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This review describes the role of modern preprosthetic surgery. The atrophic edentulousjaw can cause severe functional impairment for patients, leading to inadequate denture retention,reduced quality of life, and significant health problems. The aim of preprosthetic surgery is to restorefunction and form due to tooth loss arising from congenital deformity, trauma, or ablative surgery.Alveolar bone loss is due to disuse atrophy following tooth loss. The advent of dental implants andtheir ability to preserve bone heralded the modern version of preprosthetic surgery. Their ability tomimic natural teeth has overcome the age-old problem of edentulism and consequent jaw atrophy.Controversies with preprosthetic surgery are discussed: soft tissue versus hard tissue augmentationin the aesthetic zone, bone regeneration versus prosthetic tissue replacement in the anterior maxilla,sinus floor augmentation versus short implants in the posterior maxilla—interpositional bone graftingversus onlay grafts for vertical bone augmentation. Best results for rehabilitation are achieved bythe team approach of surgeons, maxillofacial prosthodontists/general dentists, and importantly,informing patients about the available preprosthetic surgical options.