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Low bone mineral density in adults with complex congenital heart disease
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Section of Physiotherapy. Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4043-7130
Umeå University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Cardiology. Department of Medicine, Kiruna Hospital, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3281-7122
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2020 (English)In: International Journal of Cardiology, ISSN 0167-5273, E-ISSN 1874-1754, Vol. 319, p. 62-66Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims: The majority of children with complex congenital heart disease (CHD) survive into adulthood due to advances in medical care. Adult patients with CHD have an increased incidence of diagnoses related to ageing such as heart failure, dementia, cancer and sarcopenia, despite a relatively low age. They also have a shorter life expectancy. It is unknown if their bone structures also show signs of premature ageing. We therefore investigated Bone Mineral Content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in an adult population with complex CHD.

Methods: The total body BMC and BMD was examined using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) in 73 adults with complex CHD (mean age 35.8 ± 14.3, women n = 22) and 73 age and sex matched controls.

Results: The adults with complex CHD had lower total body BMC (2.6 ± 0.5 kg vs. 2.9 ± 0.5 kg, p < 0.001) and BMD (1.18 ± 0.12 g/cm2 vs. 1.26 ± 0.11 g/cm2, p < 0.001) compared to controls. BMD was lower for patients with single ventricle physiology and for the other complex diagnoses, and it persisted after correction for most common risk factors for osteoporosis.

Conclusion: Adults with complex CHD have reduced total body BMC and BMD compared to healthy controls. These results are a sign of frailty that conforms with other previously reported signs of premature ageing. The risk of osteoporosis is low in our relatively young population, but it is assumed to increase with ageing. We recommend that clinicians pay close attention to risk factors for osteoporosis, and are generous in administering DXA-measurements in order to prevent future fractures among adults with complex CHD.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020. Vol. 319, p. 62-66
Keywords [en]
Heart defect, congenital, Tetralogy of Fallot, Eisenmenger complex, Hypoplastic left heart syndrome, Transposition of great vessels, Bone density
National Category
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease Endocrinology and Diabetes
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-176465DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.06.053ISI: 000580586000016PubMedID: 32634489Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85088109334OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-176465DiVA, id: diva2:1501620
Available from: 2020-11-17 Created: 2020-11-17 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Altered body composition in adults with complex congenital heart disease
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Altered body composition in adults with complex congenital heart disease
2021 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Kroppssammansättning hos vuxna med komplexa medfödda hjärtfel
Abstract [en]

Introduction: Thanks to achievements in paediatric heart surgery and medicine, the population of adults with surgically repaired or palliated congenital heart defects is growing. Many of these adults have reduced exercise capacity, weaker muscular strength and shorter height, all of which suggest an altered body composition.

The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the body composition, in terms of bone, muscle and fat mass, in adults with complex congenital heart disease (CHD). Changes as such may be of prognostic importance and thus suggest future therapeutic targets outside the traditional hunting grounds of the cardiologist.

Material and methods: The overall material consisted of two cohorts. The first cohort, recruited in a Swedish multicentre study, comprised 73 adult patients with complex CHD and 73 controls, matched for age and sex. Participants were examined with full body dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), providing muscle, bone and fat mass for arms, legs and trunk respectively (papers I and II).

The second cohort, recruited within a single centre study, comprised 49 adult patients with complex CHD and 49 age and sex matched controls. Participants were examined with peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), providing slices of forearm and calf, describing muscle, bone and fat area and corresponding density (papers III and IV). 

Muscular strength in selected muscle groups was also evaluated in both cohorts.

Results: More than half of the adults with complex CHD had a pathologically low skeletal muscle mass and strength compared to controls, a trait referred to as sarcopenia. There was a strong association between forearm muscle mass and grip strength.

Bone mass was lower in adults with complex CHD, according to both DXA and pQCT analyses, also when adjusting for shorter height. Patients also had lower full body bone mineral density (BMD) as measured with DXA. However, analysis of BMD in limbs with pQCT showed no such reduction. Despite this latter finding, the strength-strain index (a surrogate marker for bone strength provided by pQCT in the lower limbs) was still lower in patients compared to controls.

Female patients had a higher amount of fat, both in terms of fat mass and proportion of fat, in comparison to controls. The fat mass was predominantly distributed around the internal organs, known as visceral adipose tissue. Male patients showed no such difference regarding fat mass compared to controls.

Conclusion: Consequences of living with complex CHD go far beyond the heart; this young population presents a reduced skeletal muscle mass as well as reduced bone strength – both premature traits of frailty, prone to increase with further ageing. Also, women with complex CHD have an increased amount of visceral adipose tissue, which may elevate the risk of acquired heart disease.

The extent of future complications remains to be seen. However, the standard treatments for both sarcopenia and osteoporosis include optimal nutritional intake and increased physical exercise. These measures should start sooner rather than later, preferably evaluated through existing quality registers and interventional trials.

Abstract [sv]

Bakgrund: Tack vare stora framsteg inom barnhjärtkirurgin överlever allt fler barn med medfödda hjärtfel, så kallade hjärtebarn, till vuxen ålder. Många av dessa vuxna med medfödda hjärtfel har nedsatt kondition, nedsatt styrka och lite kortare längd – vilket väcker misstanken om avvikande kropps­samman­sätt­ning.

Syftet med avhandlingen var att kartlägga kroppssammansättningen hos vuxna med komplexa medfödda hjärtfel, då dylika förändringar kan påverka prognos och behandling.

Material och metod: Materialet bestod av två kohorter: den första kom från en svensk multicenterstudie med 73 vuxna med komplexa medfödda hjärtfel och 73 ålders- och könsmatchade kontroller. Dessa genomgick helkroppsunder-sökning med dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), en metod för att mäta muskel-, ben- och fettmassa. (artikel I och II)

Den andra kohorten kom från en singelcenterstudie, innefattande hela norra regionen, med 49 patienter och likaledes matchade kontroller. Dessa undersöktes med peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT) som genom datortomografiska snitt av underarm och underben kartlägger muskel-, ben- och fettarea. (artikel III och IV)

Resultat: Hälften av patienterna med komplexa medfödda hjärtfel hade sänkt muskelmassa och muskelstyrka (sarkopeni), vilket ofta förknippas med försämrad prognos. Detta sågs både i studien med DXA och studien med pQCT.

Båda metoderna visade även sänkt benmassa. DXA visade på sänkt bendensitet, något som inte kunde bekräftas med pQCT. Däremot uppmättes sämre hållfasthet i skelettet med den senare metoden.

Kvinnliga patienter hade större andel fett än de manliga, framför allt distribuerat i buken, vilket är extra ohälsosamt.

Slutsats: Att leva med ett komplext medfött hjärtfel påverkar inte bara hjärtat utan hela kroppen. Sarkopeni och den lägre hållfastheten i skelettet riskerar att förvärras med stigande ålder och ökar risken för framtida sjukdomar och frakturer. Dessutom medför den ökade andelen bukfett hos kvinnorna förhöjd risk för förvärvad hjärt-kärlsjukdom.

Hur mycket den avvikande kroppssammansättningen kommer att påverka sjuklighet och överlevnad när vuxna med komplexa medfödda hjärtfel åldras får framtida studier utvisa. Men utifrån erfarenheter från andra patientgrupper finns det ingen anledning att vänta med förebyggande behandling mot såväl sarkopeni och benskörhet som förvärvad hjärtsjukdom – närmare bestämt uppmuntra till följsamhet till befintliga kostråd samt motion.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2021. p. 88
Series
Umeå University medical dissertations, ISSN 0346-6612 ; 2134
Keywords
Adults with complex congenital heart disease, ACHD, body composition, skeletal muscle, lean mass, muscular strength, sarcopenia, bone, bone mass, bone mineral density, bone health, osteoporosis, fat, fat mass, obesity, Vuxna med medfödda hjärtfel, vuxna med komplexa medfödda hjärtfel, komplexa medfödda hjärtfel, kroppssammansättning, skelettmuskel, styrka, sarkopeni, ben, benmassa, bendensitet, osteoporos, fett, fettmassa, obesitas
National Category
Cardiology and Cardiovascular Disease
Research subject
Cardiology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-183092 (URN)978-91-7855-544-4 (ISBN)978-91-7855-545-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2021-10-08, Hörsal B, Plan 9, Tandläkarhögskolan, Umeå, 13:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Norrbotten County Council, NLL-763481, NLL-835491, NLL-930173, NLL-941933Visare Norr, VISARENORR850921, VISARENORR748071 VISARENORR930350Swedish Heart Lung Foundation, 20100355, 20130472, 20170483The Swedish Heart and Lung Association, E140-15, E109-16, FA2017:13Region Västerbotten, RV-932348, RV-929869, RV-850911, RV-761551, RV-679791, RV-638831 RV-617521, RV-574082
Note

Deltagare är välkomna fysisk eller via zoom: 

https://umu.zoom.us/j/68745369812

Lösenord: 223344

Available from: 2021-09-21 Created: 2021-05-17 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved

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Sandberg, CamillaJohansson, KarnaJohansson, Bengt

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