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Metatranscriptomics captures dynamic shifts in mycorrhizal coordination in boreal forests
Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0389-6650
Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University.
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2022 (English)In: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Vol. 119, no 26, article id e2118852119Article in journal (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

Carbon storage and cycling in boreal forests-the largest terrestrial carbon store-is moderated by complex interactions between trees and soil microorganisms. However, existing methods limit our ability to predict how changes in environmental conditions will alter these associations and the essential ecosystem services they provide. To address this, we developed a metatranscriptomic approach to analyze the impact of nutrient enrichment on Norway spruce fine roots and the community structure, function, and tree-microbe coordination of over 350 root-associated fungal species. In response to altered nutrient status, host trees redefined their relationship with the fungal community by reducing sugar efflux carriers and enhancing defense processes. This resulted in a profound restructuring of the fungal community and a collapse in functional coordination between the tree and the dominant Basidiomycete species, and an increase in functional coordination with versatile Ascomycete species. As such, there was a functional shift in community dominance from Basidiomycetes species, with important roles in enzymatically cycling recalcitrant carbon, to Ascomycete species that have melanized cell walls that are highly resistant to degradation. These changes were accompanied by prominent shifts in transcriptional coordination between over 60 predicted fungal effectors, with more than 5,000 Norway spruce transcripts, providing mechanistic insight into the complex molecular dialogue coordinating host trees and their fungal partners. The host-microbe dynamics captured by this study functionally inform how these complex and sensitive biological relationships may mediate the carbon storage potential of boreal soils under changing nutrient conditions. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
National Academy of Sciences , 2022. Vol. 119, no 26, article id e2118852119
Keywords [en]
carbon storage, ectomycorrhiza, fungal effectors, host–microbe, metatranscriptome
National Category
Other Biological Topics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194524DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118852119ISI: 001051468800002PubMedID: 35727987Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85132270803OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-194524DiVA, id: diva2:1656975
Available from: 2022-05-09 Created: 2022-05-09 Last updated: 2025-04-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Perturbance and Stimulation: using Nitrogen Addition and High-Throughput Sequencing to Study Fungal Communities in Boreal Forests
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Perturbance and Stimulation: using Nitrogen Addition and High-Throughput Sequencing to Study Fungal Communities in Boreal Forests
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Fungal communities are major players in globally important nutrient cycling processes, and form symbioses with most terrestrial plants. In the nitrogen (N) limited Swedish boreal forest, ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi colonize most roots of the economically important and stand dominating conifer species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), with significant implications for tree nutrition and decomposition processes. Long-term sustainable forestry practices require a deeper understanding of biotic and abiotic factors influencing forest health and tree growth. While high-throughput sequencing technologies such as DNA amplicon sequencing or RNA-based metatranscriptomics have furthered our understanding of fungal communities, there are still many details of EcM symbiosis and decomposition processes that we do not understand. In this thesis, I have used these sequencing methods to further our understanding of fungal communities in the boreal forest, and how they are influenced by forest management and N addition. 

In the first part of this thesis, I investigated how early fertilization of seeded or planted seedlings affects seedling growth and survival, and the fungal communities associated with the growing seedlings, assessed by amplicon sequencing. In two manuscripts I show that seeds or seedlings planted into scarified clearcut soil are rapidly colonized by site indigenous fungi, including many EcM species. I show that small doses of added N increase survival of sown seeds and that organic N (in the form of arginine) can increase early root growth of planted seedlings. This light fertilization did not perturb early fungal community succession. 

In the second part, I co-developed a workflow for de novo assembly as well as functional and taxonomic annotation of complex fungal community RNA sequencing data, in order to advance our ability to utilize metatranscriptomics (not only) as an alternative to DNA amplicon approaches. I assessed the outcome of this workflow by comparison to the currently most widely employed method of DNA amplicon sequencing, finding that both methods provide highly congruent insights into among-sample relationships and alpha and beta diversity. I then demonstrated use of the functional annotation of the metatranscriptomic data to provide biological insight into fungal community responses to high levels of N addition. It is known that N addition to boreal forests, apart from stimulating tree growth, perturbs the natural, N-limited status and leads to significant changes in fungal community composition and soil chemistry. Using metatranscriptomic data and the newly designed workflow enabled us to test the hypothesis that N addition can inhibit decomposition in cold climates, at least in part, by rendering the oxidative enzymes used for so-called “white rot” ligninolytic decay energetically uncompetitive. Moreover, in a study using transcriptomic data from Norway spruce roots and the associated EcM fungi, we show that N addition leads to a reprogramming of the mycorrhizal symbiosis controlled by the tree, thus favoring fungal species that have previously been described as N tolerant. 

In general, high-throughput sequencing methods have furthered our understanding of fungal community dynamics, and this thesis provides a powerful new part of the toolbox for studying these highly complex systems and contributes new perspectives to our knowledge of how fungal communities respond to N addition and forest management, from the perspective of soil biochemical processes and the EcM symbiosis. 

Abstract [sv]

Svampsamhällen har global betydelse som drivande krafter i viktiga näringskretslopp, och ingår symbioser med de flesta landväxter. I de kvävefattiga svenska boreala skogarna koloniserar ektomykorrhizasvampar majoriteten av rötter på de ekonomiskt viktiga och dominerande trädarterna gran (Picea abies) och tall (Pinus sylvestris). Detta har signifikanta implikationer för både trädnäring och nedbrytningsprocesser i marken. För att säkerställa hållbart skogsbruk på lång sikt är det nödvändigt att vi får en djupare förståelse för biotiska och abiotiska faktorer som kan påverka skogens hälsa och tillväxt. Moderna sekvenseringsmetoder som DNA amplikon-sekvensering och RNA-baserad metatranskriptomik har hittills lett till en förbättrad förståelse för svampsamhällen, men det finns fortfarande oklarheter i många av processerna de är viktiga för. I denna doktorsavhandling har jag använt dessa sekvenseringsmetoder för att fördjupa vår förståelse av svampsamhällen i boreal skog, och hur de påverkas av skogsbruk och kvävetillförsel.

I avhandlingens första del har jag undersökt hur gödsling vid plantering och sådd påverkar plantornas överlevnad och tillväxt, och dessutom de associerade svampsamhällen som undersöktes med hjälp av amplikon sekvensering. I två manuskript visar jag, hur efter plantering på markberedda kalhyggen, plantorna fort blir koloniserade av olika svampar från marken, bland annat mykorrhizasvampar. Jag visar att små doser av kvävegödsel höjer överlevnad av sådda frön, och att organiskt kväve (i form av arginin) kan förbättra tidig rottillväxt vid plantering. Svampsamhällen blev inte påtagligt förändrade av denna lätta gödsling.

I andra delen av denna avhandling har jag varit involverad i utvecklingen av en bioinformatisk pipeline för de novo-assemblering, såsom taxonomisk och funktionell annotering av komplex RNA sekvenseringsdata, för att göra framsteg i vår förmåga att använda metatranskriptomik (inte bara, men också) som ett alternativ till DNA amplikon sekvenseringsmetoder. Jag utvärderade resultatet av denna pipeline i en jämförelse med den vanligaste amplikon sekvenseringsmetoden, och kom fram till att båda metoder ger jämförbara insikter om förhållanden mellan prover och jämförbara resultat från diversitetsberäkningar. Jag visar sedan hur den funktionella annoteringen från metatranskriptomik data kan användas för att ge biologiska insikter om svampsamhällens reaktion till höga kvävegivor. Vi vet att gödsling av boreal skog, bortsett från stimulation av trädens tillväxt, leder till en perturbation av det naturliga, kvävelimiterade tillståndet och orsakar betydande förändringar i svampsamhällen och markens kemiska sammansättning. Genom att använda metatranskriptomisk data i samband med den tidigare nämnda metoden testade vi hypotesen att kvävegödsling leder till en hämmad nedbrytning av organiskt material i marken, i alla fall delvis, genom att göra så kallad ”vitröta” mindre konkurrenskraftig. Dessutom, i en annan studie med RNA sekvenseringsdata från granrötter och dess associerade svampsamhällen, visar vi att kvävegödsling leder till att träden inleder en omprogrammering av mykorrhizasymbiosen, vilket gynnar svamparter som tidigare har beskrivits som kvävetåliga.

Allmänt sett har moderna sekvenseringsmetoder gett oss en bättre förståelse av dynamikerna i svampsamhällen, och denna avhandling tillhandahåller en kraftfull ny del i verktygslådan för att studera dessa högst komplexa system och bidrar med nya perspektiv till vår vetskap om hur svampsamhällen reagerar på kvävetillförsel och skogsbruk, från perspektivet av biokemiska processer i marken och ektomykorrhiza symbiosen.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University, 2022. p. 91
Keywords
Boreal forest, Scots pine, Norway spruce, ectomycorrhiza, saprotroph, fertilization, nitrogen, mycobiome, rhizosphere, decomposition, carbon, seedling establishment, forest management, clearcutting
National Category
Other Biological Topics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194544 (URN)978-91-7855-797-4 (ISBN)978-91-7855-798-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-06-01, Stora hörsalen, KBC-huset, 09:00 (English)
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Available from: 2022-05-11 Created: 2022-05-09 Last updated: 2024-07-02Bibliographically approved

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Law, Simon RSchneider, Andreas N.Stangl, Zsofia R.Street, Nathaniel

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