Umeå University's logo

The methods used in this thesis work were a combination of computational and modeling based laboratory experiments.

Thermodynamic process modeling of the cement clinker process offers a tool for evaluating how changes in raw materials and process parameters affect the clinker quality. Work with finding suitable replacement raw materials involves investigating the chemical compatibility of potential alternative materials. Such replacement materials may be metallurgical slags, although there are some unsolved issues with the quantities of certain metals and particularly Mg in these materials.

For predicting the formation of clinker mineral phases, cooling calculations are used in order to reproduce the temperature history in the full scale process. A chemistry model including a solid solution phase based on C₂S and phosphate was developed along with the recommendation for continued work on clinker phases with solid solutions to include MgO. A thermodynamic database for phase chemistry calculations of clinkering reactions was created and evaluated. Suitable compounds and solution species were selected from the thermochemical database included in FactSage software. The extent and quality of the required thermodynamic data via available databases is generally satisfactory, except for certain properties of some of the main clinker phases. One example is the lack of a thermodynamic model for the alite solid solution. That is, the composition of the phase available in the database representing alite does not contain the minor elements Al, Fe and Mg. Therefore, it is difficult to predict the quantity and distribution of Mg in the clinker, with varying total content of MgO. Thus, one of the goals/objectives was to improve thethermodynamic model of alite as a solid solution of 3CaO-SiO₂-xAl₂O₃-yFe₂O₃-zMgO. To achieve this, it was assumed that a mix of compounds with adjusted Henrian coefficients representing the solid solution clinker phase alite was in equilibrium with the clinker melt.

The distribution of MgO was studied in synthetic clinker compositions with quantities ranging from 0.5 to 10 wt-%. Synthetic clinker mixes were heated to 1450°C and studied with Rietveld refinements of X-ray diffraction data and SEM-EDS analysis. In addition, the mechanisms of how slag and lime particles react facilitating the diffusion of MgO into the developing clinker melt and the formation of incipient belite were studied.

The calculated results provide a good prediction of the quantities and composition of the clinker phases formed during heating and non-equilibrium cooling. The solubility of MgO in the clinker and the quantity of periclase formed is in fair agreement with published data. Thus, this thesis work shows that using a mix of compounds with adjusted activities in alite together with available standard thermodynamic data and the Scheil cooling method had good potential for evaluating alternative raw materials.

Also, the work has identified weak points in the process modeling and suggest improvements to be made in future research work.