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Postnatal nutritional intakes and hyperglycemia as determinants of blood pressure at 6.5 years of age in children born extremely preterm
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Paediatrics.
Umeå University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Food and Nutrition.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4649-0653
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2019 (English)In: Pediatric Research, ISSN 0031-3998, E-ISSN 1530-0447, Vol. 86, no 1, p. 115-121Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Adverse developmental programming by early-life exposures might account for higher blood pressure (BP) in children born extremely preterm. We assessed associations between nutrition, growth and hyperglycemia early in infancy, and BP at 6.5 years of age in children born extremely preterm.

Methods: Data regarding perinatal exposures including nutrition, growth and glycemia status were collected from the Extremely Preterm Infants in Sweden Study (EXPRESS), a population-based cohort including infants born <27 gestational weeks during 2004–2007. BP measurements were performed at 6.5 years of age in a sub-cohort of 171 children (35% of the surviving children).

Results: Higher mean daily protein intake (+1 g/kg/day) during postnatal weeks 1–8 was associated with 0.40 (±0.18) SD higher diastolic BP. Higher mean daily carbohydrate intake (+1 g/kg/day) during the same period was associated with 0.18 (±0.05) and 0.14 (±0.04) SD higher systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. No associations were found between infant growth (weight, length) and later BP. Hyperglycemia and its duration during postnatal weeks 1–4 were associated primarily with higher diastolic BP z-scores.

Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of modifiable early-life exposures, such as nutrition and hyperglycemia, in determining long-term outcomes in children born extremely preterm.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Nature Publishing Group, 2019. Vol. 86, no 1, p. 115-121
National Category
Pediatrics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-155795DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0341-8ISI: 000472723400021PubMedID: 30776793Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85062001072OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-155795DiVA, id: diva2:1283024
Funder
Swedish Research Council, 2016-02095Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 20090380Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 20100457Västerbotten County CouncilStockholm County CouncilRegion SkåneAvailable from: 2019-01-28 Created: 2019-01-28 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Hyperglycemia, nutrition and health outcomes in preterm infants
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hyperglycemia, nutrition and health outcomes in preterm infants
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background

Survival among very low birth weight (VLBW) and extremely preterm (EPT) infants has increased markedly during the last decades. Neonatal hyperglycemia is common in these infants and is known to be associated with adverse outcomes. However, much about neonatal hyperglycemia is still unknown: which mechanisms are responsible for it, its long-term risk profile, how to treat it and even how to define it. This thesis focuses on neonatal hyperglycemia in preterm-born infants - its prevalence, possible causes (including postnatal nutrition and its possible programming effect of later outcomes), consequences and treatment.

Methods

Two cohorts were studied in this thesis. The EXtremely PREterm infants in Sweden Study (EXPRESS) – a national population-based cohort - included all infants born before completed 27 gestational weeks during the years 2004-2007 in Sweden. Nutritional data as well as glucose measurements (n=9850) and insulin treatment data for the first 28 days of life were obtained for 580 infants. In a sub-cohort of 171 children, blood pressure measurements were obtained at a follow-up visit at 6.5 years of age. Neurodevelopment was assessed at 6.5 years of age in 436 children. Intellectual ability was assessed using Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV; n=355). Gross and fine motor function were assessed using Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (MABC-2; n=345).

The very Low birth weight Infants - Glucose and Hormonal profiles over Time (LIGHT) study was a prospective cohort study that included 50 VLBW infants born in Umeå, Sweden, between 2016-2019. Infants were placed on continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) for a 48-hour period when a postmenstrual age (PMA) of 36 gestational weeks was reached (n=35).

Results

Daily prevalence of hyperglycemia > 10 mmol/L in EPT infants was high during the first two weeks of life (up to 30%), followed by a slow decrease thereafter. Protracted hyperglycemia > 8 mmol/L was detected in more than half of VLBW infants at PMA 36 weeks.

In EPT infants, glucose concentrations during the first 28 days of life were increased by 1.6% on the day following an increase of 1 g/kg/day in parenteral carbohydrate intake. Male sex, amnionitis and prior hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia episodes were risk factors for hyperglycemia at PMA 36 weeks in VLBW infants.

In EPT infants, neonatal hyperglycemia > 10 mmol/L was associated with increased 28-day mortality. Neonatal hyperglycemia, its severity and duration were associated with increased diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and lower MABC-2 scores at 6.5 years of age. Insulin treatment was associated with improved 28- and 70-day survival but not with BP or neurodevelopmental outcomes at 6.5 years of age.

Higher protein intake during the first eight weeks of life was associated with higher DBP at 6.5 years of age. An increase of the carbohydrate intake by 1 g/kg/day during this period was associated with an increase of 0.18 SDS in systolic (SBP) and 0.14 SDS in DBP at 6.5 years. Growth during the same period was not associated with BP at 6.5 years.

Conclusions

Neonatal hyperglycemia during the first four weeks of life was more common in EPT infants than has previously been described. Remaining glucose disturbances were common at PMA 36 weeks in VLBW infants. Parenteral glucose intakes within the range given seems to have had low contribution to glucose concentration variability. Neonatal hyperglycemia was associated with increased 28-day mortality as well as with increased blood pressure and reduced motor skills at 6.5 years of age. Carbohydrate intake in the immediate postnatal period was indepentently associated with increased blood pressure at 6.5 years of age. The results add to the knowledge regarding important risk factors and health effects of neonatal hyperglycemia. Different treatment options for neonatal hyperglycemia should be evaluated in animal models and in randomized controlled clinical trials in premature infants.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund

Överlevnaden hos för tidigt födda barn har förbättrats markant under de senaste decennierna. Hos dessa barn är förhöjda blodsockernivåer under de första 28 dagarna av livet (neonatal hyperglykemi) vanligt förekommande och är förknippat med sämre kortsiktiga hälsoutfall. Mycket kvarstår som inte är känt kring neonatal hyperglykemi: vilka mekanismer som orsakar det, vad de långsiktiga hälsoutfallen blir, hur hyperglykemi bör behandlas samt hur den bör definieras. Denna avhandling fokuserar på neonatal hyperglykemi hos för tidigt födda barn, dess förekomst, eventuella riskfaktorer, konsekvenser och behandling. Gällande riskfaktorer undersöktes bland annat den näring som tillförs spädbarnet i början av livet och dess möjliga påverkan på hälsoutfall senare i livet.

Metoder

Delarbeten I-III är baserade på data från EXtremely PREterm infants in Sweden Study (EXPRESS) – en nationell populationsbaserad studie som inkluderade alla barn som föddes i Sverige före 27 graviditetsveckor under åren 2004–2007. Data kring nutrition, blodsockernivåer (totalt 9850 värden) samt insulinbehandling registrerades dagligen för de första 28 dagarna av livet hos 580 barn. Hos en grupp som inkluderade 171 av dessa barn mättes blodtryck vid en uppföljning vid 6,5-års ålder. Neurologisk utveckling utvärderades hos 436 barn vid 6,5-års ålder. Kognitiv utveckling utvärderades med hjälp av Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children IV (WISC-IV) hos 355 barn. Grov- och finmotorisk funktion utvärderades med hjälp av Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2 (MABC-2) hos 345 barn.

Delarbete IV är baserat på the very Low birth weight Infants - Glucose and Hormonal profiles over Time (LIGHT) studien, en prospektiv studie som inkluderade 50 barn med mycket låg födelsevikt (< 1500 g) som föddes i Umeå under åren 2016-2019. En kontinuerlig blodsockermätare sattes på 35 av barnen för en 48-timmars period vid en ålder motsvarande 36 graviditetsveckor.

Resultat

Förekomsten av neonatal hyperglykemi hos extremt för tidigt födda barn ökade under de första två veckorna av livet och sjönk därefter långsamt under efterföljande veckor. Hyperglykemi förekom hos mer än hälften av barnen med mycket låg födelsevikt, kontrollerat vid ålder motsvarande 36 graviditetsveckor.

Blodsockernivåerna hos extremt för tidigt födda barn ökade med 1,6% dagen efter en ökning av glukos (socker i näringslösning) med 1 g/kg/dag. Hos barn med mycket låg födelsevikt hade pojkar större risk än flickor att få hyperglykemi vid en ålder motsvarande 36 graviditetsveckor. Även infektion i fostervattnet och tidigare blodsockerrubbningar under vårdperioden var riskfaktorer för hyperglykemi.

Neonatal hyperglykemi var förknippat med ökad dödlighet före 28 dagars ålder hos extremt för tidigt födda barn. Insulinbehandling var förknippad med bättre överlevnad vid både 28- och 70 dagars ålder. Förekomsten, svårighetsgraden och durationen av neonatal hyperglykemi visade samband med högre diastoliskt blodtryck och lägre MABC-2 score vid 6,5-års ålder. Insulinbehandling hade inget statistiskt samband med dessa utfall.

Högre proteinintag under de första åtta veckorna av livet visade samband med högre diastoliskt blodtryck vid 6,5-års ålder. Ökning i kolhydratintaget under denna period var förknippad med ökat systoliskt och diastoliskt blodtryck vid 6,5-års ålder. Tillväxten under samma period var inte statistiskt kopplad till senare blodtrycksnivå.

Slutsatser

Neonatal hyperglykemi visades vara vanligare hos extremt för tidigt födda barn än man tidigare trott. Resultaten tyder på att blodsockerrubbningar verkar vara vanliga även vid en ålder motsvarande 36 graviditetsveckor hos barn med mycket låg födelsevikt. Tillförsel av glukos (sockerdropp) verkar vara associerad med enbart ringa påverkan på blodsockernivåerna. Neonatal hyperglykemi var förknippat med ökad dödlighet före 28 dagars ålder samt med förhöjt blodtryck och sämre motorisk utveckling vid 6,5-års ålder. Ökat kolhydratintag under de första åtta veckorna i livet visade statistiskt samband med förhöjt blodtryck vid 6,5-års ålder. Resultaten bidrar med kunskap kring viktiga riskfaktorer för neonatal hyperglykemi och dess påverkan på hälsoutfall upp till 6,5-års ålder. Olika behandlingsalternativ för neonatal hyperglykemi bör utvärderas i djurmodeller samt i randomiserade kontrollerade kliniska studier hos för tidigt födda barn.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2020. p. 83
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2079
Keywords
Neonatal hyperglycemia, preterm infants, early programming, insulin, blood pressure, neurodevelopment, MABC-2, EXPRESS, LIGHT, continuous glucose monitoring, parenteral nutrition, postnatal growth
National Category
Pediatrics
Research subject
Pediatrics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-174404 (URN)978-91-7855-227-6 (ISBN)978-91-7855-226-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-09-18, Hörsalen Betula, Målpunkt L0, Norrlands universitetssjukhus, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-08-28 Created: 2020-08-22 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved

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Zamir, ItayDomellöf, Magnus

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