into social practices pertaining to it and the expectations of its role in contemporary society. The results are relevant for journalists and professionals who engage in fact-checking and for others who have a particular interest in fact-checking, e.g. librarians and educators engaged in media and information literacy projects.

Purpose: By exploring the social features of contemporary fact-checking this study aims to increase our understanding of fact-checking as a genre and shed light on some of the aspects that underpin the communication that fact-checkers engage in.

Design/methodology/approach: By analyzing one snapshot of early COVID-19 coverage by three well-known fact-checkers and another one six months later, this study explores fact-checking as a genre. The material was examined for recurrent characteristics and the findings were categorized into corresponding themes that emerged through an open coding process.

Findings: Three aspects were found to underpin a contemporary fact-checking genre. Firstly, the fact-checkers strive to facilitate accessibility. Secondly, the notion of building trust underlies the way fact-checkers promote themselves. Thirdly, fact-checking is underpinned by a pedagogical aspect. While the values and beliefs that are known to characterize traditional news media discourses are predominant in the construction of a fact-checking genre, fact-checkers also draw on conceptions typically found within academia to enact professional practices.

Originality/value: Contemporary fact-checking is still a fairly unexplored topic of research. This is particularly the case outside the field of journalism and media studies. This study complements earlier research from the perspective of information studies by exploring how fact-checking practices impact the communication and production of news in society.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to bridge a gap in knowledge on the professional information practices of a group of people whose daily work of managing user-generated content online exposes them to users whom they perceive as acting aggressively or otherwise offensively online.

Design/methodology/approach: Journalists’ narratives of practices for managing and responding to user comments perceived as offensive are analysed qualitatively. For this purpose, ten interviews with journalists from nine different news organisations in Sweden, Denmark, Germany and Canada were conducted.

Findings: The study finds that the environment in which the journalists work plays a vital role in the evolution of the practices. Practices, indissolubly tied to the contexts or sites in which people’s activities take place, are conditioned by moral values, traditions and collective experiences which journalists enact through the practice they engage in when they are dealing with user posts online. The site, conceived as an information landscape, is that of the newsroom. Practices for managing users online evolve through actors participating in a process of learning and their ability to adopt the cultural norms and values of their environment.

Originality/value: This study sheds light on the mechanisms behind the evolution of practices for handling user-generated content online and it reports on the importance of properties such as norms, values and emotions for how things are done in the information landscape of news journalism.

Introduction: By conceptualising practices as the building blocks of an information infrastructure which has evolved around the issue of dealing with online misconduct, this study challenges an understanding of information infrastructures as structures that build on tools and agents such as technical systems and human actors.

Methods: Ten interviews with journalists working for nine different news organisations in four different countries were conducted in 2017. The interviews were recorded and transcribed by the author.

Analysis: Fundamentally different practices such as hashtagging and the outsourcing of content moderation are explored in relation to each other and to the news outlets' practice of managing comments sections online.

Results: The study shows that the practices in which news organisations and individuals engage are entangled and overlap, creating an infrastructure for managing online misconduct.

Conclusion. This study has attempted to shift the focus from the actors to the practices they engage in and demonstrate how practices can bring about structural change to a network and generate new actors who start to engage in the reproduction and adjustment of the practices.