Population growth, quest for value addition via industrialisation, and increasing demand for personal vehicles in emerging and developing regions such as Africa are leading to growth in demand for refined oil products and creating revenue generation potentials for the refining industry, despite the increasing environmental concerns. This chapter discusses key factors that determine the siting of a refinery, the input-output of a refinery, the refining margins, health and safety issues of the industry, and the trends in the refining business. It thus highlights the constraints and opportunities in Africa’s oil refining industry.