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Conventional dry filtration materials present a high initial efficiency but suffer from poor regenerability and limited functionality. Conversely, liquid-based purification strategies leverage the high capture potential of gas–liquid interfaces, but face challenges such as insufficient material strength, complex fabrication, and difficulties in large-scale application. Here, we proposed a porous ceramic-based bubble-enhanced filtration system (PCBEFS). The proposed system employs tunable porous ceramics as bubble generators in the water medium, thereby enabling highly efficient wet removal of particulate matter, while simultaneously providing air humidification, formaldehyde removal, and antibacterial functions. Furthermore, we established an empirical mathematical model linking pore structure, bubble characteristics, and removal performance, which elucidates the structure–activity relationship and presents insights into the capture mechanism jointly governed by porous ceramics and gas–liquid interfaces. PCBEFS addresses the limitations of the existing liquid-based purification systems and contributes substantially to multifunctional indoor air pollution control with strong engineering potential.