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Ion escape from Mars
Umeå University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Physics.
2023 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)Alternative title
Förlust av joner till rymden vid Mars (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

When the solar wind reaches the Mars obstacle, mass loading by planetary ions slows down the solar wind and raises the bow shock. The Martian atmosphere is undergoing the a scavenging by the solar wind without the protection of a global magnetic field. Atmospheric escape is an important process for the evolution of the Martian climate. For present Mars, the dominant escape of atmospheric neutrals is through four channels: Jeans escape, photochemical reactions, sputtering and electron impact ionization. Ions above the exobase get accelerated by the solar wind electric field and can escape.

We here apply a new method for estimating heavy ion (O+, O+2, and CO+2) escape rates at Mars, which combines a hybrid model and observations. We use observed upstream solar wind parameters as input for a hybrid plasma model, where the total ion upflux at the exobase is a free parameter. We then vary this ion upflux to find the best fit to the observed bow shock location. This method gives us a self-consistent description of the Mars-solar wind interaction, which can be used to study other properties of the solar wind interaction besides escape.

Abstract [sv]

När solvinden stöter på Mars så tyngs den ner av joner från planeten, vilket bromsar solvinden och expanderar bogshocken. Mars atmosfär eroderas av solvinden eftersom planeten saknar ett globalt magnetfält. Atmosfärsförlust är en viktig process i hur Mars klimat förändras. För nuvarande Mars är det fyra dominerande processer för förlust av neutrala atomer: Jeans förlust, fotokemiska reaktioner, sputtering och elektronkollisionsjonisering. Joner ovan exobasen accelereras av solvinden och kan förloras. Här använder vi en ny metod för att uppskatta förlusten av tunga joner (O+, O+2 , and CO+2) vid Mars, som kombinerar en hybridmodell och observationer. Vi använder observerade solvindsparametrar som indata till en hybrid plasmamodell, där totalt jonuppflöde vid exobasen är en fri parameter. Vi varierar sedan detta jonuppflöde för att hitta bästa passningen till den observerade positionen för bogshocken. Metoden ger en självkonsistent beskrivning av Mars växelverkan med solvinden, som kan användas till att studera andra egenskaper av växelverkan, förutom jonförlust.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Umeå: Umeå University , 2023. , p. 35
Series
IRF Scientific Report, ISSN 0284-1703 ; 316
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-208050ISBN: 978-91-8070-101-3 (electronic)ISBN: 978-91-8070-100-6 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:umu-208050DiVA, id: diva2:1755523
Presentation
2023-05-31, Ljusårssalen, Swedish Institute of Space Physics, Kiruna, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 198/19Available from: 2023-05-12 Created: 2023-05-08 Last updated: 2023-11-01Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Effects of ion composition on escape and morphology at Mars
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of ion composition on escape and morphology at Mars
2023 (English)In: Annales Geophysicae, ISSN 0992-7689, E-ISSN 1432-0576, Vol. 41, no 2, p. 375-388Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We refine a recently presented method to estimate ion escape from non-magnetized planets and apply it to Mars. The method combines in-situ observations and a hybrid plasma model (ions as particles, electrons as a fluid). We use measurements from the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) mission and Mars Express (MEX) for one orbit on 2015-03-01. Observed upstream solar wind conditions are used as input to the model. We then vary the total ionospheric ion upflux until the solution fits the observed bow shock location. This solution is a self-consistent approximation of the global Mars-solar wind interaction at this moment, for the given upstream conditions. We can then study global properties, such as the heavy ion escape rate. Here we investigate the effects on escape estimates of assumed ionospheric ion composition, solar wind alpha particle concentration and temperature, solar wind velocity aberration, and solar wind electron temperature. We also study the amount of escape in the ion plume and in the tail of the planet. Here we find that estimates of total heavy ion escape are not very sensitive to the composition of the heavy ions, or the amount and temperature of the solar wind alpha particles. We also find that velocity aberration has a minor influence on escape, but that it is sensitive to the solar wind electron temperature. The plume escape is found to contribute 29 % of the total heavy ion escape, in agreement with observations. Heavier ions have a larger fraction of escape in the plume compared to the tail. We also find that the escape estimates scales inversely with the square root of the atomic mass of the escaping ion specie.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Copernicus Publications, 2023
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-207998 (URN)10.5194/angeo-41-375-2023 (DOI)001161247200001 ()2-s2.0-85174694828 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish National Space Board, 198/19Swedish National Space Board, 198/19
Note

Originally included in thesis in manuscript form. 

Available from: 2023-05-05 Created: 2023-05-05 Last updated: 2025-02-12Bibliographically approved
2. The influence of solar irradiation and solar wind conditions on heavy ion escape at Mars
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The influence of solar irradiation and solar wind conditions on heavy ion escape at Mars
Show others...
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Fusion, Plasma and Space Physics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-208000 (URN)
Available from: 2023-05-05 Created: 2023-05-05 Last updated: 2023-05-12

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Zhang, Qi

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