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In this paper, we explore how participation and participatory writing can be enhanced through Appraisal theory and reader awareness. Democratic participation by the means of writing is a crucial and powerful tool. Through an intensive writing intervention, we explore the effects of scaffolding on two key aspects of participatory writing, expressing interpersonal meaning (one’s own thoughts) and awareness of readers (by argumentation and interaction in rhetorical structures) and how this can enhance participatory writing. We focus on middle-school pupils and thusly address a critical developmental stage where foundational writing skills can be significantly enhanced. Results show that the intervention based on scaffolding techniques had an impact on some aspects of the pupils’ writing. For example, some pupils responded more to counter arguments, thereby including more discussion in their texts. Also, even though the intervention did not include the rhetorical structure of a letter, pupils did include more leave-taking after the intervention. Further, the intervention had an impact on pupils’ attitude and graduation; they used more of both after the writing intervention than before.

In democratic societies, exchange of written opinion is fundamental, but since the 1990s, public debate has gradually moved away from print media platforms to digital media platforms. In order to understand how a shift from print to digital media in opinion-oriented writing may have consequences for interaction and participation, it is relevant to investigate interpersonal aspects of opinion-oriented texts situated in digital and print media. The aim of the study is to explore and compare writers’ attitudes and the construction of the writer-reader-relationship in digital media (represented by Twitter) and (traditionally) print media (represented by letters to the editor, LEs). Bakhtinian dialogism and appraisal theory form the theoretical backdrop of the study. Results show that in the LEs, writers tend to take a negative general value position, but in the tweets, the writers’ attitude is more often either positive or negative, making Twitter a more diverse platform. Furthermore, attitudinal meaning is more transparent in the LEs, indicating that tweets are more often specialized, and readers who are not familiar with the context and interactional style of specific writers may be excluded from the communication. Another result is that a shift from print to digital media platforms seems to turn the focus of discussion more towards attitudes and perspectives in general, and less towards writers’ own attitudes. Therefore, digital media opinion exchange can be understood as a meta-discussion of attitudes, while print media rather transmit writers’ personal attitudes.

I demokratiska samhällen har åsiktsutbyte i skriftlig debatt en grundläggande funktion, men sedan 1990-talet har den offentliga debatten gradvis rört sig från tryckta medieplattformar till digitala medieplattformar. För att förstå hur detta skifte i opinionsorienterat skrivande kan få konsekvenser för interaktion och delaktighet, är det relevant att undersöka interpersonella aspekter av opinionsorienterade texter i digitala och tryckta medier. Syftet med studien är att utforska och jämföra författares attityder och konstruktion av relationen mellan skribent och läsare i digitala medier (representerade av Twitter) och (traditionellt) tryckta medier (representerade av dagstidningars insändarbrev). Dialogism i Bakhtins tradition och appraisal-teori utgör den teoretiska bakgrunden för studien. Resultaten visar att skribenter tenderar att inta en allmänt negativ attityd i insändarbrev, men i tweets är skribenters attityd mer heterogen, vilket gör Twitter till en mer skiftande och diversifierad mediaplattform. Dessutom uttrycks attityder i insändarbrev nästan uteslutande explicit, medan attityder i tweets oftare uttrycks implicit eller indirekt, vilket gör att läsare som inte är bekanta med sammanhanget och interaktionsstilen hos specifika skribenter riskerar bli utestängda från kommunikationssituationen. Ett annat resultat är att en övergång från tryckta till digitala mediaplattformar tycks flytta diskussionsfokus bort från skribenters egna attityder, till förmån för andras attityder och allmänna perspektiv. Därför kan digitala mediers åsiktsutbyte förstås som en metadiskussion av attityder, medan tryckta medier snarare förmedlar författares personliga attityder.

Outer space is significantly different from Earth, posing challenges to human understanding. Building on research on theory-constitutive metaphors in popular science communication (Smedinga et al., 2023) and the role of embodiment in scientific reasoning (Gibbs, 2006; Niebert et al., 2012), we investigate the metaphors used for conceptualizing the size, boundaries, infinite nature, and expansion of the universe in popular science books. Results show that metaphors rooted in familiar, embodied experiences – such as humanscale objects, bodies, relationships, and environments – play a central role in shaping our understanding of abstract and large-scale phenomena. Personification recurs in the data, bringing embodiment to the fore, but also raises questions about the metaphoricity of personification metaphors. The metaphors make the universe conceptually accessible and comprehensible to everyone engaging with it. Moreover, theory-constitutive metaphors, such as cosmic inflation and the fabric of space-time not only aid in explaining scientific ideas to laypeople but also serve as integral cognitive tools in scientific reasoning. More generally, the results illustrate the pervasive role of metaphors in scientific reasoning and science popularization, contributing to our understanding of how metaphors can bridge the gap between human, embodied cognition, and scientific abstraction.