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Heyman, Y., Röjlar, H., Hawranek, C., Numan Hellquist, B. & Rosén, A. (2026). Quality of life, anxiety and cancer worry following hereditary cancer testing: a 6-month Swedish follow-up study. Quality of Life Research, 35(3), Article ID 70.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Quality of life, anxiety and cancer worry following hereditary cancer testing: a 6-month Swedish follow-up study
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2026 (English)In: Quality of Life Research, ISSN 0962-9343, E-ISSN 1573-2649, Vol. 35, no 3, article id 70Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: As genetic testing becomes increasingly integrated into routine care, understanding its impact on psychological well-being and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is essential. This study assessed HRQoL, anxiety and cancer worry following hereditary cancer testing in a Swedish clinical setting and identified predictors of these outcomes.

Methods: Participants were recruited from four outpatient cancer genetics clinics across Sweden. Eligible individuals either carried a pathogenic variant or met clinical criteria for familial breast or colorectal cancer. Questionnaires were completed shortly after receiving test results and again 6 months later. HRQoL was measured using the RAND-36, anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and cancer worry using the Cancer Worry Scale. Outcomes were compared with age- and sex-adjusted Swedish population data. Predictors of outcomes were analysed using multivariable linear regression.

Results: A total of 254 participants completed at least one questionnaire. HRQoL improved across all domains over 6 months, while anxiety and cancer worry declined. Participants without a recent cancer diagnosis had scores close to population norms at both time points. Those diagnosed within the previous year had lower HRQoL and higher anxiety and cancer worry, although they improved over time. Poorer outcomes were linked to a recent cancer diagnosis, being an index case, female sex and younger age, while education level and the test result itself were not associated with worse results.

Conclusion: Genetic testing was not associated with substantial short- or medium-term negative effects on HRQoL, anxiety or cancer worry. Individual risk factors should be considered when offering psychosocial support.

Plain English summary: Genetic testing is becoming more widely used, but earlier research on how testing affects everyday life often involved small groups or older data. Testing is also used in new ways today, which creates a need for updated studies to understand people's experiences and to see who might need extra support. In this study, we examined quality of life, anxiety and cancer-related worry in people tested for hereditary breast, ovarian or colorectal cancer. They completed questionnaires shortly after receiving their results and again 6 months later. We compared their answers with those from the general Swedish population. Quality of life improved over time, and anxiety and cancer worry decreased. People without a recent cancer diagnosis had scores similar to population norms. Those with a recent diagnosis had lower scores but also improved. Younger people, women and those recently diagnosed with cancer reported more anxiety and worry and lower quality of life scores. Education level and the test result itself did not affect these outcomes. Overall, genetic testing did not appear to cause lasting negative effects. Support may be most helpful for people with these risk factors.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2026
Keywords
Anxiety, Cancer worry, Genetic testing, Health-related quality of life, Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome
National Category
Cancer and Oncology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-250862 (URN)10.1007/s11136-026-04184-1 (DOI)001690413400002 ()41677932 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105029988769 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Umeå UniversityForte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018–00964Swedish Cancer Society, 2020–1107Swedish Research Council, 2022–02226Region Västerbotten
Available from: 2026-03-10 Created: 2026-03-10 Last updated: 2026-03-10Bibliographically approved
Ehrencrona, H., Öfverholm, A., Hawranek, C., Lovmar, L., Svensson, S., Wennstedt, S., . . . Rosén, A. (2025). Direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer: a randomised trial on healthcare-assisted versus family-mediated risk disclosure. European Journal of Human Genetics, 33, 1359-1367
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer: a randomised trial on healthcare-assisted versus family-mediated risk disclosure
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2025 (English)In: European Journal of Human Genetics, ISSN 1018-4813, E-ISSN 1476-5438, Vol. 33, p. 1359-1367Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Observational studies suggest that direct contact from healthcare to at-risk relatives may increase genetic counselling (GC) uptake as compared to family-mediated risk disclosure, but randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are lacking. This study assessed whether the offer of direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer (HBOC) or Lynch syndrome increases GC uptake compared to family-mediated communication alone. Between 2020 and 2023, probands were randomly assigned to family-mediated disclosure (control) or family-mediated disclosure plus the offer of sending direct letters to at-risk relatives (intervention). The primary outcome was GC uptake within 12 months, measured as the proportion of eligible relatives at risk contacting a Swedish cancer genetics clinic. In total, 165 families (median: 4 eligible relatives, range: 1–26) were randomised to control (n = 79) or intervention (n = 86). GC uptake was 67% in controls and 71% in the intervention group (P = 0.23). After adjusting for predefined variables and covariates, there was still no significant difference between groups (OR: 1.24, CI: 0.79–1.95, P = 0.34). Distant relatives had lower uptake than first-degree relatives (OR: 0.27, CI: 0.18–0.40, P < 0.001), while female relatives had higher uptake than males (OR: 2.17, CI: 1.50–3.12, P < 0.001). This is the largest RCT so far investigating direct letters to relatives. GC uptake was high in both groups, and the intervention of direct letters did not show superiority over family-mediated communication alone. Direct letters to relatives may complement family-mediated disclosure in certain situations, but should not be implemented as a general procedure in cancer genetics practices. (Figure presented.)

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2025
National Category
Medical Genetics and Genomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-243089 (URN)10.1038/s41431-025-01922-w (DOI)001541952600001 ()40745491 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-105012453486 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-00964Swedish Cancer Society, 2020-1107Swedish Research Council, 2022-02226Region Västerbotten, RV980080Region Västerbotten, RV-928271 t
Available from: 2025-08-28 Created: 2025-08-28 Last updated: 2026-04-24Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C., Rosén, A. & Hajdarevic, S. (2024). How hereditary cancer risk disclosure to relatives is handled in practice: patient perspectives from a Swedish cancer genetics clinic. Patient Education and Counseling, 126, Article ID 108319.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>How hereditary cancer risk disclosure to relatives is handled in practice: patient perspectives from a Swedish cancer genetics clinic
2024 (English)In: Patient Education and Counseling, ISSN 0738-3991, E-ISSN 1873-5134, Vol. 126, article id 108319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: Hereditary cancer risks can be effectively managed if at-risk relatives enroll in surveillance and preventive care. Family-mediated risk disclosure has internationally been shown to be incomplete, selective and leave over a third of eligible at-risk individuals without access to genetic counseling. We explored patients handling of cancer risk information in practice. 

Methods: We conducted twelve semi-structured interviews with patients who had completed their genetic counseling and been asked to disclose risk information to relatives. Questions were designed to investigate lived experiences of communicating hereditary risk and focused on disclosure strategies, intrafamilial interactions and emotional responses. 

Results: Qualitative content analysis yielded five categories. These span personal fears, shared responsibilities, feeling of empowerment, innovative solutions and unmet needs. Patients put high value on collaboration with their genetic healthcare professionals but also solicited better overview of the counseling process and more personalized, case-tailored information. 

Conclusions: Our results add novel insights about the practical strategies employed by genetic counselees and their motivations behind disclosing hereditary risk information to relatives. 

Practice implications: A patient-centered cancer genetics care would clarify roles and responsibilities around risk disclosure, inform counselees about the process upfront and tailor information to offer case-specific data with the family’s inheritance pattern explained.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Hereditary cancer, Genetic counseling, Patient experiences, Risk disclosure, Risk perception, Health behavior, Cancer prevention
National Category
Nursing Cancer and Oncology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-225092 (URN)10.1016/j.pec.2024.108319 (DOI)001244108700001 ()2-s2.0-85193717890 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Cancerforskningsfonden i NorrlandForte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-00964Region VästerbottenSwedish Cancer Society
Available from: 2024-05-27 Created: 2024-05-27 Last updated: 2025-04-24Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C., Ehrencrona, H., Öfverholm, A., Numan Hellquist, B. & Rosén, A. (2023). Direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer: study protocol for a multi-center randomized controlled trial of healthcare-assisted versus family-mediated risk disclosure at Swedish cancer genetics clinics (DIRECT-study). Trials, 24(1), Article ID 810.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer: study protocol for a multi-center randomized controlled trial of healthcare-assisted versus family-mediated risk disclosure at Swedish cancer genetics clinics (DIRECT-study)
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2023 (English)In: Trials, E-ISSN 1745-6215, Vol. 24, no 1, article id 810Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: The results of germline genetic testing for hereditary cancer are of importance not only to the patients under investigation but also to their genetic at-risk relatives. Standard care is to encourage the proband (first family member under investigation) to pass on this risk information to the relatives. Previous research suggests that with family-mediated disclosure, only about a third of at-risk relatives contact health care to receive genetic counselling. In some studies, complementing family-mediated risk disclosure with healthcare-assisted risk disclosure almost doubles the uptake of genetic counselling in at-risk relatives. In this study, we evaluate healthcare-assisted direct letters to relatives at risk of hereditary cancer syndromes in a randomized controlled trial.

Methods: Probands are recruited from Swedish outpatient cancer genetics clinics to this two-arm randomized controlled trial. The study recruits probands with either a pathogenic variant in a cancer susceptibility gene (BRCA1, BRCA2, PALB2, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, PMS2) or probands with familial breast and colorectal cancer based on clinical and pedigree criteria. In both arms, probands receive standard care, i.e., are encouraged and supported to pass on information to relatives. In the intervention arm, the proband is also offered to have direct letters sent to the at-risk relatives. The primary outcome measure is the proportion of at-risk relatives contacting a Swedish cancer genetics clinic within 12 months of the proband receiving the test results.

Discussion: This paper describes the protocol of a randomized controlled clinical trial evaluating a healthcare-assisted approach to risk disclosure by offering the probands to send direct letters to their at-risk relatives. The results of this study should be informative in the future development of risk disclosure practices in cancer genetics clinics.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov. Identifier NCT04197856 (pre-trial registration on December 13, 2019). Also registered at the website “RCC Cancerstudier i Sverige” as study #86719.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
BioMed Central (BMC), 2023
Keywords
Cancer prevention, Genetic testing, Hereditary breast and ovarian cancer, Lynch syndrome, Randomized controlled trial, Risk disclosure
National Category
Medical Genetics and Genomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-218687 (URN)10.1186/s13063-023-07829-5 (DOI)001126216300002 ()2-s2.0-85164416216 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2022-02226Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-00964
Available from: 2023-12-27 Created: 2023-12-27 Last updated: 2025-04-24Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C. (2023). Someone has to tell them: exploring hereditary cancer risk disclosure in Sweden. (Doctoral dissertation). Umeå: Umeå University
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Someone has to tell them: exploring hereditary cancer risk disclosure in Sweden
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Någon måste berätta för dem : om informationsspridning av ärftlig cancerrisk i Sverige
Abstract [en]

Summary in English

Background: An awareness of hereditary susceptibility for breast, ovarian and colorectal cancer in high-risk families enables targeted cancer prevention. A discovered hereditary risk in one family member (proband) may thus be important for several members of that family. Identified at-risk relatives can be offered surveillance to allow early detection or in some cases risk-reducing surgery to lower the risk of disease and premature death. 

Problem: The current clinical praxis with family-mediated risk disclosure leaves up to half of all at-risk relatives uninformed of their potential cancer risk. Complementary disclosure pathways have demonstrated promising results suggesting new opportunities to develop clinical management of hereditary cancer risk disclosure. However, concerns over legal liability, risk of inducing cancer worry and lack of robust outcome data from randomized trials among other factors, have hampered translation of emerging findings into clinical practice.

Aim: This thesis explores perceptions and preferences on the disclosure of risk information concerning hereditary cancer syndromes in the general public and in patients. The work also estimates cancer worry levels in the Swedish population and explores willingness to participate in screening colonoscopy at different hypothetical levels of lifetime risk of colorectal cancer. 

Methods: Two quantitative and two qualitative studies were designed to address the aims. Data collection included focus groups, a population survey, and semi-structured patient interviews. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and groups were compared using tests and regression analysis. Interview data was analyzed with inductive qualitative content analysis of both manifest and latent content. Focus was placed on participants’ perceptions and preferences and patients’ management of risk disclosure as well as their interaction with genetic healthcare professionals.

Results: Study I describes how lay people view the roles and responsibilities involved in risk disclosure. Respondents assumed genetic healthcare professionals (HCPs) would have a clear mandate in leading the risk disclosure process and wanted to be actively involved in shaping this process. They expected healthcare services to provide easy-to-understand, personalized information suitable for themselves and potential relatives. 

Findings from Study II show a strong public preference to share and receive risk information about hereditary cancer (90% and 89% respectively in a 10% cancer risk scenario). A majority wanted to receive information about a potential hereditary cancer risk from a healthcare professional (80%) and also preferred healthcare services to inform their at-risk relatives (58%). Preferred options for contact were by letter or telephone, followed by digital options. 

Study III presents novel data on cancer worry levels in a Swedish population-based sample (mean 9.46 of a total 24 on the 6-item cancer worry scale). Female respondents and those with children had higher cancer worry scores, and those with higher worry levels were also more inclined to participate in a screening colonoscopy. For each increasing risk level presented (5, 10 or 70% lifetime risk of colorectal cancer) more respondents reported interest to undergo colonoscopy. 

Study IV describes patient experiences of family disclosure, which is seen as difficult yet important, and often performed for the sake of others. Patients also describe the feeling unqualified in the role as proband, while others consider it a straightforward task which needs to be done. The patient data also illustrates the difficulties in communicating complex health information and patients’ struggles to navigate benefits and drawbacks of interacting with relatives. Patients also envisioned solutions to perceived barriers and outlined alternatives for healthcare services to better facilitate the risk disclosure process.

Conclusion: Findings in this thesis indicate a missing link in the communication between proband, relative and healthcare regarding hereditary cancer risk information. The combined results suggest that risk disclosure would benefit from being more:

  • Standardized – by increasing transparency about the risk disclosure process and harmonize disclosure options to guide probands and healthcare professional in the clinical setting.
  • Systematic – by establishing follow up of risk disclosure as routine care and clearly define communication duties of healthcare professionals and probands early in the process.
  • Situational – by tailoring professional support for risk disclosure and adapting the content and approach to the coping style, behavioral type and need of each family.

Clinical implications: This thesis highlights the challenges of risk disclosure in families with increased risk of hereditary cancer and strengthens the argument for shifting towards more healthcare involvement in the process of informing at-risk relatives. The findings complement existing evidence on how hereditary cancer risk disclosure could develop further to better support proactive management of cancer risk in families affected by hereditary cancer.

Abstract [sv]

Sammanfattning på svenska

Bakgrund: Kännedom om en ärftlig risk för bröst-, äggstocks- och tarmcancer möjliggör riktad cancerprevention för individer i högriskfamiljer. Upptäckten av en ärftlig risk hos en familjemedlem (proband) kan därför vara viktig även för dennes släktingar. Identifierade berörda släktingar kan erbjudas kontrollprogram för tidig upptäckt och i vissa fall även riskreducerande kirurgi för att minska risken för sjukdom och för tidig död.

Problem: Den nuvarande kliniska praxis som använder familjemedierad delning av riskinformation kan innebära att upp till hälften av berörda släktingar förblir oinformerade om en potentiell cancerrisk. Kompletterande sätt för att sprida riskinformation har visat lovande resultat och pekar mot nya möjligheter att utveckla hanteringen av hur ärftlig riskinformation sprids. Men farhågor om juridiska ansvarsfrågor, risken för att orsaka onödig canceroro och bristen på robusta data från randomiserade studier har hittills begränsat översättningen av framväxande forskningsresultat till klinisk praxis.

Syfte: Avhandlingen utforskar allmänhetens och patienters uppfattningar och åsikter angående delning av information om risk för de vanligaste typerna av ärftlig cancer.  Ett vidare syfte var att beskriva nivåer av canceroro i den svenska befolkningen och undersöka om intresse för att delta i koloskopi var kopplad till nivån av livstidsrisk för ärftlig tjock- och ändtarmscancer. 

Metoder: Två kvantitativa och två kvalitativa studier utformades för att besvara forskningsfrågorna. Data samlades in med hjälp av fokusgrupper, enkäter och semistrukturerade patientintervjuer. Kvantitativa data analyserades med deskriptiv statistik och grupper jämfördes med tester och regressionsanalys. Intervjudata analyserades induktivt med kvalitativ innehållsanalys av både manifest och latent innehåll. Fokus låg på deltagares uppfattningar och preferenser samt patienters hantering av riskinformation och deras samspel med vårdpersonal inom klinisk genetik. 

Resultat: Studie I beskriver hur personer ur allmänheten ser på roller och ansvarsområden som ingår i delning av riskinformation. Respondenterna antog att genetisk vårdpersonal hade ett tydligt mandat att leda processen med att informera om risk och uttryckte önskemål om att involveras aktivt i att forma denna process. De förväntade sig att vården skulle tillhandahålla lättförståelig, personligt anpassad information som lämpade sig väl för dem själv och deras släktingar. 

Resultaten från studie II visar ett starkt stöd för att både dela och ta emot information om ärftlig cancerrisk hos allmänheten (90% respektive 89% om risken att utveckla cancer är 10%). En majoritet ville få riskinformation om ärftlig cancer från vårdpersonal (80%) och föredrog också att vårdpersonal informerade deras berörda släktingar (58%). Kontakt via brev och telefon var de föredragna alternativen, följt av digitala alternativ.

Studie III presenterar nya data över svenskars canceroro på befolkningsnivå (medel 9.46 av totalt 24 poäng på 6 frågor om canceroro). Kvinnliga respondenter och personer som har barn hade en högre canceroro. De som hade högre canceroro var också mer benägna att delta i koloskopi-screening. Ju högre nivå av angiven risk (5, 10 eller 70% livstidsrisk av tjock- och ändtarmscancer) desto fler respondenter var intresserade av att delta i koloskopi. 

Studie IV beskriver patienterfarenheter av familjemedierad delning av riskinformation som ses som svår men viktig, och ofta genomförs för andras skull. Patienter beskrev upplevelsen av att känna sig okvalificerad i rollen som proband, medan andra såg det som en praktisk uppgift som bara skulle klaras av. Patientdatat illustrerar även svårigheterna i att kommunicera komplex hälsoinformation och patienters utmaningar i att väga fördelar och nackdelar i kontakten med släktingar. Patienter föreställde sig även lösningar på de upplevda hindren och presenterade alternativ för hälso- och sjukvården som skulle kunna underlätta rutiner för riskinformation i framtiden. 

Slutsatser: Fynden i avhandlingen pekar på en bristande länk i kedjan som utgör kommunikationen mellan proband, släkting och vårdpersonal avseende ärftlig cancerriskinformation. Resultaten visar tillsammans att förmedling av riskinformation troligen skulle dra nytta av att vara mer:

  • Standardiserad – genom att öka kunskapen om att kommunicera riskinformation och harmonisera alternativ för släktkontakter för att vägleda probander och vårdpersonal i klinisk verksamhet. 
  • Systematisk – genom att implementera uppföljning av kommunikation av risk som en del av ordinarie vård och tydligt definiera kommunikationsansvar probander och vårdpersonal emellan tidigt i processen.
  • Situationsbunden – genom att skräddarsy det professionella stödet för kommunikation av riskinformation och anpassa innehållet och ansatsen till varje familjs beteendemönster, behov och sätt att hantera svårigheter. 

Klinisk betydelse: Avhandlingen belyser utmaningarna med att dela riskinformation inom familjer med ökad risk för ärftlig cancer och ger stöd för ett mer aktivt deltagande från hälso- och sjukvårdens sida i processen med att nå ut till berörda släktingar. Fynden kompletterar existerande evidens om hur hanteringen av riskinformation om ärftlig cancer skulle kunna utvecklas för att bättre stötta en proaktiv spridning av riskinformation i familjer berörda av ärftlig cancer.

Abstract [pl]

Podsumowanie w języku polskim

Wstęp: Świadomość dziedzicznej podatności na raka piersi, jajnika i jelita grubego w rodzinach wysokiego ryzyka umożliwia ukierunkowaną profilaktykę nowotworową. Zidentyfikowanym zagrożonym krewnym można zaproponować obserwację umożliwiającą wczesne wykrycie raka lub w niektórych przypadkach, operację zmniejszającą ryzyko choroby i przedwczesnej śmierci.

Problem: Obecna praktyka kliniczna polegająca na ujawnianiu ryzyka za pośrednictwem rodziny pozwala na identyfikację jedynie połowy zagrożonych zachorowaniem na raka krewnych. Dodatkowe ścieżki ujawniania informacji o dziedziczonym ryzyku podatności na raka przyniosły obiecujące wyniki. Sugerują one nowe możliwości rozwoju klinicznego zarządzania ujawnianiem tych danych. Jednak obawy dotyczące odpowiedzialności prawnej, ryzyka wywołania niepokoju związanego z rakiem i obawy przed zużyciem zasobów opieki zdrowotnej opóźniły wdrożenie pojawiających się odkryć do praktyki klinicznej.

Cel: Niniejsza praca bada postrzeganie i preferencje dotyczące ujawniania informacji o ryzyku dotyczącym dziedzicznych zespołów nowotworowych wśród ogółu społeczeństwa i pacjentów. W pracy oszacowano również poziom niepokojów związanych z rakiem w populacji szwedzkiej i zbadano gotowość do udziału w przesiewowej kolonoskopii przy różnych hipotetycznych poziomach ryzyka raka jelita grubego w ciągu całego życia.

Metody: Aby zrealizować te cele, zaprojektowano dwa badania ilościowe i dwa badania jakościowe. Zbieranie danych obejmowało grupy fokusowe, ankietę populacyjną i częściowo ustrukturyzowane wywiady z pacjentami. Dane ilościowe przeanalizowano za pomocą statystyk opisowych a grupy porównano za pomocą testów i analizy regresji. Dane z wywiadu przeanalizowano za pomocą indukcyjnej jakościowej analizy treści, zarówno jawnej, jak i ukrytej. Skoncentrowano się na postrzeganiu i preferencjach uczestników oraz zarządzaniu ujawnieniem ryzyka przez pacjentów, a także ich interakcjach z pracownikami genetyki.

Wyniki: Badanie I opisuje, jak laicy postrzegają role i obowiązki związane z ujawnianiem ryzyka. Respondenci zakładali, że pracownicy genetycznej służby zdrowia mają wyraźny mandat do kierowania procesem ujawniania ryzyka i wyrazili preferencje dotyczące aktywnego udziału w kształtowaniu tego procesu. Oczekiwali, że opieka zdrowotna będzie zapewniać łatwe do zrozumienia, spersonalizowane informacje odpowiednie dla nich samych i potencjalnych krewnych.

Wyniki badania II wskazują na silną preferencję opinii publicznej do dzielenia się i otrzymywania informacji o ryzyku dziedzicznego raka w rodzinie (odpowiednio 90% i 89% w scenariuszu 10% ryzyka dziedzicznego). Większość chciała otrzymać informacje o potencjalnym ryzyku dziedzicznym od pracownika służby zdrowia (80%), a także wolała, aby opieka zdrowotna informowała ich krewnych z grupy ryzyka (58%). Na preferowane formy kontaktu wybrano list lub telefon, a następnie opcje cyfrowe.

Badanie III przedstawia nowe dane dotyczące poziomu niepokojów związanych z rakiem w szwedzkiej próbie populacji (średnia 9,46 z 24 w 6-punktowej skali niepokojów związanych z rakiem). Ankietowane kobiety i osoby z dziećmi miały wyższy wskaźnik zmartwień związanych z rakiem, a osoby o wyższym poziomie niepokoju były również bardziej skłonne do udziału w przesiewowej kolonoskopii. Im wyższy był przedstawiony poziom ryzyka (5, 10 lub 70% ryzyko wystąpienia raka jelita grubego w ciągu całego życia), tym więcej respondentów zgłaszało zainteresowanie poddaniem się kolonoskopii.

Badanie IV opisuje doświadczenia pacjentów związane z ujawnieniem się w rodzinie, które jest postrzegane jako trudne, ale ważne, a pacjenci mogą czuć się narażeni i niewykwalifikowani w roli probanta. Niektórym łatwo jest o tym mówić, inni przełamują się głównie dla dobra innych. Dane pacjentów ilustrują również trudności w przekazywaniu złożonych informacji zdrowotnych oraz zmagania pacjentów z ocenieniem korzyści i niedogodności wynikających z interakcji z krewnymi. Pacjenci wyobrażali sobie również rozwiązania postrzeganych przeszkód i przedstawili alternatywy dla opieki zdrowotnej, ułatwiające proces ujawniania ryzyka.

Wnioski: Wyniki tej pracy wskazują na brakujące ogniwo w komunikacji między probantem, krewnym i opieką zdrowotną w zakresie informacji o dziedzicznym ryzyku zachorowania na raka. Połączone wyniki sugerują, że ujawnianie ryzyka skorzystałoby na tym, gdyby było bardziej:

  • Systematyczne – poprzez zapewnienie monitorowania ujawnienia ryzyka na poziomie rodziny i jasne określenie obowiązków komunikacyjne pracowników opieki zdrowotnej i probantów na wczesnym etapie procesu.
  • Ustandaryzowane– poprzez zwiększenie przejrzystości i wiedzy na temat procedur ujawniania ryzyka i dostępności poradnictwa genetycznego dla osób uprawnionych.
  • Sytuacyjne – poprzez dopasowanie profesjonalnego wsparcia i dostosowanie treści informacji do stylu radzenia sobie z niepokojem, zachowania i potrzeb każdej rodziny.

Implikacje kliniczne: Praca ta podkreśla wyzwania związane z ujawnianiem ryzyka w rodzinach o zwiększonym ryzyku dziedzicznego raka i wzmacnia argumenty za większym zaangażowaniem opieki zdrowotnej w proces docierania do zagrożonych krewnych. Odkrycia uzupełniają istniejące dowody na to, w jaki sposób ujawnienie dziedzicznego ryzyka raka może się dalej rozwijać, aby lepiej wspierać proaktywne zarządzanie ryzykiem raka u rodzin dotkniętych nowotworami dziedzicznymi.

Abstract [ja]

英語での要約

背景:乳がん、卵巣がん、結腸直腸がんのリスクが高い家系において、遺伝的感受性を認識することは、標的を絞ったがん予防を可能にする。特定されたリスクのある親族には、早期発見を可能にするためのサーベイランスを提供したり、場合によっては病気や早期死亡のリスクを下げるための手術を提供したりすることが可能である。

問題:現在の臨床診療での家族を介したリスク開示では、リスクを有する親族の半数が、潜在的ながんのリスクに気づいていない状態である。補完的開示経路では、遺伝性がんのリスク開示の臨床管理を発展させるための、新たな機会を示唆する有望な結果を示している。しかしながら、法的責任、がんに対する不安を誘発するリスク、および無作為試験による確かなデータがないことが、新たな発見の臨床実践への導入を妨げている。

目的:本論文では、一般市民と患者の遺伝性がん症候群に関するリスク情報の開示における、認識と好みを調査している。本研究はまた、スウェーデンの人口におけるがんの心配レベルを推定し、結腸直腸がんの仮想的な生涯リスクの異なるレベルにおける、大腸内視鏡検査のスクリーニングへの参加意欲を調査している。

方法:2つの量的研究と2つの質的研究を、目的に対処するために設計した。データ収集には、フォーカスグループ、人口調査、および半構造化患者インタビューが含まれる。量的データは、記述統計並びにパラメトリックおよびノンパラメトリック検定と比較したグループを用いて分析した。インタビューデータは、顕在コンテンツと潜在コンテンツの両方を用いて、帰納的定性的内容分析法にて分析した。参加者の認識と好み、患者のリスク開示の管理、および遺伝子医療専門家とのやり取りに重点を置いた。

結果:研究Ⅰでは、一般の人々がリスク開示に関わる役割と責任をどのように見ているかについて説明する。回答者は、遺伝医療の専門家がリスク開示プロセスを主導する明確な権限を持っていると想定し、このプロセスの形成に積極的に関与することを望んでいた。彼らは医療専門家が、自分自身と潜在的リスクを有するであろう親族にとって、理解しやすくパーソナライズされた情報を提供してくれることを、期待していた。

研究Ⅱの調査結果は、家族内の遺伝性がんに関するリスク情報を共有し、受け取ることを、一般の多くの人が強く好むことを示している(10%の遺伝性リスクシナリオで、それぞれ90%と89%)。大多数は、医療専門家から潜在的な遺伝的リスクに関する情報を受け取りたいと考えており(80%)、医療専門家からリスクのある親族にも知らせてもらうことを希望していた(58%)。連絡方法としては、手紙または電話が好まれ、次にデジタルの選択肢が続いた。

研究Ⅲでは、スウェーデンの人口をベースとしたサンプルでの、がんの心配レベルに関する新しいデータを提示する(6項目のがんの心配スケールで計24点中9.46点)。女性の回答者と子供がいる人は、がんの心配スコアが高く、心配スコアが高い人は大腸内視鏡検査を受ける傾向が強かった。リスクレベルが上がるごとに(結腸直腸がんの生涯リスクが5、10、または70%)より多くの回答者が大腸内視鏡検査を受けることに興味を示した。

研究Ⅳでは、難しくありながらも重要であり、しばし他者のために行われる患者の家族への開示経験について記述する。患者はまた、発端者としての役割を担うには不適格だと感じると述べる人もいれば、単純に遂行されるべきタスクだと捉えていると述べる人もいた。

結論:本論文の調査結果は、遺伝性がんリスク情報に関して、発端者とその親族と医療機関との間のコミュニケーションの輪に欠けている点があることを示している。結果を統合すると、リスク開示は次の事柄をより整えることによって、恩恵を受けるであろうということを示唆している:

  • 体系化 – リスク開示において、家族レベルでのフォローアップを提供し、プロセスの早い段階で医療専門家と発端者のコミュニケーションにおける義務を明確に定義する。
  • 標準化 – リスク開示手順に関する透明性と知識を向上し、適格者に対する遺伝カウンセリングの利用を可能にする。
  • 個別状況への対応化 – 専門的なサポートを個別に調整し、情報の内容を各家族の対処スタイル、行動、およびニーズに合わせる。

臨床的意義:本論文は、遺伝性がんの高リスク家族におけるリスク開示の課題にスポットを当て、リスクを有する親族への連絡プロセスにおいて、医療福祉機関がより一層関与する方向へと移行することについての議論を強化する。これらの調査結果は、どのように遺伝性がんのリスク開示の仕組みが、家族における積極的ながんのリスク管理を、よりよくサポートするために更に発展させられ得るかについて、既存の証拠を補完するものである。

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2023. p. 97
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2215
Keywords
cancer, hereditary cancer, prevention, family disclosure, family communication, cancer worry, risk information, at-risk relatives, cascade testing, genetic counselling, public opinion
National Category
Cancer and Oncology
Research subject
Oncology; Genetics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-202131 (URN)978-91-7855-949-7 (ISBN)978-91-7855-948-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-01-26, Aula Biologica, BIO.E.203, Biologihuset, Umeå universitet, Linnaeus väg 7, 907 36 Umeå, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-01-05 Created: 2023-01-02 Last updated: 2023-01-04Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C., Maxon, J., Andersson, A., van Guelpen, B., Hajdarevic, S., Numan Hellquist, B. & Rosén, A. (2022). Cancer worry distribution and willingness to undergo colonoscopy at three levels of hypothetical cancer risk - a population-based survey in Sweden. Cancers, 14(4), Article ID 918.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cancer worry distribution and willingness to undergo colonoscopy at three levels of hypothetical cancer risk - a population-based survey in Sweden
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2022 (English)In: Cancers, ISSN 2072-6694, Vol. 14, no 4, article id 918Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Purpose: We describe levels of cancer worry in the general population as measured with the Cancer Worry Scale (CWS) and investigate the association with colonoscopy screening intentions in three colorectal cancer risk scenarios. 

Methods: The data were sourced through a population-based survey. Respondents (n = 943) completed an eight-item CWS and questions on colonoscopy screening interest at three hypothetical risk levels. 

Results: Respondents without a personal cancer history (n = 853) scored 9.46 on the six-item CWS (mean, SD 2.72). Mean scores were significantly higher in women (9.91, SD 2.89) as compared to men (9.06, SD 2.49, p < 0.001). Linear regression showed higher cancer worry in women and those with children when controlling for education, age group, and country of birth. High cancer worry (six-item CWS mean >12) was identified in 25% of women and in 17% of men. Among those, 71% would attend a colonoscopy screening compared to 52% of those with low cancer worry (p < 0.001, 5% CRC-risk). 

Conclusions: The distribution of cancer worry in a general population sample showed higher mean scores in women, and levels overlapped with earlier findings in cancer-affected samples. Respondents with high cancer worry were more inclined to undergo a colonoscopy screening, and intention increased with higher levels of hypothetical risk.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
cancer, oncology, cancer worry, cancer worry scale, colonoscopy, colorectal cancer, early detection of cancer, patient reported outcome measures
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-192473 (URN)10.3390/cancers14040918 (DOI)000766443100001 ()35205668 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85124360606 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare, 2018-00964
Available from: 2022-02-14 Created: 2022-02-14 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C., Hajdarevic, S. & Rosén, A. (2021). A focus group study of perceptions of genetic risk disclosure in members of the public in sweden: "I’ll phone the five closest ones, but what happens to the other ten?". Journal of Personalized Medicine, 11(11), Article ID 1191.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A focus group study of perceptions of genetic risk disclosure in members of the public in sweden: "I’ll phone the five closest ones, but what happens to the other ten?"
2021 (English)In: Journal of Personalized Medicine, E-ISSN 2075-4426, Vol. 11, no 11, article id 1191Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

This study explores perceptions and preferences on receiving genetic risk informationabout hereditary cancer risk in members of the Swedish public. We conducted qualitative contentanalysis of five focus group discussions with participants (n = 18) aged between 24 and 71 years,recruited from various social contexts. Two prominent phenomena surfaced around the interplaybetween the three stakeholders involved in risk disclosure: the individual, healthcare, and therelative at risk. First, there is a genuine will to share risk information that can benefit others, evenif this is difficult and causes discomfort. Second, when the duty to inform becomes overwhelming,compromises are made, such as limiting one’s own responsibility of disclosure or projecting the mainresponsibility onto another party. In conclusion, our results reveal a discrepancy between publicexpectations and the actual services offered by clinical genetics. These expectations paired with desirefor a more personalized process and shared decision-making highlight a missing link in today’s riskcommunication and suggest a need for developed clinical routines with stronger healthcare–patientcollaboration. Future research needs to investigate the views of genetic professionals on how toaddress these expectations to co-create a transparent risk disclosure process which can realize the fullpotential of personalized prevention.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
Medicine (miscellaneous)
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-189636 (URN)10.3390/jpm11111191 (DOI)000727280400001 ()34834542 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85119663801 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Forte, Swedish Research Council for Health, Working Life and Welfare
Available from: 2021-11-17 Created: 2021-11-17 Last updated: 2023-03-24Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C., Maxon, J., Andersson, A., van Guelpen, B., Numan, B. & Rosén, A. (2020). Cancer worry and willingness to undergo colonoscopy at different risk levels: results from a population-based survey in Sweden. European Journal of Human Genetics, 28, 786-786
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Cancer worry and willingness to undergo colonoscopy at different risk levels: results from a population-based survey in Sweden
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2020 (English)In: European Journal of Human Genetics, ISSN 1018-4813, E-ISSN 1476-5438, Vol. 28, p. 786-786Article in journal, Meeting abstract (Other academic) Published
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2020
National Category
Medical Genetics and Genomics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179037 (URN)10.1038/s41431-020-00739-z (DOI)000598482602490 ()
Note

Supplement: 1

Meeting Abstract: P23.06.C

Available from: 2021-02-02 Created: 2021-02-02 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
Andersson, A., Hawranek, C., Öfverholm, A., Ehrencrona, H., Grill, K., Hajdarevic, S., . . . Rosén, A. (2020). Public support for healthcare-mediated disclosure of hereditary cancer risk information: Results from a population-based survey in Sweden. Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice, 18, Article ID 18.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Public support for healthcare-mediated disclosure of hereditary cancer risk information: Results from a population-based survey in Sweden
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2020 (English)In: Hereditary Cancer in Clinical Practice, ISSN 1731-2302, E-ISSN 1897-4287, Vol. 18, article id 18Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Targeted surveillance of at-risk individuals in families with increased risk of hereditary cancer is an effective prevention strategy if relatives are identified, informed and enrolled in screening programs. Despite the potential benefits, many eligible at-risk relatives remain uninformed of their cancer risk. This study describes the general public’s opinion on disclosure of hereditary colorectal cancer (CRC) risk information, as well as preferences on the source and the mode of information.

Methods: A random sample of the general public was assessed through a Swedish citizen web-panel. Respondents were presented with scenarios of being an at-risk relative in a family that had an estimated increased hereditary risk of CRC; either 10% (moderate) or 70% (high) lifetime risk. A colonoscopy was presented as a preventive measure. Results were analysed to identify significant differences between groups using the Pearson’s chi-square (χ2) test.

Results: Of 1800 invited participants, 977 completed the survey (54%). In the moderate and high-risk scenarios, 89.2 and 90.6% respectively, would like to receive information about a potential hereditary risk of CRC (χ2, p = .755). The desire to be informed was higher among women (91.5%) than men (87.0%, χ2, p = .044). No significant differences were found when comparing different age groups, educational levels, place of residence and having children or not. The preferred source of risk information was a healthcare professional in both moderate and high-risk scenarios (80.1 and 75.5%). However, 18.1 and 20.1% respectively would prefer to be informed by a family member. Assuming that healthcare professionals disclosed the information, the favoured mode of information was letter and phone (38.4 and 33.2%).

Conclusions: In this study a majority of respondents wanted to be informed about a potential hereditary risk of CRC and preferred healthcare professionals to communicate this information. The two presented levels of CRC lifetime risk did not significantly affect the interest in being informed. Our data offer insights into the needs and preferences of the Swedish population, providing a rationale for developing complementary healthcare-assisted communication pathways to realise the full potential of targeted prevention of hereditary CRC.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2020
Keywords
Hereditary cancer, Family disclosure, Informing relatives, Healthcare disclosure, Public opinion, Risk information, Cancer prevention, Colorectal cancer
National Category
Cancer and Oncology Public Health, Global Health and Social Medicine Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-175133 (URN)10.1186/s13053-020-00151-0 (DOI)000570512200001 ()32944097 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85091950760 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2020-09-17 Created: 2020-09-17 Last updated: 2025-02-20Bibliographically approved
Hawranek, C.Patients’ lived experiences of hereditary cancer risk disclosure within at-risk families in Sweden.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Patients’ lived experiences of hereditary cancer risk disclosure within at-risk families in Sweden
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Cancer and Oncology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-202053 (URN)
Available from: 2023-01-02 Created: 2023-01-02 Last updated: 2023-01-02
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-2218-6881