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Thermodynamic effects in a gas modulated Invar-based dual Fabry-Pérot cavity refractometer
Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany.
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5790-2185
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3261-9903
School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China.
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2022 (English)In: Metrologia, ISSN 0026-1394, E-ISSN 1681-7575, Vol. 59, no 3, article id 035003Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

By measuring the refractivity and the temperature of a gas, its pressure can be assessed from fundamental principles. The highest performing instruments are based on Fabry-Perot cavities (FPC). Gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR) is a methodology that has the ability to reduce the influence of disturbances to such an extent that high-precision (sub-parts-per-million) assessments of pressure can be made by the use of FPCs of Invar. To allow for high accuracy assessments, it is of importance to assess the uncertainty contribution from the thermodynamic effects that are associated with the gas filling and emptying of the cavity (pV-work). This paper presents a detailed scrutiny of the influence of the gas exchange process on the assessment of gas temperature on an Invar-based dual-FPC (DFPC) instrumentation. It is shown that by virtue of a combination of a number of carefully selected design entities (a small cavity volume with a bore radius of 3 mm, a spacer material with high heat capacitance, large thermal conductivity, and no regions that are connected with low thermal conductance, i.e. no heat islands, and a continuous assessment of temperature of the cavity spacer) the system is not significantly affected by pV-work. Simulations show that 10 s after the filling all temperature gradients in the system are well into the sub-mK range. Experiments support that refractivity assessments initiated after 40 s are not significantly affected by the pV-work. The analysis given in this work indicates that an upper limit for the influence of pV-work on the Invar-based DFPC system using 100 s long gas modulation cycles is 0.5 mK/100 kPa (or 1.8 ppm/100 kPa). Consequently, thermodynamic effects will not be a limiting factor when the Invar-based DFPC GAMOR system is used for assessments of pressure or as a primary pressure standard up to atmospheric pressures.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Institute of Physics (IOP), 2022. Vol. 59, no 3, article id 035003
Keywords [en]
Gamor, Gas refractometry, Invar-based, Optical pressure standard, Pv-work, Quantumpascal
National Category
Other Electrical Engineering, Electronic Engineering, Information Engineering
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-194531DOI: 10.1088/1681-7575/ac5ef9ISI: 000782507400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85128839678OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-194531DiVA, id: diva2:1657262
Funder
Vinnova, 2017-05013Vinnova, 2018-04570Vinnova, 2019-05029Swedish Research Council, 621-2015-04374Swedish Research Council, 621-2020-05105The Kempe Foundations, 1823.U12EU, Horizon 2020Available from: 2022-05-10 Created: 2022-05-10 Last updated: 2023-09-06Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Fabry-Pérot based refractometry: development of a transportable refractometer for assessment of gas pressure
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fabry-Pérot based refractometry: development of a transportable refractometer for assessment of gas pressure
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Fabry-Pérot-baserad refraktometri : utveckling av en transporterbar refraktometer för mätning av gastryck
Abstract [en]

A unified description of physical phenomena through measurement science is one of the foundational pillars in a global society. The International System of Units (SI) is the most widely used system of units and since its redefinition in 2019, all units encompassed by it are based on fundamental physical constants. The units of the SI, such as the second, metre, and kilogram, are realized by the use of primary standards which are used, through calibration chains, to certify the accuracy of measuring devices in our society. Its redefinition enabled the realization of the SI-unit for pressure (pascal) in a novel way; instead of force per area (N/m2), it can alternatively be defined as an energy density (J/m3). Subsequently, this opened up for the use of optical realizations of the pascal (Pa). It has been prophesied that a possible means to do this is by assessing refractivity through the use of Fabry-Pérot (FP) refractometry. Although such instrumentation indeed can assess refractivity, it has unfortunately been found that they in practice are affected by various types of disturbances that aggravate assessments with the required uncertainty.

This thesis describes the development of FP-based refractometers utilizing a novel measurement methodology, denoted gas modulation refractometry (GAMOR). By the use of rapid gas modulation and baseline interpolation, GAMOR has the ability to significantly reduce the influence of various types of disturbances, not least drifts and fluctuations. From this, two FP-based refractometers have been developed; one stationary, denoted the SOP, capable of assessing pressure with an uncertainty of [(10 mPa)2 + (10 × 10−6·P)2]1/2, and one transportable, denoted the TOP, with an uncertainty of [(16 mPa)2 + (28 × 10−6·P)2]1/2. Furthermore, it was shown that their mutual short-term precision is excellent, with a deviation of only 0.04 ppm when simultaneously assessing a pressure of 16 kPa.

A major part of this thesis was devoted to the construction of the TOP and an investigation of its transportability and performance. It was used in a ring comparison with various pressure standards at four European national metrology institutes. It was concluded that, despite being transported, the performance remained virtually unchanged, and that, in the 10 – 90 kPa range, all the standards agreed within their uncertainties.

These results indicate that FP-based refractometers utilizing the GAMOR methodology have the potential to act as transportable standards based on fundamental physical constants and paves the way for future research within the field.

Abstract [sv]

En av grundpelarna i ett globalt samhälle är en enad syn på fysikaliska fenomen med förankring i vetenskap. Det Internationella måttenhetssystemet (SI) är det mest använda enhetssystemet och sedan dess omdefiniering 2019 är alla dess enheter baserade på grundläggande fysikaliska konstanter. SI-enheterna, som exempelvis sekund, meter och kilogram, realiseras genom primära standarder. Dessa standarder används, via kalibreringskedjor, för att certifiera noggrannheten av mätinstrument runtom vårt samhälle. Omdefiniering ledde till möjligheten att realisera enheten för tryck (pascal) på ett nytt sätt; i stället för kraft per area (N/m2) går det numera att definiera tryck som energidensitet (J/m3). Detta ledde i sin tur till att optiska realiseringar av pascal (Pa) för gastryck blev en möjlighet. Det har påvisats att detta kan uppnås genom att mäta refraktivitet med hjälp av Fabry-Pérot (FP)-refraktometri. Även om denna teknik kan användas för att bestämma refraktivitet, påverkas den i praktiken av diverse störningar vilket försvårar den nogrannhet som krävs för att ersätta dagens mekaniska tryckstandarder.

I denna avhandling beskrivs utvecklingen av FP-baserade refraktometrar som använder sig av en av oss nyutvecklad mätteknik; gasmodulationsrefraktometri (GAMOR). Tekniken bygger på en snabb modulering av gas och baslinje-interpolering, vilket reducerar effekten av snabba likaväl som långsamma störningar. Baserat på detta har två refraktometrar utvecklats; en stationär, SOP, som kan mäta tryck med en osäkerhet på [(10 mPa)2 + (10 × 10−6·P)2]1/2, samt en transportabel, TOP, med en osäkerhet på [(16 mPa)2 + (28 × 10−6·P)2]1/2. Vidare har det visats att deras inbördes korttidsprecision är utmärkt, med en avvikelse på endast 0.04 ppm när de samtidigt mätte ett tryck på 16 kPa.

En signifikant del av denna avhandling har ägnats till att konstruera TOP:en, samt att undersöka dess transporterbarhet och prestanda. Den användes i en serie jämförelsemätningar av olika tryckstandarder där fyra europeiska nationella metrologiska institut deltog. Från dessa mätningar konstaterades det att TOP:ens prestanda inte påverkades av transporten och att tryckstandarderna, inom det spann som undersöktes, 10 – 90 kPa, överensstämde inom deras osäkerheter.

Resultaten som presenteras tyder på att FP-baserade refraktometrar som använder sig av GAMOR-metodiken har potentialen att kunna agera som transportabla standarder baserade på grundläggande fysikaliska konstanter, något som banar vägen för framtida forskning inom området.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå universitet, 2023. p. 95
Keywords
fabry-pérot, refractometry, optical resonator, transportable, pressure standard, gamor, pressure, metrology, ring comparison, si, pascal, quantumpascal
National Category
Atom and Molecular Physics and Optics
Research subject
Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-214141 (URN)9789180701570 (ISBN)9789180701563 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-10-02, NAT.D.440, Naturvetarhuset, Umeå, 09:00 (English)
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Supervisors
Available from: 2023-09-11 Created: 2023-09-06 Last updated: 2023-09-07Bibliographically approved

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