Sustainability management in the oil and gas industry in emerging and developing countries has become essential to the sustainable development discourse because of the growing interest regarding the compatibility of the industry to a sustainable future. This chapter examines the management of environmental and sustainability issues in oil and gas industry in developing countries. The chapter comprises five sections. The first section presents the introduction and overview of the oil and gas industry in Africa. The second section presents sustainability challenges of the industry. The third section discusses environmental governance, ethics, and management of environmental impacts. The fourth section discusses how environmental impacts of the oil and gas industry are being managed and the regulatory framework for pollution prevention. The fifth section highlights corporate environmentalism in industry, the efforts to reduce pollution, and the greening of the sector. The chapter reveals that although the oil and gas sector has improved the economies of most developing countries over the years, the oil and gas sector activities have had significant environmental impacts. The chapter notes that several pressures from regulators and individuals force firms to behave ethically. What has helped mitigate the effect of the activities of the industry is the sense of duty towards the environment.